Surface Mount Fuses 2,400+

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Part RoHS Manufacturer Circuit Protection Type Mounting Feature Rated AC Voltage Rated DC Voltage Rated Current Terminal Shape Nominal Joule Integral Minimum Operating Temperature Terminal Finish Rated Breaking Capacity Manufacturer Series Trip Time/Delay Additional Features Pre Arcing Rating (A2/s) Packing Method Body Length/Diameter Body Width Fuse Class JESD-609 Code Rated Voltage Resistance Minimum Pre Arcing Time Fuse Size Built-in Features Dimensions Body Height Reference Standard Maximum Operating Temperature Blow Characteristic

SF-0603SP100-2

Bourns

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

32 V

1 A

Wraparound

36 mJ

-20 °C (-4 °F)

Tin Over Nickel

50 A

1 s

Tape And Reel, 7 inch

0.063 in (1.6 mm)

0.031 in (0.8 mm)

e3

0603

0.018 in (0.45 mm)

UL

105 °C (221 °F)

Time Lag

SF-0603SP150M-2

Bourns

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

32 V

1.5 A

Wraparound

182 mJ

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Over Nickel

50 A

500 µs

Tape And Reel, 7 inch

0.063 in (1.6 mm)

0.031 in (0.8 mm)

e3

1 ms

0603

0.063 x 0.031 x 0.031 in (1.6 x 0.8 x 0.8 mm)

0.031 in (0.8 mm)

CUL; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Time Lag

SF-0603SP200M-2

Bourns

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

32 V

2 A

Wraparound

323 mJ

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Over Nickel

50 A

1 ms

Tape And Reel, 7 inch

0.063 in (1.6 mm)

0.031 in (0.8 mm)

e3

1 ms

0603

0.063 x 0.031 x 0.031 in (1.6 x 0.8 x 0.8 mm)

0.031 in (0.8 mm)

CUL; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Time Lag

SF-1206F500-2

Bourns

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

32 V

5 A

Wraparound

966 mJ

-20 °C (-4 °F)

Tin Over Nickel

50 A

1 m

Tape And Reel, 7 inch

0.122 in (3.1 mm)

0.061 in (1.55 mm)

e3

1206

0.122 x 0.061 x 0.024 in (3.1 x 1.55 x 0.6 mm)

0.024 in (0.6 mm)

UL

105 °C (221 °F)

Fast

SF-1206HI200M-2

Bourns

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

63 V

2 A

Wraparound

810 mJ

-55 °C (-67 °F)

50 A

200 µs

Tape And Reel, 7 inch

0.126 in (3.2 mm)

0.063 in (1.6 mm)

1206

0.126 x 0.063 x 0.038 in (3.2 x 1.6 x 0.97 mm)

0.038 in (0.97 mm)

UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Fast

SF-1206S050M-2

Bourns

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

63 V

500 mA

Wraparound

2 mJ

-55 °C (-67 °F)

50 A

50 ms

Tape And Reel, 7 inch

0.126 in (3.2 mm)

0.063 in (1.6 mm)

1 ms

1206

0.126 x 0.063 x 0.038 in (3.2 x 1.6 x 0.97 mm)

0.038 in (0.97 mm)

UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Slow

SF-1206SA630W-2

Bourns

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

32 V

6.3 A

Wraparound

8.9 J

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin with Nickel barrier

50 A

5 s

Tape And Reel, 7 inch

0.126 in (3.2 mm)

0.063 in (1.6 mm)

e3

1 ms

1206

0.043 in (1.08 mm)

AEC-Q200; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Slow

SF-1206SP100M-2

Bourns

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

63 V

1 A

Wraparound

111 mJ

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Over Nickel

50 A

2 ms

Tape And Reel, 7 inch

0.126 in (3.2 mm)

0.063 in (1.6 mm)

e3

1 ms

1206

0.126 x 0.063 x 0.038 in (3.2 x 1.6 x 0.97 mm)

0.038 in (0.97 mm)

CUL; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Time Lag

SF-1206SP150-2

Bourns

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

63 V

1.5 A

Wraparound

305 mJ

-20 °C (-4 °F)

Tin Over Nickel

50 A

1 s

Tape And Reel, 7 inch

0.122 in (3.1 mm)

0.061 in (1.55 mm)

e3

1206

0.024 in (0.6 mm)

UL

105 °C (221 °F)

Time Lag

SF-2410FP1000W-2

Bourns

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

125 V

125 V

10 A

Wraparound

29.49 J

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Over Nickel

35 A

10 ms

Tape And Reel, 7 inch

0.24 in (6.1 mm)

0.098 in (2.49 mm)

2410

0.085 in (2.16 mm)

UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Fast

TR/0603FA250-R

Eaton Corporation

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

50 V

250 mA

Wraparound

400 μJ

-55 °C (-67 °F)

50 A

1 m

0.0004

Tape And Reel, Paper, 7 inch

0.063 in (1.6 mm)

0.032 in (0.81 mm)

50 V

0603

0.063 x 0.032 x 0.019 in (1.6 x 0.81 x 0.48 mm)

0.019 in (0.48 mm)

AEC-Q200; CSA; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Fast

0157.315DR

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

125 V

125 V

315 mA

Wraparound

31.1 mJ

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Matte Tin

50 A

5 s

Tape And Reel

0.24 in (6.1 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

e3

Nano

0.24 x 0.106 x 0.106 in (6.1 x 2.69 x 2.69 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Very Fast

0157004DRT

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

125 V

125 V

4 A

Wraparound

34.4 J

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Matte Tin

50 A

Tape And Reel

0.24 in (6.1 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

e3

0.24 x 0.106 x 0.106 in (6.1 x 2.69 x 2.69 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

PSE; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Time Lag

0157004.DRT

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

125 V

125 V

4 A

Wraparound

34.4 J

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Matte Tin

50 A

100 ms

Tape And Reel

0.256 in (6.5 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

e3

Nano

0.24 x 0.106 x 0.106 in (6.1 x 2.69 x 2.69 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

CUL; PSE; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Time Lag

015703.5.DRT

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

125 V

125 V

3.5 A

Wraparound

26.53 J

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Silver

50 A

Tape And Reel

0.24 in (6.1 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

e4

0.24 x 0.106 x 0.106 in (6.1 x 2.69 x 2.69 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Time Lag

015703.5DRT

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

125 V

125 V

3.5 A

Wraparound

26.53 J

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Matte Tin

50 A

100 ms

Tape And Reel

0.256 in (6.5 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

e3

Nano

0.24 x 0.106 x 0.106 in (6.1 x 2.69 x 2.69 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

CUL; PSE; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Time Lag

01573.15DR

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

125 V

125 V

3.15 A

Wraparound

1.92 J

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Silver

50 A

5 s

Tape And Reel

0.24 in (6.1 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

e4

Nano

0.24 x 0.106 x 0.106 in (6.1 x 2.69 x 2.69 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

PSE; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Very Fast

0202.125URG

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

250 V

125 mA

Gull Wing

1.8 mJ

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin/Lead

50 A

2 s

0.0018

Tape And Reel

0.372 in (9.45 mm)

0.25 in (6.35 mm)

e0

250 V

0.372 x 0.25 x 0.165 in (9.45 x 6.35 x 4.19 mm)

0.165 in (4.19 mm)

CSA, UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Fast

0202.250HXG

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

250 V

250 mA

Gull Wing

14.7 mJ

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin/Lead

50 A

2 s

0.014

Bulk

0.372 in (9.45 mm)

0.25 in (6.35 mm)

e0

250 V

0.372 x 0.25 x 0.165 in (9.45 x 6.35 x 4.19 mm)

0.165 in (4.19 mm)

CSA, UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Fast

0202001.HXG

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

250 V

1 A

Gull Wing

192 mJ

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin/Lead

50 A

2 s

0.19

Bulk

0.372 in (9.45 mm)

0.25 in (6.35 mm)

e0

250 V

0.372 x 0.25 x 0.165 in (9.45 x 6.35 x 4.19 mm)

0.165 in (4.19 mm)

CSA, UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Fast

0422.750MR

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

250 V

250 V

750 mA

Wraparound

282 mJ

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Matte Tin Over Nickel

50 A

5 s

Tape And Reel

0.246 in (6.25 mm)

0.098 in (2.5 mm)

e3

2410

0.088 in (2.24 mm)

CUL; TUV; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Fast

0422.750MRA

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

250 V

250 V

750 mA

Wraparound

282 mJ

-55 °C (-67 °F)

50 A

5 s

Tape And Reel

0.246 in (6.25 mm)

0.098 in (2.5 mm)

0.088 in (2.24 mm)

AEC-Q200; CUL; PSE; TUV; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Fast

0422002.MRA

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

250 V

250 V

2 A

Wraparound

2.85 J

-55 °C (-67 °F)

50 A

5 s

Tape And Reel

0.246 in (6.25 mm)

0.098 in (2.5 mm)

0.088 in (2.24 mm)

AEC-Q200; CUL; PSE; TUV; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Fast

0435003.KR

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

32 V

3 A

Wraparound

203.2 mJ

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Over Nickel

Rated Breaking Capacity at 32 VDC: 35 A

Tape And Reel

0.039 in (0.99 mm)

0.02 in (0.51 mm)

e3

0.039 x 0.02 x 0.012 in (0.99 x 0.51 x 0.3 mm)

0.012 in (0.3 mm)

CSE; UL

90 °C (194 °F)

Fast

0437.375WR

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

125 V

125 V

375 mA

Wraparound

10 mJ

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Over Nickel

50 A

5 s

0.01

Tape And Reel

0.126 in (3.2 mm)

0.064 in (1.63 mm)

e3

125 V

1206

0.126 x 0.064 x 0.032 in (3.2 x 1.63 x 0.82 mm)

0.033 in (0.835 mm)

CSA; CUL; UL

150 °C (302 °F)

Fast

0438.750WR

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

32 V

750 mA

Wraparound

28.1 mJ

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Matte Tin Over Nickel

50 A

4 h

0.028

Tape And Reel

0.061 in (1.54 mm)

0.033 in (0.85 mm)

e3

63 V

466 mΩ

0603

0.061 x 0.033 x 0.02 in (1.54 x 0.85 x 0.5 mm)

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

CSA; UL

150 °C (302 °F)

Fast

0438006.WRGT

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

24 V

24 V

6 A

Wraparound

1.444 J

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Over Nickel

50 A

5 s

Tape And Reel

0.062 in (1.582 mm)

0.033 in (0.83 mm)

e3

24 V

8.6 mΩ

0603

0.062 x 0.033 x 0.02 in (1.582 x 0.83 x 0.516 mm)

0.02 in (0.508 mm)

CSA; CUL; UL

150 °C (302 °F)

Fast

04381.25WR

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

32 V

1.25 A

Wraparound

51 mJ

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Over Nickel

50 A

4 h

0.051

Tape And Reel

0.061 in (1.54 mm)

0.033 in (0.85 mm)

e3

63 V

200 mΩ

0603

0.061 x 0.033 x 0.02 in (1.54 x 0.85 x 0.5 mm)

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

CSA; UL

150 °C (302 °F)

Fast

0440003.WRA

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

32 V

63 V

3 A

Wraparound

1.232 J

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Matte Tin Over Nickel

50 A

5 s

Tape And Reel

0.126 in (3.2 mm)

0.064 in (1.63 mm)

e3

1206

0.126 x 0.064 x 0.033 in (3.2 x 1.63 x 0.835 mm)

0.033 in (0.835 mm)

AEC-Q200; CSA; CUL; UL

150 °C (302 °F)

Fast

0443.500DRLC

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

280 V

500 mA

Wraparound

1.61 J

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Silver

50 A

2 m

Pre Arcing Time: Open within 120 s at 250% Rated Current

Tape And Reel

0.398 in (10.1 mm)

0.123 in (3.12 mm)

e4

280 V

Nano

0.398 x 0.123 x 0.123 in (10.1 x 3.12 x 3.12 mm)

0.123 in (3.12 mm)

CUL; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Slow

0448.250MR

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

125 V

125 V

250 mA

Wraparound

15.2 mJ

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Gold

50 A

5 s

0.015

Tape And Reel

0.24 in (6.1 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

e4

125 V

Nano

0.24 x 0.106 x 0.106 in (6.1 x 2.69 x 2.69 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

CSA; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Very Fast

0448003.MR

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

125 V

125 V

3 A

Wraparound

1.72 J

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Gold

50 A

5 s

1.72

Tape And Reel

0.24 in (6.1 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

e4

125 V

Nano

0.24 x 0.106 x 0.106 in (6.1 x 2.69 x 2.69 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

CSA; PSE; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Very Fast

04482.50MR

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

125 V

125 V

250 mA

Wraparound

15.2 mJ

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Gold

50 A

5 s

0.015

Tape And Reel

0.24 in (6.1 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

e4

125 V

Nano

0.24 x 0.106 x 0.106 in (6.1 x 2.69 x 2.69 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

CSA; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Very Fast

0451020.MRSN

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

65 V

65 V

20 A

Wraparound

154 J

-55 °C (-67 °F)

100 A

20 s

Rated Breaking Capacity at 65 VDC: 150 A

Tape And Reel

0.24 in (6.1 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

Nano

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

CE; CUL; TUV; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Very Fast

0452.375NRL

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

125 V

125 V

375 mA

Wraparound

101 mJ

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Gold

50 A

2 ms

0.1

Tape And Reel

0.24 in (6.1 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

e4

125 V

Nano

0.24 x 0.106 x 0.106 in (6.1 x 2.69 x 2.69 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

CSA; CUL; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Slow

0452002.MRSN

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

125 V

125 V

2 A

Wraparound

8.2 J

-55 °C (-67 °F)

50 A

2 ms

Tape And Reel

0.24 in (6.1 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

125 V

Nano

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

CSA; CUL; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Slow

0452005.NRL

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

125 V

125 V

5 A

Wraparound

53.72 J

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Gold

50 A

2 ms

53.72

Tape And Reel

0.24 in (6.1 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

e4

125 V

Nano

0.24 x 0.106 x 0.106 in (6.1 x 2.69 x 2.69 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

CSA; CUL; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Slow

0452008.MRL

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

72 V

75 V

8 A

Wraparound

137.34 J

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Gold

50 A

2 ms

Rated Breaking Capacity at 75 VDC: 100 A

Tape And Reel

0.24 in (6.1 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

e4

72 V

Nano

0.24 x 0.106 x 0.106 in (6.1 x 2.69 x 2.69 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

CSA; CUL; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Slow

0453.375MR

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

125 V

125 V

375 mA

Wraparound

44.2 mJ

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Silver

50 A

5 s

Tape And Reel

0.24 in (6.1 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

e4

125 V

Nano

0.24 x 0.106 x 0.106 in (6.1 x 2.69 x 2.69 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

CSA; CUL; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Very Fast

0453012.MR

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

65 V

65 V

12 A

Wraparound

47.97 J

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Silver

100 A

20 s

Rated Breaking Capacity at 65 VDC: 150 A

Tape And Reel

0.24 in (6.1 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

e4

65 V

Nano

0.24 x 0.106 x 0.106 in (6.1 x 2.69 x 2.69 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

CE; CSA; CUL; TUV; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Very Fast

0453012MR

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

65 V

65 V

12 A

Wraparound

47.97 J

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Silver

50 A

Tape And Reel

0.24 in (6.1 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

e4

65 V

Nano

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

CSA; CUL; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Very Fast

0454.375MR

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

125 V

125 V

375 mA

Wraparound

101 mJ

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Silver

50 A

2 ms

0.1

Tape And Reel

0.24 in (6.1 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

e4

125 V

Nano

0.24 x 0.106 x 0.106 in (6.1 x 2.69 x 2.69 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

CSA; CUL; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Slow

0454003.MR

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

125 V

125 V

3 A

Wraparound

20.16 J

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Silver

50 A

2 ms

Tape And Reel

0.24 in (6.1 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

e4

Nano

0.24 x 0.106 x 0.106 in (6.1 x 2.69 x 2.69 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

CSA; CUL; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Slow

045402.5MR

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

125 V

125 V

2.5 A

Wraparound

15 J

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Silver

50 A

2 ms

Tape And Reel

0.24 in (6.1 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

e4

Nano

0.24 x 0.106 x 0.106 in (6.1 x 2.69 x 2.69 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

CSA; CUL; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Slow

045403.5MR

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

125 V

125 V

3.5 A

Wraparound

26.53 J

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Silver

50 A

2 ms

Tape And Reel

0.24 in (6.1 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

e4

Nano

0.24 x 0.106 x 0.106 in (6.1 x 2.69 x 2.69 mm)

0.106 in (2.69 mm)

CSA; CUL; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Slow

0458005.DR

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

32 V

75 V

5 A

Wraparound

7.938 J

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Gold

50 A

5 s

7.9

Tape And Reel

0.125 in (3.175 mm)

0.062 in (1.575 mm)

e4

75 V

Nano

0.125 x 0.062 x 0.062 in (3.175 x 1.575 x 1.575 mm)

0.062 in (1.575 mm)

CUL; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

045806.3DR

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

32 V

75 V

6.3 A

Wraparound

14.37 J

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Gold

50 A

5 s

14.3

Tape And Reel

0.125 in (3.175 mm)

0.062 in (1.575 mm)

e4

75 V

Nano

0.125 x 0.062 x 0.062 in (3.175 x 1.575 x 1.575 mm)

0.062 in (1.575 mm)

CUL; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

0459001.UR

Littelfuse

Electric Fuse

Surface Mount

125 V

125 V

1 A

J Bend

281 mJ

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin

50 A

100 ms

Pre Arcing Time: Open within 0.1 s at 300% Rated Current

0.281

Tape And Reel

0.285 in (7.24 mm)

0.17 in (4.32 mm)

e3

125 V

Pico

0.285 x 0.17 x 0.12 in (7.24 x 4.32 x 3.05 mm)

0.12 in (3.05 mm)

CSA; PSE; UL

125 °C (257 °F)

Very Fast

Fuses

A fuse is an electrical safety device that is designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overcurrent. Fuses are commonly used in residential, commercial, and industrial electrical systems, and they are an important safety device that helps prevent electrical fires, equipment damage, and personal injury.

A fuse typically consists of a metal wire or filament that is enclosed in a fuse body, which is designed to protect the wire from damage. The fuse is connected in series with the electrical circuit, and when the current flowing through the circuit exceeds a preset level, the wire in the fuse will melt or blow, which opens the circuit and prevents further damage to the electrical system.

Fuses are available in a variety of types and sizes, and they can be classified based on their current rating, voltage rating, and speed of operation. Some common types of fuses include cartridge fuses, blade fuses, and plug fuses.

In addition to protecting electrical systems from overcurrent, fuses can also be used to protect electrical equipment and machinery from damage caused by short circuits or other types of electrical faults. They are a cost-effective and reliable method of electrical protection, and they are widely used in a variety of electrical applications.