Part | RoHS | Manufacturer | Capacitor Type | Mounting Feature | Capacitance | Rated DC Voltage (URdc) | Maximum Operating Temperature | Dielectric Material | Tan Delta | Minimum Operating Temperature | Temperature Coef (ppm/Cel) | Terminal Finish | Leakage Current (mA) | Package Shape | Polarity | Manufacturer Series | Height | Width | Ripple Current (mA) | Diameter | Multi-layer | Equivalent Series Resistance / ESR (mohm ) | Additional Features | Packing Method | Size Code | JESD-609 Code | Series | No. of Terminals | Package Style (Meter) | Rated AC Voltage (URac) | Length | Terminal Shape | Positive Tolerance | Temperature Characteristics Code | Reference Standard | Negative Tolerance | Custom Capabilities | Terminal Pitch |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Panasonic |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
10 uF |
450 V |
85 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.20 |
-25 Cel |
TIN |
0.28 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
130 |
12.5 mm |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
20 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
20 % |
5 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
Panasonic |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
22 uF |
16 V |
85 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.2 |
-40 Cel |
TIN |
0.01356 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
NON-POLARIZED |
60 |
5 mm |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
11 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
20 % |
2 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
Panasonic |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
1 uF |
16 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
-55 Cel |
15% |
Tin (Sn) |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
.8 mm |
.8 mm |
Yes |
TR, PAPER, 7 INCH |
0603 |
e3 |
2 |
SMT |
1.6 mm |
WRAPAROUND |
10 % |
X5R |
10 % |
||||||||||||||
|
Panasonic |
FILM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.01 uF |
50 V |
85 Cel |
PLASTIC |
-40 Cel |
Tin (Sn) |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
9 mm |
3.2 mm |
AMMO PACK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
7.3 mm |
WIRE |
5 % |
5 % |
5 mm |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Panasonic |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4.7 uF |
50 V |
85 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.14 |
-40 Cel |
0.003 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
5.4 mm |
4.3 mm |
18 |
TR, EMBOSSED, 15 INCH |
1717 |
2 |
SMT |
4.3 mm |
FLAT |
20 % |
AEC-Q200 |
20 % |
||||||||||||||
|
KEMET Corporation |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
22 uF |
50 V |
85 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.1 |
-40 Cel |
0.011 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
100 |
5 mm |
BULK |
2 |
Radial |
11 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
20 % |
2 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Murata Manufacturing |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
1 uF |
10 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
-55 Cel |
15% |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
.3 mm |
.3 mm |
Yes |
TR, PAPER, 13 INCH |
0201 |
e3 |
2 |
SMT |
.6 mm |
WRAPAROUND |
20 % |
X5R |
20 % |
||||||||||||||
|
Murata Manufacturing |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
1 uF |
16 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
-55 Cel |
15% |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
.5 mm |
.5 mm |
Yes |
TR, PAPER, 7 INCH |
0402 |
e3 |
2 |
SMT |
1 mm |
WRAPAROUND |
20 % |
X5R |
20 % |
||||||||||||||
|
Nte Electronics |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
2.2 uF |
250 V |
85 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.2 |
-40 Cel |
.111 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
2 |
WIRE |
75 % |
10 % |
||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Nic Components |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4.7 uF |
10 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
-55 Cel |
15% |
Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
.7 mm |
.5 mm |
Yes |
TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH |
0402 |
e3 |
2 |
SMT |
1 mm |
WRAPAROUND |
10 % |
X5R |
10 % |
|||||||||||||||
|
KEMET Corporation |
FILM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.1 uF |
1500 V |
85 Cel |
PAPER |
-40 Cel |
TIN |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
22 mm |
15.3 mm |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
660 V |
30.5 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
ENEC; CUL; UL |
20 % |
25.4 mm |
|||||||||||||||
|
Samwha Capacitor Group |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
100 uF |
35 V |
85 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.12 |
-40 Cel |
Tin (Sn) |
.105 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
SC |
132 |
TR |
2626 |
e3 |
2 |
WRAPAROUND |
20 % |
20 % |
||||||||||||||||
|
Yageo |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
2200 uF |
35 V |
85 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.16 |
-40 Cel |
Matte Tin (Sn) |
.77 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
1600 |
16 mm |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
25 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
20 % |
7.5 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
Nichicon |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
3.3 uF |
35 V |
85 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.12 |
-40 Cel |
Tin/Bismuth (Sn/Bi) |
.003 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
5.4 mm |
3.3 mm |
10 |
TAPE |
1313 |
e6 |
2 |
SMT |
3.8 mm |
FLAT |
20 % |
20 % |
|||||||||||||
|
Knowles Precision Devices |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
1 uF |
16 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
-55 Cel |
15% |
GOLD OVER NICKEL |
.61 mm |
.51 mm |
Yes |
TR, 7 Inch |
0402 |
e4 |
2 |
SMT |
1.02 mm |
10 % |
X5R |
10 % |
|||||||||||||||||
|
KYOCERA AVX |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
10 uF |
10 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
-55 Cel |
15% |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
2.29 mm |
1.6 mm |
Yes |
TR, EMBOSSED, 7 INCH |
1206 |
e3 |
2 |
SMT |
3.2 mm |
WRAPAROUND |
10 % |
X5R |
10 % |
||||||||||||||
|
Wurth Elektronik |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
10 uF |
16 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
-55 Cel |
15% |
TIN OVER NICKEL |
1.25 mm |
1.25 mm |
Yes |
TR, Embossed Plastic, 7 Inch |
0805 |
e3 |
2 |
SMT |
2 mm |
WRAPAROUND |
20 % |
X5R |
20 % |
|||||||||||||||
|
Cornell Dubilier Electronics |
FILM CAPACITOR |
CHASSIS MOUNT |
160 uF |
800 V |
85 Cel |
POLYPROPYLENE |
-40 Cel |
TIN |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
51 mm |
84.5 mm |
73000 |
0.8 |
ESR IS MEASURED AT 10KHZ, RIPPLE CURRENT IS MEASURED 55CEL |
e3 |
2 |
Chassis Mount |
230 V |
101 mm |
THREADED STUD |
10 % |
10 % |
|||||||||||||||
|
KEMET Corporation |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2.2 uF |
16 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
-30 Cel |
-82/+22% |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
.9 mm |
1.6 mm |
Yes |
TR, EMBOSSED PLASTIC, 7 INCH |
1206 |
e3 |
2 |
SMT |
3.2 mm |
WRAPAROUND |
80 % |
Y5V |
20 % |
||||||||||||||
|
KEMET Corporation |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
22 uF |
6.3 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
-55 Cel |
15% |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
1.6 mm |
1.6 mm |
Yes |
TR, EMBOSSED PLASTIC, 7 INCH |
1206 |
e3 |
2 |
SMT |
3.2 mm |
WRAPAROUND |
10 % |
X5R |
10 % |
||||||||||||||
|
TDK |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
.47 uF |
10 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
-55 Cel |
15% |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
.8 mm |
.8 mm |
Yes |
TR, 7 INCH |
0603 |
e3 |
2 |
SMT |
1.6 mm |
WRAPAROUND |
10 % |
X5R |
10 % |
||||||||||||||
|
TDK |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2.2 uF |
16 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
-55 Cel |
15% |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
.8 mm |
.8 mm |
Yes |
TR, 7 INCH |
0603 |
e3 |
2 |
SMT |
1.6 mm |
WRAPAROUND |
20 % |
X5R |
20 % |
||||||||||||||
|
TDK |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
10 uF |
50 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
-55 Cel |
15% |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
2.3 mm |
5 mm |
Yes |
TR, PLASTIC, 7/13 INCH |
2220 |
e3 |
2 |
SMT |
5.7 mm |
WRAPAROUND |
10 % |
X5R |
10 % |
||||||||||||||
|
Samsung Electro-mechanics |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
10 uF |
10 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
-55 Cel |
15% |
Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
Yes |
TR, CARDBOARD, 7 INCH |
0603 |
e3 |
2 |
WRAPAROUND |
10 % |
X5R |
10 % |
||||||||||||||||||
|
KEMET Corporation |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4.7 uF |
35 V |
85 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.12 |
-40 Cel |
0.003 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
5.4 mm |
4.3 mm |
22 |
4 mm |
TR, PAPER, 15 INCH |
1717 |
2 |
SMT |
4.3 mm |
FLAT |
20 % |
20 % |
||||||||||||||
|
Panasonic |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
220 uF |
50 V |
85 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.18 |
-40 Cel |
0.11 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
10.2 mm |
10.3 mm |
300 |
TR, EMBOSSED, 15 INCH |
4141 |
2 |
SMT |
10.3 mm |
FLAT |
20 % |
AEC-Q200 |
20 % |
||||||||||||||
|
Murata Manufacturing |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
1 uF |
10 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
-55 Cel |
15% |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
.5 mm |
.5 mm |
Yes |
TR, PAPER, 7 INCH |
0402 |
e3 |
2 |
SMT |
1 mm |
WRAPAROUND |
10 % |
X5R |
10 % |
||||||||||||||
|
Murata Manufacturing |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4.7 uF |
25 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
-55 Cel |
15% |
.5 mm |
.5 mm |
Yes |
TR, PAPER, 7 INCH |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
1 mm |
WRAPAROUND |
20 % |
X5R |
20 % |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Murata Manufacturing |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
47 uF |
2.5 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
-55 Cel |
15% |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
.8 mm |
.8 mm |
Yes |
TR, PAPER, 13 INCH |
0603 |
e3 |
2 |
SMT |
1.6 mm |
WRAPAROUND |
20 % |
X5R |
20 % |
||||||||||||||
|
Murata Manufacturing |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
22 uF |
4 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
-55 Cel |
15% |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
.8 mm |
.8 mm |
Yes |
TR, PAPER, 7 INCH |
0603 |
e3 |
2 |
SMT |
1.6 mm |
WRAPAROUND |
20 % |
X5R |
20 % |
||||||||||||||
|
Taiyo Yuden |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
100 uF |
10 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
-55 Cel |
15% |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
Yes |
TAPE, EMBOSSED |
1206 |
2 |
WRAPAROUND |
20 % |
X5R |
20 % |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Vishay Intertechnology |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
CHASSIS MOUNT |
1000 uF |
250 V |
85 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
-40 Cel |
MATTE TIN |
0.50 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
4400 |
35.3 mm |
128 |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Chassis Mount |
81.3 mm |
BINDING POST |
20 % |
20 % |
|||||||||||||||
|
Vishay Intertechnology |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
220 uF |
500 V |
85 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
-25 Cel |
1.10 |
POLARIZED |
1840 |
30 mm |
790 |
Bulk |
2 |
Snap-in |
40 mm |
SNAP-IN |
20 % |
20 % |
10 mm |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Vishay Intertechnology |
FILM CAPACITOR |
CHASSIS MOUNT |
.22 uF |
2000 V |
85 Cel |
POLYPROPYLENE |
-55 Cel |
Tin (Sn) |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
38 mm |
22 mm |
RATED AC VOLTAGE: 700 V |
e3 |
MKP386M |
2 |
Panel Mount |
700 V |
44 mm |
J BEND |
5 % |
IEC60384-17 |
5 % |
|||||||||||||||
|
Taiyo Yuden |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2.2 uF |
25 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
0.1 |
-55 Cel |
15% |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
.8 mm |
.8 mm |
Yes |
TR, PAPER, 7 INCH |
0603 |
2 |
SMT |
1.6 mm |
WRAPAROUND |
10 % |
X5R |
AEC-Q200 |
10 % |
||||||||||||||
|
Taiyo Yuden |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
1 uF |
50 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
-55 Cel |
15% |
Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
1.25 mm |
1.25 mm |
Yes |
TR, EMBOSSED, 7 INCH |
0805 |
e3 |
2 |
SMT |
2 mm |
WRAPAROUND |
10 % |
X5R |
10 % |
||||||||||||||
|
Nichicon |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
10 uF |
50 V |
85 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.12 |
-40 Cel |
Matte Tin (Sn) |
.015 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
60 |
5 mm |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
11 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
20 % |
2 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
Walsin Technology |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
.47 uF |
16 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
-25 Cel |
-80/+30% |
Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
.8 mm |
.8 mm |
Yes |
TR, PAPER, 7 INCH |
0603 |
e3 |
2 |
SMT |
1.6 mm |
WRAPAROUND |
80 % |
Y5V |
20 % |
||||||||||||||
|
KYOCERA AVX |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4.7 uF |
16 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
-55 Cel |
15% |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
2.79 mm |
2.5 mm |
Yes |
TR, EMBOSSED, 7 INCH |
1210 |
e3 |
2 |
SMT |
3.2 mm |
WRAPAROUND |
10 % |
X5R |
10 % |
||||||||||||||
|
Vishay Intertechnology |
FILM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.22 uF |
400 V |
85 Cel |
POLYESTER |
-55 Cel |
Matte Tin (Sn) |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
28.63 mm |
14.22 mm |
RATED AC VOLTAGE(V) : 200 |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
200 V |
31.75 mm |
WIRE |
10 % |
10 % |
18.263 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
KEMET Corporation |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
CHASSIS MOUNT; THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
1000 uF |
385 V |
85 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
-40 Cel |
2.31 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
40 mm |
4 |
Chassis Mount |
105 mm |
LUG; WIRE |
20 % |
IEC60384-4 |
20 % |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
TDK |
FILM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
5 uF |
800 V |
85 Cel |
POLYPROPYLENE |
-40 Cel |
TIN |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
36.5 mm |
22 mm |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
31.5 mm |
WIRE |
10 % |
10 % |
27.5 mm |
|||||||||||||||||
|
KEMET Corporation |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
1 uF |
50 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
10 Cel |
-56/+22% |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
9.14 mm |
4.07 mm |
Yes |
TR, 12 INCH |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
7.11 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
Z5U |
20 % |
5.08 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
KEMET Corporation |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
1 uF |
50 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
10 Cel |
-56/+22% |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
9.14 mm |
4.07 mm |
Yes |
TR, 12 INCH |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
7.11 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
Z5U |
20 % |
5.08 mm |
|||||||||||||||
Arco Electronics |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
.000022 uF |
1000 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
-30 Cel |
2 |
Radial |
10 % |
S2L |
10 % |
Alternate Lead Configurations Available |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Samsung Electro-mechanics |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
.47 uF |
50 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
-55 Cel |
15% |
Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
.9 mm |
.8 mm |
Yes |
TR, CARDBOARD PAPER, 7 INCH |
0603 |
e3 |
2 |
SMT |
1.6 mm |
WRAPAROUND |
10 % |
X5R |
10 % |
||||||||||||||
Yageo |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.01 uF |
50 V |
85 Cel |
CERAMIC |
-55 Cel |
-82/+22% |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
Yes |
2 |
WIRE |
20 % |
Y5V |
20 % |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Panasonic |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
22 uF |
35 V |
85 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.14 |
-40 Cel |
.0077 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
95 |
BULK |
2 |
WIRE |
20 % |
20 % |
Fixed capacitors are electronic components that have a fixed capacitance value that cannot be changed. They are used in electronic circuits to provide a specific capacitance value for a given application.
Fixed capacitors are made using a variety of dielectric materials, including ceramic, tantalum, aluminum electrolytic, polyester, and polypropylene. The choice of dielectric material depends on the specific requirements of the application, such as operating voltage, temperature range, and stability.
Fixed capacitors are available in a variety of shapes and sizes, such as through-hole, surface mount, and leaded types. They can also be classified based on their operating voltage, tolerance, and temperature coefficient.
Some common applications of fixed capacitors include decoupling, filtering, timing, and coupling circuits. In decoupling circuits, fixed capacitors are used to filter out unwanted high-frequency noise and ensure stable power supply operation. In timing circuits, fixed capacitors are used to set the time constant and determine the frequency of oscillation.
One of the main advantages of fixed capacitors is their stable capacitance value, which does not change over time or with changes in operating conditions. This makes them suitable for applications that require consistent and predictable performance.