MALE Other Function RF Connectors 185

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Part RoHS Manufacturer Connector Type Option Reliability Contact Gender Dielectric Withstanding Voltage (V) No. of Connectors Panel Mount Body Length Body Diameter Insulation Resistance Mixed Contacts Insertion Loss EMI Shielded Filter Feature Body Width Termination Contact Finish Body Depth Rated Voltage MIL Conformity Coupling Type Insulator Material Maximum Operating Temperature (Cel) DIN Conformance IEC Conformity Minimum Operating Temperature Empty Shell Shell Finish No. of Ports Adapter Style Contact Material UL Flammability Code Mating Contact Finish Polarization Key Additional Features Rated Current - Signal Voltage Standing Wave Ratio Reference Standard Insulator Color Total No. of Contacts Contact Arrangement Durability Mounting Type Maximum Wire Size Characteristic Impedance Sub-Category Shell Material Terminal Pitch (mm) Cable Types Mating Info. Mains Connector Rating Termination Type Minimum Withdrawal Force (N) Manufacturer Series Contact Resistance Body or Shell Style Mounting Style Contact Style JESD-609 Code Maximum Insertion Force (N) Mounting Option-2 Terminal Length Mounting Option-1 Maximum Operating Frequency

SF3211-6004

Sv Microwave

RF CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

NO

.97 dB

NO

GOLD OVER NICKEL

NO

SNAP

POLYTETRAFLUORO ETHYLENE

NO

NO

BERYLLIUM COPPER

GOLD OVER NICKEL

1.3

50 ohm

STRAIGHT

e4

65 GHz

73415-3591

Molex

RF SMP CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

NO

.25 inch

5000000000 ohm

.1 dB

NO

Gold (Au) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier

.25 inch

NO

SNAP

POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE

165

NO

NO

-65 Cel

GOLD

1

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

1.5

1

500 Cycles

BOARD

50 ohm

Other RF Connectors

BRASS

MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE

SURFACE MOUNT

8.0064

6 mohm

PLUG

RIGHT ANGLE

COAX

e4

14.6784

LOCKING

40 GHz

R605.006.000

Radiall S A

RF CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

NO

.563 inch

5000000000 ohm

.71 dB

NO

NOT APPLICABLE

1.22 inch

NO

BAYONET

POLYAMIDE11

100

NO

NO

-40 Cel

NICKEL

1

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

1

CABLE

80 ohm

Other RF Connectors

BRASS

CLAMP SOLDER

PLUG

STRAIGHT

COAX

LOCKING

.5 GHz

R605006000

Radiall S A

RF CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

1500VAC

NO

.563 inch

5000000000 ohm

.7 dB

NO

NOT APPLICABLE

1.22 inch

NO

BAYONET

POLYAMIDE11

100

NO

NO

-40 Cel

NICKEL

1

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

2

CABLE

80 ohm

Other RF Connectors

BRASS

SOLDER

PLUG

STRAIGHT

COAX

.5 GHz

19S141-40ML5

Rosenberger Hochfrequenztechnik & Kg

RF SMP CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

NO

.197 inch

.17 dB

NO

.197 inch

GOLD

.161 inch

NO

SNAP

LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMER

NO

NO

BRASS

GOLD

VSWR AND INSERTION LOSS MAX AT: 12 GHZ

1.2

1

BOARD

50 ohm

SURFACE MOUNT

PLUG

STRAIGHT

e4

26.5 GHz

81_MMBX-S50-0-1/111_NM

Huber+suhner Ag

RF MMBX CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

NO

.241 inch

NO

.241 inch

.226 inch

NO

SNAP

LCP/PFA

155

NO

NO

-55 Cel

1

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

VSWR MAX AT 6 GHZ

1.15

1

100 Cycles

BOARD

50 ohm

BRASS

SURFACE MOUNT

PLUG

STRAIGHT

COAX

12.4 GHz

01131

Winchester Interconnect

RF CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

NO

NO

NO

SNAP

POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE

NO

NO

1

40 A

1

CABLE

Other RF Connectors

1 mohm

PLUG

RIGHT ANGLE

COAX

LOCKING

MM5829-2700RJ4

Murata Manufacturing

RF CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

NO

NO

NO

SNAP

NO

NO

VSWR MAX AT 3 GHZ

1.3

BOARD

50 ohm

MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE

SURFACE MOUNT

STRAIGHT

12 GHz

PSMP-MSLD-PCS

Amphenol

RF SMP CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

NO

.276 inch

.315 inch

.095 dB

.276 inch

NOT APPLICABLE

.217 inch

SNAP

POLYETHERETHERKETONE

165

-65 Cel

GOLD

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

VSWR MAX AT: 6 GHZ

1.106

1

BOARD

50 ohm

BRASS

SURFACE MOUNT

JACK

STRAIGHT

10 GHz

1052075-1

TE Connectivity

RF CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

ONE

NO

.665 inch

10000000000 ohm

NO

.07 dB

NO

NO

NOT APPLICABLE

.666 inch

NO

THREADED

PTFE

125

NO

NO

-65 Cel

NO

GOLD

1

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

APPLICABLE CABLES: RG 188/U; CAPTIVE CENTER CONTACT

1.18

1

CABLE

50 ohm

RF SMA/SSMA Connectors

STAINLESS STEEL

RG 188A

CRIMP

3 mohm

PLUG

RIGHT ANGLE

COAX

LOCKING

26 GHz

73415-3590

Molex

RF SMP CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

NO

.2 inch

SNAP

POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE

165

-65 Cel

GOLD

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

1

BOARD

50 ohm

BRASS

SURFACE MOUNT

PLUG

STRAIGHT

40 GHz

1055687-1

TE Connectivity

RF CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

ONE

NO

.177 inch

NO

.15 dB

NO

NO

.197 inch

NOT APPLICABLE

.081 inch

NO

SNAP

POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDE

125

NO

NO

-40 Cel

YES

GOLD

1

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

1.4

1

100 Cycles

BOARD

50 ohm

Other RF Connectors

115/230VAC

SURFACE MOUNT

PLUG

STRAIGHT

COAX

LOCKING

6 GHz

5-1814822-3

TE Connectivity

RF F CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

ONE

NO

.413 inch

NO

NO

NO

NOT APPLICABLE

.827 inch

NO

SCREW

85

NO

NO

-55 Cel

YES

NICKEL

1

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

1

PANEL

75 ohm

BRASS

RG 6

115/230VAC

PLUG

STRAIGHT

1 GHz

R222900100W

Radiall S A

RF SMP CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

NO

.173 inch

5000000000 ohm

.42 dB

.577 inch

SNAP

POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE

125

-55 Cel

1

APPLICABLE CABLES: RG 196; RG 178

1.15

1

100 Cycles

CABLE

50 ohm

Other RF Connectors

BRASS

RG-196

CRIMP

PLUG

STRAIGHT

COAX

LOCKING

12.4 GHz

11_QMA-50-2-1/133_NE

Huber+suhner Ag

RF CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

NO

.413 inch

NO

NO

SNAP

PERFLUOROALKOXY/POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE

85

NO

NO

-40 Cel

NOT SPECIFIED

VSWR MAX AT 6 GHZ

1.5

CABLE

50 ohm

BRASS

MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE

CRIMP

PLUG

STRAIGHT

18 GHz

11_QMA-50-2-1/133_NH

Huber+suhner Ag

RF CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

NO

.413 inch

NO

NO

SNAP

PERFLUOROALKOXY/POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE

85

NO

NO

-40 Cel

NOT SPECIFIED

VSWR MAX AT 6 GHZ

1.5

CABLE

50 ohm

BRASS

MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE

CRIMP

PLUG

STRAIGHT

18 GHz

4-1532005-9

TE Connectivity

RF CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

NO

NO

NO

THREADED

POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE

NO

NO

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

VSWR MAX AT 2GHZ, CAPTIVE CONTACT

1.2

CABLE

50 ohm

MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE

CRIMP

PLUG

STRAIGHT

2 GHz

FAA.1D.694.CNL

Lemo Usa

RF CONNECTOR

MALE

YES

NO

NO

SNAP

POLYAMIDE

NO

NO

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SOLDER

PLUG

STRAIGHT

0734153320

Molex

RF SMP CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

NO

NO

NOT APPLICABLE

NO

SNAP

NO

NO

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

BOARD

50 ohm

SURFACE MOUNT

PLUG

STRAIGHT

18S102-40ML5

Rosenberger Hochfrequenztechnik & Kg

RF SMP CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

450VAC

NO

.157 inch

.134 inch

5000000000 ohm

.4 dB

NO

.157 inch

GOLD

.16 inch

NO

SNAP

POLYETHERETHERKETONE

155

NO

NO

-55 Cel

GOLD

1

BERYLLIUM COPPER

GOLD

INSERTION LOSS MAX AT: 26.5 GHZ

2.1

1

100 Cycles

BOARD

50 ohm

Other RF Connectors

BRASS

SURFACE MOUNT

6 mohm

PLUG

STRAIGHT

COAX

e4

17.792

LOCKING

65 GHz

292-101P-52S

Amphenol

RF 2.92MM CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

NO

.66 inch

THREADED

POLYETHERIMIDE

165

-65 Cel

GOLD

1.3

1

CABLE

50 ohm

STAINLESS STEEL

SOLDER

PLUG

STRAIGHT

40 GHz

73415-5720

Molex

RF SMP CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

NO

.75 dB

NOT APPLICABLE

.29 inch

SNAP

POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE

165

-65 Cel

GOLD

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

ROHS COMPLIANT

1.5

1

BOARD

50 ohm

BRASS

SURFACE MOUNT

PLUG

STRAIGHT

40 GHz

FFC.00.250.CTAC31

Lemo Usa

RF CONNECTOR

MALE

NO

NO

NO

SNAP

POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE

NO

NO

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

APPLICABLE CABLE:RG.174A/U; BELDEN 8216, WITH LATCH

1.25

CABLE

50 ohm

SOLDER

PLUG

STRAIGHT

1.5 GHz

PSMP-MSSB-PCS

Amphenol

RF SMP CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

NO

.354 inch

.095 dB

NOT APPLICABLE

.246 inch

SNAP

POLYETHERETHERKETONE

165

-65 Cel

GOLD

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

1.106

1

BOARD

50 ohm

BRASS

SURFACE MOUNT

JACK

STRAIGHT

10 GHz

SMP-MSSB-PCS

Amphenol

RF SMP CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

700VAC

NO

.197 inch

.164 inch

5000000000 ohm

NO

.197 inch

Gold (Au)

.161 inch

NO

SNAP

LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMER

165

NO

NO

-65 Cel

GOLD OVER NICKEL

1

BRASS

GOLD (30)

ROHS COMPLIANT

1.3

1

500 Cycles

BOARD

50 ohm

Other RF Connectors

BRASS

SURFACE MOUNT

2.224

6 mohm

RECEPTACLE

STRAIGHT

COAX

e4

8.896

18 GHz

SMP-MSSB-PCS-1

Amphenol

RF SMP CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

NO

NO

GOLD (30) OVER NICKEL

NO

SNAP

POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE

85

NO

NO

-40 Cel

GOLD

GOLD (30) OVER NICKEL

VSWR IS MAX AT 20GHZ

1.5

1

BOARD

50 ohm

BRASS

SURFACE MOUNT

PLUG

STRAIGHT

e4

40 GHz

222197

Amphenol

RF F CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

NO

Gold (Au)

.934 inch

THREADED

POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE

165

-65 Cel

NICKEL

1

NATURAL

1

CABLE

75 ohm

Other RF Connectors

BRASS

CRIMP

PLUG

STRAIGHT

COAX

e4

2 GHz

73415-3592

Molex

RF SMP CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

NO

.2 inch

SNAP

POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE

165

-65 Cel

GOLD

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

1

BOARD

50 ohm

BRASS

SURFACE MOUNT

PLUG

STRAIGHT

40 GHz

SMP-MSLD-PCS

Amphenol

RF SMP CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

500VAC

NO

.197 inch

.165 inch

NO

.197 inch

Gold (Au)

.161 inch

NO

SNAP

POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE

165

NO

NO

-65 Cel

GOLD

1

VSWR IS MAX AT 20GHZ

1.3

1

500 Cycles

BOARD

50 ohm

Other RF Connectors

BRASS

SURFACE MOUNT

2.1962

JACK

STRAIGHT

COAX

e4

8.896

18 GHz

SMP-MSLD-PCS-T

Amphenol

RF SMP CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

470VAC

NO

.196 inch

NO

.196 inch

NO

LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMER

165

NO

NO

-65 Cel

GOLD OVER NICKEL

1

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

1.3

1

500 Cycles

BOARD

50 ohm

Other RF Connectors

BRASS

SURFACE MOUNT

8.896

STRAIGHT

COAX

44.48

LOCKING

18 GHz

03S12L-000S3

Rosenberger Hochfrequenztechnik & Kg

RF CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

NO

NO

NO

THREADED

POLYSTYROL

NO

NO

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

CAPTIVE CENTER CONTACT

2.62

PLUG

STRAIGHT

26.5 GHz

SF1211-66214-1S

Sv Microwave

RF SMP CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

YES

.379 dB

.222 inch

.238 inch

SNAP

POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE

165

-65 Cel

1.5

1

BOARD AND PANEL

50 ohm

STAINLESS STEEL

SURFACE MOUNT

JACK

STRAIGHT

40 GHz

1058574-1

TE Connectivity

OTHER RF CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

YES

.25 inch

.13 dB

.39 inch

SNAP

POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE

125

-65 Cel

1.14

1

CABLE AND PANEL

50 ohm

STAINLESS STEEL

RECEPTACLE

STRAIGHT

18 GHz

1211-66175

Sv Microwave

RF SMP CONNECTOR

MALE

700VAC

.311 inch

5000000000 ohm

NOT APPLICABLE

.2 inch

POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE

165

-65 Cel

GOLD

1

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

1

BOARD

50 ohm

Other RF Connectors

STEEL

SURFACE MOUNT

6 mohm

PLUG

RIGHT ANGLE

COAX

LOCKING

26.5 GHz

H.FL-LP-DFS111(01)

Hirose Electric

OTHER RF CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

NO

NO

Tin (Sn)

NO

SNAP

POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE

NO

NO

COPPER ALLOY

TIN

LOW PROFILE

1.3

CABLE

50 ohm

MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE

SOLDER

PLUG

RIGHT ANGLE

e3

3 GHz

R223.435.000

Radiall S A

RF CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

NO

.42 dB

NO

NO

SNAP

LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMER

NO

NO

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

VSWR MAX AT 6 GHZ

1.08

BOARD

50 ohm

SOLDER

RECEPTACLE

STRAIGHT

12.4 GHz

R223.435.000W

Radiall S A

RF MMBX CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

YES

.24 inch

.423 dB

.24 inch

.219 inch

SNAP

155

-55 Cel

1.083

1

BOARD AND PANEL

50 ohm

SOLDER

RECEPTACLE

STRAIGHT

12.4 GHz

R223435000

Radiall S A

RF CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

NO

.24 inch

.42 dB

NO

.24 inch

NOT APPLICABLE

.22 inch

NO

SNAP

NO

NO

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

CAPTIVE CENTER CONTACT

1.08

1

BOARD

50 ohm

SOLDER

RECEPTACLE

STRAIGHT

12.4 GHz

R223435000W

Radiall S A

RF MMBX CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

NO

NO

NOT APPLICABLE

.35 inch

NO

SNAP

NO

NO

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

CAPTIVE CENTER CONTACT

1

BOARD

SOLDER

RECEPTACLE

STRAIGHT

119S144-40ML5

Rosenberger Hochfrequenztechnik & Kg

RF SMP CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

NO

.09 dB

NO

GOLD

NO

THREADED

PEEK/PTFE/LCP

NO

NO

BRASS

GOLD

BOARD

50 ohm

MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE

SURFACE MOUNT

PLUG

STRAIGHT

e4

10 GHz

19S144-40ML5

Rosenberger Hochfrequenztechnik & Kg

RF CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

NO

.236 inch

.236 inch

5000000000 ohm

.51 dB

NO

.236 inch

GOLD

.161 inch

YES

SNAP

LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMER/POLYETHERETHERKETONE/POLYTETRAFLUORO ETHYLENE

155

NO

NO

-65 Cel

1

BRASS

GOLD

STANDARD: MIL-STD-202; CAPTIVE CENTER CONTACT

1.2 A

1.2

1

1000 Cycles

BOARD

50 ohm

Other RF Connectors

SURFACE MOUNT

2.1962

6 mohm

PLUG

STRAIGHT

COAX

e4

8.896

LOCKING

26.5 GHz

FFA.00.250.NTAC31Z

Lemo Usa

RF CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

NO

YES

NO

SNAP

POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE

NO

NO

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

WTH LATCH

1.25

CABLE

50 ohm

SOLDER

PLUG

STRAIGHT

1.5 GHz

18S203-40ML5

Rosenberger Hochfrequenztechnik & Kg

RF SMP CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

450VAC

NO

5000000000 ohm

.42 dB

NO

GOLD

.197 inch

NO

SNAP

POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE

155

NO

NO

-55 Cel

1

BERYLLIUM COPPER

GOLD

INSERTION LOSS MAX AT: 18 GHZ, VSWR MAX AT: 26.5 GHZ

1.92

1

100 Cycles

BOARD

50 ohm

Other RF Connectors

SOLDER

6 mohm

PLUG

RIGHT ANGLE

COAX

e4

LOCKING

65 GHz

20279-001E-01

I-pex

RF CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

NO

NO

GOLD OVER NICKEL

NO

SNAP

LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMER

NO

NO

COPPER ALLOY

GOLD

BOARD

SURFACE MOUNT

20279-001E

RECEPTACLE

STRAIGHT

e4

AAM1-1700

Infinite Electronics International

RF CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

YES

.75 inch

SNAP

POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE

1

CABLE

50 ohm

BRASS

CRIMP

STRAIGHT

3 GHz

DIN7A-PP-C-GF-ST-CA3

Samtec

RF 1.0/2.3 DIN CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

NO

.325 inch

GOLD OVER NICKEL

1.07 inch

SNAP

125

-65 Cel

TRUE75, APPLICABLE CABLE: RG 179

1

CABLE

75 ohm

CRIMP

PLUG

STRAIGHT

e4

FFA.00.250.NTAC31

Lemo Usa

RF CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

MALE

NO

NO

NO

SNAP

POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE

NO

NO

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

WTH LATCH

1.25

CABLE

50 ohm

SOLDER

PLUG

STRAIGHT

1.5 GHz

1996318-1

TE Connectivity

RF SMPM CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

ONE

NO

NO

NO

NO

NOT APPLICABLE

.257 inch

NO

SNAP

POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE

125

NO

NO

-55 Cel

YES

GOLD

1

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

1

500 Cycles

BOARD

50 ohm

Other RF Connectors

BERYLLIUM COPPER

115/230VAC

PRESS FIT

100 mohm

PLUG

STRAIGHT

COAX

.123 inch

LOCKING

20 GHz

Other Function RF Connectors

Other function RF connectors are a type of connector used in specialized radio frequency (RF) applications, where specific features are required for specialized functionality. They are designed to provide a reliable and stable connection between coaxial cables and RF equipment, while also maintaining low signal loss and high frequency performance.

Other function RF connectors are available in a range of sizes and configurations, with different connector types and genders. They may include features such as sealing, grounding, or EMI shielding to ensure reliable performance in demanding applications.

One advantage of other function RF connectors is their ability to provide specialized functionality, depending on the specific requirements of the application. For example, connectors may include specific impedance values, or may be designed for use in high-vibration or high-temperature environments.

Other function RF connectors are commonly used in a variety of industrial applications, including telecommunications, wireless communication systems, and aerospace and defense applications. They may be used to connect antennas, receivers, transmitters, and other RF equipment, and may be subject to rigorous testing and qualification requirements to ensure their reliability and performance.