Part | RoHS | Manufacturer | Capacitor Type | Mounting Feature | Capacitance | Rated DC Voltage (URdc) | Maximum Operating Temperature | Dielectric Material | Tan Delta | Minimum Operating Temperature | Temperature Coef (ppm/Cel) | Terminal Finish | Leakage Current (mA) | Package Shape | Polarity | Manufacturer Series | Height | Width | Ripple Current (mA) | Diameter | Multi-layer | Equivalent Series Resistance / ESR (mohm ) | Additional Features | Packing Method | Size Code | JESD-609 Code | Series | No. of Terminals | Package Style (Meter) | Rated AC Voltage (URac) | Length | Terminal Shape | Positive Tolerance | Temperature Characteristics Code | Reference Standard | Negative Tolerance | Custom Capabilities | Terminal Pitch |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Cornell Dubilier Electronics |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
2200 uF |
200 V |
85 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
-40 Cel |
TIN |
1.989975 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
380LX |
4900 |
35 mm |
90 |
e3 |
380LX |
2 |
Radial |
50 mm |
SNAP-IN |
20 % |
20 % |
PVC Insulated Can |
10 mm |
||||||||||||
|
Cornell Dubilier Electronics |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
5600 uF |
35 V |
85 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
-40 Cel |
TIN |
1.3282 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
3400 |
22 mm |
83 |
e3 |
2 |
Snap-in |
30 mm |
SNAP-IN |
20 % |
20 % |
||||||||||||||||
|
Rubycon |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
47 uF |
400 V |
105 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.15 |
-25 Cel |
0.41134 |
POLARIZED |
370 |
12.5 mm |
BULK |
2 |
Radial |
30 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
20 % |
5 mm |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Rubycon |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
22 uF |
450 V |
105 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.25 |
-40 Cel |
TIN |
0.2985 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
280 |
12.5 mm |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
20 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
20 % |
5 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
Rubycon |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
6800 uF |
50 V |
85 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.35 |
-40 Cel |
Tin (Sn) |
1.74929 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
3940 |
22 mm |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Snap-in |
45 mm |
SNAP-IN |
20 % |
20 % |
|||||||||||||||
|
TDK |
FILM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.047 uF |
400 V |
105 Cel |
POLYPROPYLENE |
-55 Cel |
MATTE TIN |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
12 mm |
6 mm |
TR, 14 Inch |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
200 V |
13 mm |
WIRE |
10 % |
10 % |
10 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
TDK |
FILM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.033 uF |
1000 V |
110 Cel |
POLYPROPYLENE |
-55 Cel |
MATTE TIN |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
11 mm |
6 mm |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
250 V |
18 mm |
WIRE |
5 % |
AEC-Q200 |
5 % |
15 mm |
|||||||||||||||
|
TDK |
FILM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.1 uF |
630 V |
110 Cel |
POLYPROPYLENE |
-55 Cel |
MATTE TIN |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
12.5 mm |
7 mm |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
250 V |
18 mm |
WIRE |
10 % |
AEC-Q200 |
10 % |
15 mm |
|||||||||||||||
|
TDK |
FILM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.47 uF |
630 V |
110 Cel |
POLYPROPYLENE |
-55 Cel |
MATTE TIN |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
20.5 mm |
11 mm |
TR |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
250 V |
26.5 mm |
WIRE |
5 % |
AEC-Q200 |
5 % |
22.5 mm |
|||||||||||||||
|
TDK |
FILM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.47 uF |
500 V |
105 Cel |
POLYESTER |
-40 Cel |
TIN |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
16.5 mm |
10.5 mm |
SAFETY CLASS X2 |
TR |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
305 V |
26.5 mm |
WIRE |
10 % |
AEC-Q200; CSA; IEC; UL |
10 % |
22.5 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
Vishay Intertechnology |
FILM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.01 uF |
1000 V |
105 Cel |
POLYPROPYLENE |
-55 Cel |
Tin (Sn) |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
12 mm |
6 mm |
SAFETY CLASS Y2 |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
300 V |
12.5 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
AEC-Q200, CSA, CUL, ENEC16, IEC60384-14, UL |
20 % |
10 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
Vishay Intertechnology |
FILM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.1 uF |
100 V |
105 Cel |
POLYESTER |
-55 Cel |
Tin (Sn) |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
6.5 mm |
2.5 mm |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
63 V |
7.2 mm |
WIRE |
10 % |
AEC-Q200, IEC60384-2 |
10 % |
5.08 mm |
|||||||||||||||
|
KEMET Corporation |
FILM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
100 uF |
800 V |
105 Cel |
POLYPROPYLENE |
-55 Cel |
65 mm |
45 mm |
TRAY |
4 |
PCB Mount |
57.5 mm |
WIRE |
5 % |
AEC-Q200; EN; IEC; VDE |
5 % |
||||||||||||||||||||
Cornell Dubilier Electronics |
MICA CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.0000025 uF |
500 V |
150 Cel |
MICA |
-55 Cel |
-200/+200ppm/Cel |
TIN LEAD |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
8.4 mm |
4.8 mm |
e0 |
2 |
Radial |
9.1 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
MIL-PRF-39001 |
20 % |
3.8 mm |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Panasonic |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
1000 uF |
25 V |
105 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.16 |
-55 Cel |
TIN COPPER |
0.25 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
680 |
10 mm |
BULK |
e2 |
2 |
Radial |
20 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
AEC-Q200 |
20 % |
5 mm |
|||||||||||||
|
Panasonic |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
2200 uF |
25 V |
105 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.18 |
-55 Cel |
TIN |
0.55 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
1090 |
12.5 mm |
AMMO PACK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
25 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
AEC-Q200 |
20 % |
5 mm |
|||||||||||||
|
Panasonic |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
100 uF |
50 V |
105 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.12 |
-55 Cel |
TIN |
0.05 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
180 |
8 mm |
AMMO PACK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
11.5 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
AEC-Q200 |
20 % |
5 mm |
|||||||||||||
|
Panasonic |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
10 uF |
100 V |
105 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.08 |
-55 Cel |
TIN |
0.01 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
54 |
6.3 mm |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
11.2 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
AEC-Q200 |
20 % |
2.5 mm |
|||||||||||||
|
Panasonic |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
220 uF |
200 V |
105 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.15 |
-25 Cel |
TIN |
2.65 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
575 |
18 mm |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
31.5 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
20 % |
7.5 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
Panasonic |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
3.3 uF |
200 V |
105 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.15 |
-25 Cel |
TIN |
0.0496 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
36 |
6.3 mm |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
11.2 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
20 % |
2.5 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
Panasonic |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
47 uF |
250 V |
105 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.15 |
-25 Cel |
TIN |
0.715 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
230 |
12.5 mm |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
25 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
20 % |
5 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
Panasonic |
FILM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.33 uF |
110 Cel |
POLYPROPYLENE |
-40 Cel |
TIN |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
16 mm |
9 mm |
SAFETY CLASS X2 |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
275 V |
17.5 mm |
WIRE |
10 % |
DEMKO, UL, VDE |
10 % |
15 mm |
|||||||||||||||
|
Panasonic |
FILM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.033 uF |
110 Cel |
POLYPROPYLENE |
-40 Cel |
10.5 mm |
6 mm |
SAFETY CLASS X1 |
Bulk |
2 |
Radial |
300 V |
18.5 mm |
WIRE |
10 % |
CSA, DEMKO, UL |
10 % |
15 mm |
||||||||||||||||||
|
Panasonic |
FILM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.1 uF |
450 V |
110 Cel |
POLYPROPYLENE |
-40 Cel |
TIN |
13.9 mm |
4.5 mm |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
12.6 mm |
WIRE |
5 % |
5 % |
10 mm |
||||||||||||||||||
|
Panasonic |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
220 uF |
50 V |
105 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.15 |
-40 Cel |
TIN |
0.11 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
234 |
10 mm |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
16 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
20 % |
5 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
Panasonic |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
220 uF |
200 V |
105 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.15 |
-25 Cel |
TIN |
2.65 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
900 |
18 mm |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
31.5 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
20 % |
7.5 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
Panasonic |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
47 uF |
400 V |
105 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.24 |
-25 Cel |
TIN |
1.138 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
336 |
16 mm |
AMMO PACK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
25 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
20 % |
7.5 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
Panasonic |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
220 uF |
100 V |
105 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.07 |
-55 Cel |
TIN |
0.22 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
760.5 |
16 mm |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
25 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
AEC-Q200 |
20 % |
7.5 mm |
|||||||||||||
|
Panasonic |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
10000 uF |
25 V |
105 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.34 |
-55 Cel |
TIN |
2.5 |
POLARIZED |
2200 |
18 mm |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
35.5 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
AEC-Q200 |
20 % |
7.5 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
Nippon Chemi-con |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
1000 uF |
80 V |
135 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.08 |
-40 Cel |
MATTE TIN |
2.4 |
POLARIZED |
2052 |
16 mm |
27 |
ESR is MEASURED AT 100KHZ, |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
35 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
AEC-Q200 |
20 % |
7.5 mm |
||||||||||||
Vishay Intertechnology |
TANTALUM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
3.3 uF |
15 V |
125 Cel |
TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID) |
0.04 |
-55 Cel |
Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb) |
0.0004 |
TUBULAR PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
3.43 mm |
BULK |
e0 |
2 |
Axial |
7.26 mm |
WIRE |
5 % |
MIL-PRF-39003/01 |
5 % |
||||||||||||||||
Vishay Intertechnology |
TANTALUM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
330 uF |
50 V |
125 Cel |
TANTALUM (WET) |
0.38 |
-55 Cel |
TIN LEAD |
0.009 |
TUBULAR PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
9.53 mm |
e0 |
2 |
Axial |
26.97 mm |
WIRE |
10 % |
MIL-PRF-39006/21 |
10 % |
|||||||||||||||||
Vishay Intertechnology |
TANTALUM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
39 uF |
100 V |
125 Cel |
TANTALUM (WET) |
0.104 |
-55 Cel |
TIN LEAD |
0.005 |
TUBULAR PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
351 |
7.14 mm |
RIPPLE CURRENT IS MEASURED AT 40KHZ, 85CEL |
e0 |
2 |
Axial |
16.28 mm |
WIRE |
10 % |
MIL-PRF-39006/25 |
10 % |
|||||||||||||||
Cornell Dubilier Electronics |
TANTALUM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
39 uF |
100 V |
125 Cel |
TANTALUM (WET) |
0.104 |
-55 Cel |
.005 |
TUBULAR PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
507 |
2 |
WIRE |
10 % |
MIL-C-39006/25 |
10 % |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Vishay Intertechnology |
TANTALUM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
390 uF |
10 V |
125 Cel |
TANTALUM (WET) |
0.22 |
-55 Cel |
Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb) |
0.002 |
TUBULAR PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
9.53 mm |
750 |
e0 |
2 |
Axial |
19.46 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
MIL-PRF-39006/30 |
20 % |
||||||||||||||||
KEMET Corporation |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.01 uF |
100 V |
125 Cel |
CERAMIC |
-55 Cel |
15% |
TIN LEAD |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
4.83 mm |
2.29 mm |
No |
e0 |
2 |
Radial |
4.83 mm |
WIRE |
10 % |
BX |
MIL-PRF-39014/01 |
10 % |
5.08 mm |
|||||||||||||||
KEMET Corporation |
CERAMIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.47 uF |
50 V |
125 Cel |
CERAMIC |
-55 Cel |
15% |
TIN LEAD |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
7.37 mm |
2.29 mm |
Yes |
BULK |
e0 |
2 |
Radial |
7.37 mm |
WIRE |
10 % |
BX |
MIL-PRF-39014 |
10 % |
5.08 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
Vishay Intertechnology |
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
2200 uF |
16 V |
125 Cel |
ALUMINUM (WET) |
0.18 |
-55 Cel |
.355 |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
POLARIZED |
1400 |
12.5 mm |
BULK |
2 |
Radial |
25 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
AEC-Q200 |
20 % |
5 mm |
|||||||||||||||
|
Vishay Intertechnology |
FILM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.1 uF |
1000 V |
100 Cel |
POLYPROPYLENE |
-55 Cel |
Tin (Sn) |
TUBULAR PACKAGE |
15.5 mm |
RATED AC VOLTAGE(V): 600V |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Axial |
600 V |
34 mm |
WIRE |
5 % |
5 % |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Wima & Kg |
FILM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.33 uF |
2000 V |
105 Cel |
POLYPROPYLENE |
-55 Cel |
TIN |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
32 mm |
19 mm |
TRAY |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
700 V |
41.5 mm |
WIRE |
5 % |
AEC-Q200 |
5 % |
37.5 mm |
|||||||||||||||
|
Wima & Kg |
FILM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
1 uF |
100 V |
125 Cel |
POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE |
-55 Cel |
TIN |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
13 mm |
7.2 mm |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
63 V |
7.2 mm |
WIRE |
10 % |
AEC-Q200 |
10 % |
5 mm |
|||||||||||||||
|
Vishay Intertechnology |
FILM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.033 uF |
400 V |
100 Cel |
POLYESTER |
-55 Cel |
Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
TUBULAR PACKAGE |
6 mm |
IEC60384-2 |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Axial |
14 mm |
WIRE |
10 % |
10 % |
||||||||||||||||||
|
KEMET Corporation |
FILM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
1 uF |
630 V |
105 Cel |
POLYPROPYLENE |
-55 Cel |
MATTE TIN |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
28 mm |
17.5 mm |
TRAY |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
400 V |
31.5 mm |
WIRE |
5 % |
5 % |
27.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
KEMET Corporation |
FILM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.022 uF |
3000 V |
105 Cel |
POLYPROPYLENE |
-55 Cel |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
23 mm |
13.5 mm |
TRAY |
2 |
Radial |
1000 V |
26 mm |
WIRE |
5 % |
5 % |
22.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||||
|
KEMET Corporation |
FILM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
1 uF |
1000 V |
105 Cel |
POLYPROPYLENE |
-40 Cel |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
26 mm |
15 mm |
SAFETY CLASS X1 |
TRAY |
2 |
Radial |
440 V |
41 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
ENEC; CUL; UL |
20 % |
37.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
KEMET Corporation |
FILM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.1 uF |
1000 V |
110 Cel |
POLYPROPYLENE |
-40 Cel |
TIN |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
17 mm |
8.5 mm |
BULK |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
300 V |
26.5 mm |
WIRE |
20 % |
AEC-Q200, CQC, CUL, ENEC, UL |
20 % |
22.5 mm |
|||||||||||||||
|
KEMET Corporation |
FILM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.47 uF |
560 V |
110 Cel |
POLYPROPYLENE |
-40 Cel |
Tin (Sn) |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
AMMO PACK |
e3 |
2 |
275 V |
WIRE |
10 % |
10 % |
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
KEMET Corporation |
FILM CAPACITOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
2.2 uF |
630 V |
110 Cel |
POLYPROPYLENE |
-40 Cel |
TIN |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
25 mm |
13 mm |
SAFETY CLASS X2 |
TRAY |
e3 |
2 |
Radial |
310 V |
32 mm |
WIRE |
10 % |
CQC; CUL; ENEC; UL |
10 % |
27.5 mm |
Fixed capacitors are electronic components that have a fixed capacitance value that cannot be changed. They are used in electronic circuits to provide a specific capacitance value for a given application.
Fixed capacitors are made using a variety of dielectric materials, including ceramic, tantalum, aluminum electrolytic, polyester, and polypropylene. The choice of dielectric material depends on the specific requirements of the application, such as operating voltage, temperature range, and stability.
Fixed capacitors are available in a variety of shapes and sizes, such as through-hole, surface mount, and leaded types. They can also be classified based on their operating voltage, tolerance, and temperature coefficient.
Some common applications of fixed capacitors include decoupling, filtering, timing, and coupling circuits. In decoupling circuits, fixed capacitors are used to filter out unwanted high-frequency noise and ensure stable power supply operation. In timing circuits, fixed capacitors are used to set the time constant and determine the frequency of oscillation.
One of the main advantages of fixed capacitors is their stable capacitance value, which does not change over time or with changes in operating conditions. This makes them suitable for applications that require consistent and predictable performance.