Military Comparators 1,218

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Part RoHS Manufacturer Amplifier Type Temperature Grade Terminal Form No. of Terminals Package Code Package Shape Total Dose (V) Package Body Material Nominal Unity Gain Bandwidth Maximum Negative Supply Voltage Limit Maximum Input Offset Voltage Maximum Average Bias Current (IIB) Surface Mount No. of Functions Minimum Common Mode Reject Ratio Technology Screening Level Nominal Common Mode Reject Ratio Maximum Supply Current Nominal Negative Supply Voltage (Vsup) Minimum Isolation Voltage Packing Method Nominal Supply Voltage / Vsup (V) Power Supplies (V) Package Style (Meter) Package Equivalence Code Sub-Category Nominal Slow Rate Maximum Supply Voltage Limit Terminal Pitch Maximum Operating Temperature Maximum Bias Current (IIB) @25C Maximum Common Mode Voltage Nominal Response Time Output Type Minimum Operating Temperature Terminal Finish Terminal Position JESD-30 Code Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) Maximum Seated Height Width Qualification Nominal Bandwidth (3dB) JESD-609 Code Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s) Peak Reflow Temperature (C) Length

RH119MH

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Wire

10

Round

Metal

-18 V

8 mV

2 uA

No

2

-15 V

15 V

Cylindrical

Comparators

18 V

125 °C (257 °F)

200 ns

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Bottom

O-MBCY-W10

No

e0

CMP05CZ/883C

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

-18 V

2 mV

3.8 uA

No

1

BIPOLAR

MIL-STD-883

19 mA

-5 V

5 V

±5 V

In-Line

DIP8,.3

Comparators

6 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

1.8 uA

125 ns

Open-Collector, Open-Emitter

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-GDIP-T8

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e0

AD351S

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Wire

10

Round

Metal

-18 V

6 mV

250 nA

No

1

BIPOLAR

-15 V

15 V

Cylindrical

Comparators

18 V

125 °C (257 °F)

250 ns

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Bottom

O-MBCY-W10

No

AD96687TE

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

No Lead

20

QCCN

Square

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

-6.5 V

3 mV

16 uA

Yes

2

BIPOLAR

36 mA

-5.2 V

5 V

5,-5.2 V

Chip Carrier

LCC20,.35SQ

Comparators

6.5 V

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

10 uA

2.5 ns

Open-Emitter

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-CQCC-N20

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

0.35 in (8.89 mm)

No

e0

0.35 in (8.89 mm)

CMP05BJ

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Wire

8

Round

Metal

1.5 mV

1

BIPOLAR

17 mA

-5 V

5 V

±5 V

Cylindrical

CAN8,.2

Comparators

125 °C (257 °F)

1.2 uA

92 ns

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Bottom

O-MBCY-W8

No

e0

PM139Y5/38510

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

-18 V

5 mV

100 nA

No

4

2 mA

-15 V

15 V

In-Line

18 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

1.3 µs

Open-Collector

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-GDIP-T14

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e0

0.765 in (19.43 mm)

5962-8773901VDA

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Flat

14

DFP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

-18 V

4 mV

300 nA

Yes

4

BIPOLAR

MIL-PRF-38535 Class V

3 mA

5 V

5/30 V

Flatpack

FL14,.3

Comparators

18 V

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

100 nA

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-GDFP-F14

1

No

5962-8990403CA

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

-18 V

2 mV

200 nA

No

4

BIPOLAR

MIL-STD-883

3 mA

5 V

5 V

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Comparators

18 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

100 nA

3 µs

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-GDIP-T14

No

e0

5962R8773902VDA

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Flat

14

DFP

Rectangular

100k Rad(Si)

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

-18 V

4 mV

3 uA

Yes

4

BIPOLAR

MIL-PRF-38535 Class V

2 mA

5 V

5/30 V

Flatpack

FL14,.3

Comparators

18 V

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

100 nA

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-CDFP-F14

No

30 s

220 °C (428 °F)

PM139Y/883C

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

9 mV

No

BIPOLAR

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

2 mA

5 V

5 V

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

100 nA

1.3 µs

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T14

No

e0

CMP01Z

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

2.8 mV

No

1

BIPOLAR

8 mA

5/±15 V

In-Line

DIP8,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

600 nA

220 ns

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T8

No

e0

5962R8773902VDX

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Flat

14

DFP

Rectangular

100k Rad(Si)

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

-18 V

4 mV

3 uA

Yes

4

BIPOLAR

5 V

Flatpack

Comparators

18 V

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-CDFP-F14

No

PM119Y

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

-18 V

2.5 mV

500 nA

No

2

BIPOLAR

4 mA

-15 V

5 V

±15 V

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Comparators

18 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

500 nA

80 ns

Open-Collector

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-GDIP-T14

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e0

0.765 in (19.43 mm)

5962-0051501VHA

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Flat

10

DFP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

-7 V

8 mV

Yes

1

BIPOLAR

MIL-PRF-38535 Class V

-5 V

5 V

3/5/±5 V

Flatpack

FL10,.3

Comparators

7 V

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-CDFP-F10

No

30 s

220 °C (428 °F)

PM119Y/883C

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

5 mV

No

BIPOLAR

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

11.5 mA

-15 V

15 V

±15 V

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

500 nA

80 ns

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T14

No

e0

5962-9234701MIX

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Wire

8

TO-100

Round

Metal

-7 V

3 mV

110 uA

No

1

BIPOLAR

MIL-STD-883

-5 V

5 V

Cylindrical

7 V

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Bottom

O-MBCY-W8

No

e0

5962-01-364-5418

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Wire

10

Round

Ceramic

3 mV

BIPOLAR

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

5,-5.2 V

Cylindrical

CAN10,.23

Comparators

125 °C (257 °F)

10 uA

6 ns

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Bottom

O-XBCY-W10

No

5962R8773901VDX

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Flat

14

DFP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

-18 V

4 mV

3 uA

Yes

4

BIPOLAR

5 V

Flatpack

Comparators

18 V

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-CDFP-F14

Yes

5962-9234701MPX

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

-7 V

3 mV

110 uA

No

1

BIPOLAR

MIL-STD-883

-5 V

5 V

In-Line

7 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-CDIP-T8

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e0

AD9696TQ/883B

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

3 mV

110 uA

No

1

BIPOLAR

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

32 mA

-5.2 V

5 V

5,GND/-5.2 V

In-Line

DIP8,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

55 uA

4.5 ns

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-GDIP-T8

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e0

AD96685TQ

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

16

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

-6.5 V

3 mV

16 uA

No

1

BIPOLAR

-5.2 V

5 V

5,-5.2 V

In-Line

DIP16,.3

Comparators

6.5 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

10 uA

2.5 ns

Open-Emitter

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-GDIP-T16

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e0

5962-9234703VHA

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Flat

16

DFP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

-7 V

3 mV

110 uA

Yes

1

BIPOLAR

MIL-PRF-38535 Class V

32 mA

-5 V

5 V

±5 V

Flatpack

FL10,.3

Comparators

7 V

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

55 uA

7 ns

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-CDFP-F16

No

e0

5962-9234701MXX

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Gull Wing

8

SOP

Square

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

-7 V

3 mV

110 uA

Yes

1

BIPOLAR

MIL-STD-883

-5 V

5 V

Small Outline

7 V

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

7 ns

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

S-CDSO-G8

0.098 in (2.49 mm)

0.255 in (6.475 mm)

No

e0

0.255 in (6.475 mm)

RH1011MW#PBF

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Flat

10

DFP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

-18 V

4 mV

300 nA

Yes

1

-15 V

15 V

Flatpack

Comparators

18 V

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

250 ns

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Matte Tin - annealed

Dual

R-GDFP-F10

0.09 in (2.29 mm)

No

e3

M38510/10306SIX

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

10

Round

Metal

-25 V

7 mV

1 uA

No

2

MIL-M-38510 Class S

-15 V

15 V

Cylindrical

Comparators

18 V

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Bottom

O-MBCY-X10

No

e0

5962R0051501VHA

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Flat

10

DFP

Rectangular

100k Rad(Si)

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

-7 V

10 mV

Yes

1

BIPOLAR

MIL-PRF-38535 Class V

-5 V

5 V

3/5/±5 V

Flatpack

FL10,.3

Comparators

7 V

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-CDFP-F10

Yes

5962-01-213-7449

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

2 mV

No

BIPOLAR

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

3 mA

5 V

5 V

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

100 nA

1.3 µs

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-XDIP-T14

No

PM139AY/883C

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

0 V

4 mV

300 nA

No

4

BIPOLAR

MIL-STD-883

2 mA

0 V

5 V

5 V

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Comparators

36 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

100 nA

1.3 µs

Open-Collector

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-GDIP-T14

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e0

0.765 in (19.43 mm)

RH111MJ8

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

-18 V

4 mV

400 nA

No

1

-15 V

15 V

In-Line

Comparators

18 V

125 °C (257 °F)

200 ns

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-GDIP-T8

No

e0

CMP01J

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Wire

8

TO-99

Round

Metal

-18 V

1.6 mV

600 nA

No

1

BIPOLAR

8 mA

-15 V

15 V

5/±15 V

Cylindrical

CAN8,.2

Comparators

18 V

125 °C (257 °F)

600 nA

110 ns

Totem Pole

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Bottom

O-MBCY-W8

No

e0

5962-8990403CB

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

-18 V

2 mV

200 nA

No

4

MIL-STD-883

5 V

In-Line

18 V

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-GDIP-T14

No

e0

LT6700MPDCB-2#TRPBF

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

No Lead

6

HVSON

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

50 nA

Yes

2

Tape And Reel

5 V

Small Outline, Heat Sink/Slug, Very Thin Profile

Comparators

18.5 V

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

29 µs

Open-Collector

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Matte Tin

Dual

R-PDSO-N6

1

0.031 in (0.8 mm)

0.079 in (2 mm)

e3

30 s

260 °C (500 °F)

0.118 in (3 mm)

5962R8773901VCA

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

100k Rad(Si)

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

-18 V

4 mV

3 uA

No

4

BIPOLAR

MIL-PRF-38535 Class V

2 mA

5 V

5/30 V

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Comparators

18 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

100 nA

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-GDIP-T14

Yes

e0

AD9686TH

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Wire

10

Round

Metal

3 mV

BIPOLAR

35 mA

5,-6 V

Cylindrical

CAN10,.23

Comparators

125 °C (257 °F)

10 uA

7 ns

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Bottom

O-MBCY-W10

No

e0

8600804EA

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

16

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

-6.5 V

3 mV

16 uA

No

1

BIPOLAR

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

-5.2 V

5 V

5,-5.2 V

In-Line

DIP16,.3

Comparators

6.5 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

10 uA

6 ns

Open-Emitter

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-CDIP-T16

No

e0

5962-01-336-2488

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

No Lead

20

QCCN

Square

Ceramic

3 mV

Yes

BIPOLAR

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

6 mA

-15 V

15 V

±15 V

Chip Carrier

LCC20,.35SQ

Comparators

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

50 nA

420 ns

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Quad

S-XQCC-N20

No

PM139Y

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

0 V

9 mV

300 nA

No

4

BIPOLAR

2 mA

0 V

5 V

5 V

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Comparators

36 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

100 nA

1.3 µs

Open-Collector

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-GDIP-T14

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e0

0.765 in (19.43 mm)

LT6700MPS6-2#PBF

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Gull Wing

6

VSSOP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

50 nA

Yes

2

5 V

Small Outline, Very Thin Profile, Shrink Pitch

Comparators

18.5 V

0.037 in (0.95 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

29 µs

Open-Collector

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Matte Tin - annealed

Dual

R-PDSO-G6

1

0.039 in (1 mm)

0.064 in (1.625 mm)

e3

0.114 in (2.9 mm)

RH1011MH#PBF

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Wire

8

Round

Metal

-18 V

4 mV

300 nA

No

1

-15 V

15 V

Cylindrical

Comparators

18 V

125 °C (257 °F)

250 ns

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Matte Tin - annealed

Bottom

O-MBCY-W8

No

e3

RH1011MJ8#PBF

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

-18 V

4 mV

300 nA

No

1

-15 V

15 V

In-Line

Comparators

18 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

250 ns

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Matte Tin - annealed

Dual

R-CDIP-T8

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e3

5962-8987101PX

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

8

DIP

Rectangular

-18 V

1.6 mV

600 nA

No

1

BIPOLAR

MIL-STD-883

-15 V

15 V

In-Line

18 V

125 °C (257 °F)

180 ns

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-XDIP-T8

No

PM111J

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Wire

8

TO-99

Round

Metal

-18 V

3 mV

50 nA

No

1

BIPOLAR

6 mA

-15 V

15 V

±15 V

Cylindrical

CAN8,.2

Comparators

18 V

125 °C (257 °F)

50 nA

180 ns

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Bottom

O-MBCY-W8

No

e0

PM139BIAY

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

0 V

9 mV

300 nA

No

4

BIPOLAR

0 V

5 V

In-Line

Comparators

36 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

1.3 µs

Open-Collector

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-GDIP-T14

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e0

0.765 in (19.43 mm)

M38510/10307SIX

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

10

Round

Metal

-25 V

2 mV

1 uA

No

2

MIL-M-38510 Class S

-15 V

15 V

Cylindrical

Comparators

18 V

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Bottom

O-MBCY-X10

No

e0

PM111J883C

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Wire

8

Round

Metal

-18 V

3 mV

50 nA

No

1

MIL-STD-883

-15 V

15 V

Cylindrical

Comparators

18 V

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin/Lead

Bottom

O-MBCY-W8

No

e0

AD9698TQ

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

16

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Glass-Sealed

-7 V

3 mV

110 uA

No

2

BIPOLAR

64 mA

-5.2 V

5 V

5,GND/-5.2 V

In-Line

DIP16,.3

Comparators

7 V

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

55 uA

4.5 ns

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-GDIP-T16

0.2 in (5.08 mm)

0.3 in (7.62 mm)

No

e0

0.75 in (19.05 mm)

5962-01-392-3545

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

Through-Hole

14

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

2 mV

No

BIPOLAR

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

3 mA

5 V

5 V

In-Line

DIP14,.3

Comparators

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

100 nA

3 µs

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-XDIP-T14

No

86008042X

Analog Devices

Comparator

Military

No Lead

20

QCCN

Square

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

-6.5 V

3 mV

16 uA

Yes

1

BIPOLAR

MIL-STD-883

-5.2 V

5 V

5,-5.2 V

Chip Carrier

LCC20,.35SQ

Comparators

6.5 V

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

10 uA

6 ns

Open-Emitter

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-CQCC-N20

No

e0

Comparators

Comparators are electronic circuits that compare two input voltages and output a voltage signal that indicates which of the inputs is larger. A comparator is similar to an operational amplifier (op-amp), but it is designed to operate with a limited range of voltage outputs (typically near the power supply rails) and with very high gain.

A comparator typically has two input terminals, a non-inverting (+) input and an inverting (-) input, and one output. When the voltage at the non-inverting input is greater than the voltage at the inverting input, the output of the comparator switches to its maximum positive voltage. Conversely, when the voltage at the inverting input is greater than the voltage at the non-inverting input, the output of the comparator switches to its maximum negative voltage.

Comparators are often used in applications where a precise measurement or detection of voltage level is required, such as in voltage reference circuits, level detectors, and waveform generators. They can also be used to implement digital logic circuits and are frequently used in A/D converters and motor control circuits.

It is worth noting that a comparator output can switch quickly between its high and low states, so they can be sensitive to noise and require careful circuit design to ensure proper operation. In addition, some comparators may include features such as hysteresis, which can help to reduce noise and ensure stable operation in the presence of small fluctuations in the input signals.