DIP Comparators 1,477

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Part RoHS Manufacturer Amplifier Type Temperature Grade Terminal Form No. of Terminals Package Code Package Shape Total Dose (V) Package Body Material Nominal Unity Gain Bandwidth Maximum Negative Supply Voltage Limit Maximum Input Offset Voltage Maximum Average Bias Current (IIB) Surface Mount No. of Functions Minimum Common Mode Reject Ratio Technology Screening Level Nominal Common Mode Reject Ratio Maximum Supply Current Nominal Negative Supply Voltage (Vsup) Minimum Isolation Voltage Packing Method Nominal Supply Voltage / Vsup (V) Power Supplies (V) Package Style (Meter) Package Equivalence Code Sub-Category Nominal Slow Rate Maximum Supply Voltage Limit Terminal Pitch Maximum Operating Temperature Maximum Bias Current (IIB) @25C Maximum Common Mode Voltage Nominal Response Time Output Type Minimum Operating Temperature Terminal Finish Terminal Position JESD-30 Code Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) Maximum Seated Height Width Qualification Nominal Bandwidth (3dB) JESD-609 Code Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s) Peak Reflow Temperature (C) Length

TLC354CJ

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Commercial

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

12 mV

600 pA

No

4

CMOS

800 μA

5 V

5 V

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Comparators

18 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

600 pA

650 ns

Open-Drain

0 °C (32 °F)

Dual

R-GDIP-T14

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

0.77 in (19.56 mm)

TLC374IN

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Industrial

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

7 mV

2 nA

No

4

CMOS

600 μA

Tube

5 V

5 V

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Comparators

18 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

30 pA

650 ns

Open-Collector

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Nickel/Palladium/Gold

Dual

R-PDIP-T14

1

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e4

260 °C (500 °F)

0.76 in (19.305 mm)

SN72811N

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Commercial

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

No

BIPOLAR

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Dual

R-PDIP-T14

No

TLV2393IP-00

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Industrial

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

9 mV

-400 nA

No

2

BIPOLAR

3 V

In-Line

7 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

105 °C (221 °F)

450 ns

Open-Collector

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Dual

R-PDIP-T8

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

0.386 in (9.81 mm)

LM2901IN

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Automotive

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

15 mV

-500 nA

No

4

BIPOLAR

2.5 mA

5 V

In-Line

Comparators

36 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

1.3 µs

Open-Collector

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Dual

R-PDIP-T14

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

0.76 in (19.305 mm)

TLV3401IP

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Automotive

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

0 V

4.4 mV

1.5 nA

No

1

640 nA

0 V

Tube

5 V

±1.35/±8/2.7/16 V

In-Line

DIP8,.3

Comparators

17 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

100 pA

175 µs

Open-Drain

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Nickel/Palladium/Gold

Dual

R-PDIP-T8

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e4

0.386 in (9.81 mm)

TLC393IPE4

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Industrial

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

5 mV

2 nA

No

2

CMOS

40 μA

Tube

5 V

5 V

In-Line

DIP8,.3

Comparators

18 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

2 pA

2.5 µs

Open-Collector

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Nickel Palladium Gold

Dual

R-PDIP-T8

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e4

0.386 in (9.81 mm)

5962-01-302-9115

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Commercial

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

No

BIPOLAR

In-Line

DIP8,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Dual

R-PDIP-T8

No

LM139N/883B

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

9 mV

-300 nA

No

4

BIPOLAR

MIL-STD-883 Class B

5 V

In-Line

36 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

1.3 µs

Open-Collector

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-PDIP-T14

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

0.76 in (19.305 mm)

5962-00-328-0244

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Commercial

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

No

BIPOLAR

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Dual

R-XDIP-T14

No

TLV3704INE4

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Automotive

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

0 V

7 mV

1.5 nA

No

4

CMOS

4 μA

0 V

5 V

±1.35/±8/2.7/16 V

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Comparators

17 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

250 pA

240 µs

Push-Pull

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Nickel Palladium Gold

Dual

R-PDIP-T14

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e4

0.76 in (19.305 mm)

TL311AJ

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Commercial

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

10 mV

No

-15 V

15 V

±15 V

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

250 pA

165 ns

0 °C (32 °F)

Dual

R-XDIP-T14

No

TL510CJ4

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Commercial

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

No

BIPOLAR

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Dual

R-XDIP-T14

LH2111D

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

16

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

3 mV

No

2

BIPOLAR

6 mA

-15 V

15 V

±15 V

In-Line

DIP16,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

100 nA

200 ns

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-XDIP-T16

No

LM111JG/883B

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

4 mV

No

BIPOLAR

MIL-STD-883 Class B (Modified)

-15 V

15 V

±15 V

In-Line

DIP8,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-XDIP-T8

No

LP311JG

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Commercial

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

-18 V

10 mV

150 nA

No

1

BIPOLAR

300 μA

-15 V

15 V

±15 V

In-Line

DIP8,.3

Comparators

18 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

100 nA

1.2 µs

Open-Collector, Open-Emitter

0 °C (32 °F)

Dual

R-GDIP-T8

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

0.378 in (9.6 mm)

TL810CP3

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Commercial

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

No

BIPOLAR

In-Line

DIP8,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Dual

R-PDIP-T8

TLV3402IPE4

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Automotive

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

0 V

4.4 mV

1.5 nA

No

2

1.9 μA

0 V

5 V

±1.35/±8/2.7/16 V

In-Line

DIP8,.3

Comparators

17 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

250 pA

175 µs

Open-Drain

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Nickel Palladium Gold

Dual

R-PDIP-T8

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e4

0.386 in (9.81 mm)

LM2901JP4

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Industrial

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

15 mV

No

BIPOLAR

2.5 mA

5 V

5 V

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

1.3 µs

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Dual

R-XDIP-T14

LT1011AMJG

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

-18 V

1.5 mV

50 nA

No

1

BIPOLAR

4 mA

-15 V

15 V

±15 V

In-Line

DIP8,.3

Comparators

18 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

25 nA

150 ns

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-GDIP-T8

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

0.378 in (9.6 mm)

LM139J/NOPB

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

9 mV

300 nA

No

4

BIPOLAR

5 V

In-Line

Comparators

36 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

1.3 µs

Open-Collector

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-GDIP-T14

1

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

0.785 in (19.94 mm)

LM311J

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Commercial

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

10 mV

No

1

BIPOLAR

-15 V

15 V

±15 V

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Dual

R-XDIP-T14

No

LM193AJ-MPR

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

4 mV

300 nA

No

2

BIPOLAR

5 V

In-Line

Comparators

36 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

1.3 µs

Open-Collector

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-GDIP-T8

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

M38510/11202BPA

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

-18 V

7 mV

1 nA

No

2

BIPOLAR

MIL-PRF-38535 Class B

2.5 mA

Tube

15 V

5 V

In-Line

DIP8,.3

Comparators

18 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

100 nA

Open-Collector, Open-Drain

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-CDIP-T8

Yes

e0

LM2901N-N

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Industrial

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

15 mV

No

4

BIPOLAR

2.5 mA

5 V

5 V

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

250 nA

1.3 µs

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Dual

R-PDIP-T14

No

5962R9673802VCX

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

100k Rad(Si)

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

0 V

2 mV

-1 nA

No

4

BIPOLAR

MIL-PRF-38535 Class V

0 V

5 V

In-Line

Comparators

36 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

Open-Collector

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-GDIP-T14

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

Yes

e0

LM306JG/P4

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Commercial

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

No

1

BIPOLAR

12,-3/-12 V

In-Line

DIP8,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Dual

R-XDIP-T8

LM319NP3

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Commercial

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

10 mV

No

BIPOLAR

-15 V

15 V

±15 V

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Dual

R-PDIP-T14

TL336CN3

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Commercial

Through-Hole

20

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

No

BIPOLAR

In-Line

DIP20,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Dual

R-PDIP-T20

LM219N

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Other

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

7 mV

No

BIPOLAR

-15 V

15 V

±15 V

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-25 °C (-13 °F)

Dual

R-PDIP-T14

No

SN72720N

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Commercial

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

No

BIPOLAR

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Dual

R-PDIP-T14

No

TLC374QN

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Automotive

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

5 mV

20 nA

No

4

CMOS

800 μA

5 V

5 V

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Comparators

18 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

20 nA

650 ns

Open-Drain

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Dual

R-PDIP-T14

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

0.76 in (19.305 mm)

TLV3404INE4

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Automotive

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

0 V

4.4 mV

1.5 nA

No

4

3.8 μA

0 V

5 V

±1.35/±8/2.7/16 V

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Comparators

17 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

250 pA

175 µs

Open-Drain

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Nickel Palladium Gold

Dual

R-PDIP-T14

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e4

0.76 in (19.305 mm)

JL111BCA

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

-30 V

3 mV

100 pA

No

1

BIPOLAR

MIL-STD-883

-15 V

15 V

In-Line

Comparators

30 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

640 ns

Open-Collector

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-GDIP-T14

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

0.785 in (19.94 mm)

LM2901IJ

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Automotive

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

15 mV

-500 nA

No

4

BIPOLAR

2.5 mA

5 V

In-Line

Comparators

36 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

1.3 µs

Open-Collector

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Dual

R-GDIP-T14

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

0.77 in (19.56 mm)

LM139AN/883B

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

4 mV

-300 nA

No

4

BIPOLAR

MIL-STD-883 Class B

5 V

In-Line

Comparators

36 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

1.3 µs

Open-Collector

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-PDIP-T14

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

0.76 in (19.305 mm)

LM193J/883

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

0 V

9 mV

300 nA

No

2

BIPOLAR

MIL-STD-883

1 mA

0 V

Tube

5 V

5 V

In-Line

DIP8,.3

Comparators

36 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

100 nA

1.3 µs

Open-Collector, Open-Drain

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-GDIP-T8

1

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e0

0.386 in (9.8 mm)

TLC354IJ

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Industrial

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

13 mV

2 nA

No

4

CMOS

800 μA

5 V

5 V

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Comparators

18 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

2 nA

650 ns

Open-Drain

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Dual

R-GDIP-T14

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

0.77 in (19.56 mm)

5962-01-003-2214

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Commercial

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

No

BIPOLAR

In-Line

DIP8,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Dual

R-PDIP-T8

No

5962-9688101QPA

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

5 mV

20 nA

No

2

CMOS

MIL-PRF-38535 Class Q

300 μA

Tube

3 V

3/5 V

In-Line

DIP8,.3

Comparators

8 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

20 nA

1.4 µs

Open-Collector

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-GDIP-T8

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

Yes

e0

0.378 in (9.6 mm)

LM2903JG/883B

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Industrial

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

15 mV

No

BIPOLAR

MIL-STD-883 Class B (Modified)

5 V

5 V

In-Line

DIP8,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Dual

R-XDIP-T8

No

SN72514J

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Commercial

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

No

2

BIPOLAR

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Dual

R-XDIP-T14

No

LM393AN/A+

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Commercial

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

4 mV

No

2

BIPOLAR

5 V

5 V

In-Line

DIP8,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-PDIP-T8

e0

TL393IP

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Industrial

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

9 mV

-400 nA

No

2

BIPOLAR

1.2 mA

5 V

5 V

In-Line

DIP8,.3

Comparators

7 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

105 °C (221 °F)

250 nA

650 ns

Open-Collector

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Dual

R-PDIP-T8

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

0.386 in (9.81 mm)

TL721P

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Commercial

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

-7 V

1 mV

No

1

BIPOLAR

17 mA

-5.2 V

In-Line

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

Open-Emitter

0 °C (32 °F)

Dual

R-PDIP-T8

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

0.386 in (9.81 mm)

LT1016CJG

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Commercial

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

-7 V

3.5 mV

13 uA

No

1

BIPOLAR

35 mA

-5 V

5 V

±5 V

In-Line

DIP8,.3

Comparators

7 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

10 uA

10 ns

0 °C (32 °F)

Dual

R-GDIP-T8

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

0.378 in (9.6 mm)

5962-01-349-5483

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

1.5 mV

No

BIPOLAR

6.5 mA

-15 V

15 V

±15 V

In-Line

DIP8,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

25 nA

150 ns

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-XDIP-T8

No

LM311JG/P4

Texas Instruments

Comparator

Commercial

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

10 mV

No

BIPOLAR

-15 V

15 V

±15 V

In-Line

DIP8,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Dual

R-XDIP-T8

Comparators

Comparators are electronic circuits that compare two input voltages and output a voltage signal that indicates which of the inputs is larger. A comparator is similar to an operational amplifier (op-amp), but it is designed to operate with a limited range of voltage outputs (typically near the power supply rails) and with very high gain.

A comparator typically has two input terminals, a non-inverting (+) input and an inverting (-) input, and one output. When the voltage at the non-inverting input is greater than the voltage at the inverting input, the output of the comparator switches to its maximum positive voltage. Conversely, when the voltage at the inverting input is greater than the voltage at the non-inverting input, the output of the comparator switches to its maximum negative voltage.

Comparators are often used in applications where a precise measurement or detection of voltage level is required, such as in voltage reference circuits, level detectors, and waveform generators. They can also be used to implement digital logic circuits and are frequently used in A/D converters and motor control circuits.

It is worth noting that a comparator output can switch quickly between its high and low states, so they can be sensitive to noise and require careful circuit design to ensure proper operation. In addition, some comparators may include features such as hysteresis, which can help to reduce noise and ensure stable operation in the presence of small fluctuations in the input signals.