GENERAL PURPOSE Rack & Panel Connectors 246

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Part	Manufacturer	Connector Type	Option	Reliability	Contact Gender	Dielectric Withstanding Voltage (V)	No. of Connectors	Panel Mount	Mating Contact Pitch (inch)	Body Length	Insulation Resistance	Mixed Contacts	EMI Shielded	Filter Feature	Body Width	Termination Contact Finish	Body Depth	Rated Voltage	MIL Conformity	Insulator Material	No. of Rows Loaded	Maximum Operating Temperature (Cel)	DIN Conformance	Board Mounting Option	PCB Contact Row Spacing (mm)	IEC Conformity	Minimum Operating Temperature	Empty Shell	Shell Finish	Plating Thickness (inch)	No. of Ports	No. of PCB Rows	Contact Material	UL Flammability Code	Mating Contact Finish	Polarization Key	Additional Features	Rated Current - Signal	Reference Standard	Insulator Color	Total No. of Contacts	Contact Arrangement	Minimum Wire Size	Durability	Mating Contact Row Spacing (inch)	Mounting Type	Maximum Wire Size	Sub-Category	Shell Material	Terminal Pitch (mm)	Cable Types	Mating Info.	PCB Contact Pattern	Mains Connector Rating	Termination Type	Minimum Withdrawal Force (N)	Manufacturer Series	Contact Resistance	Body or Shell Style	Mounting Style	Minimum Insulation Diameter	Contact Style	JESD-609 Code	Maximum Insertion Force (N)	Mounting Option-2	Terminal Length	Mounting Option-1	Contact Pattern
DMC-M20-22PNE	TE Connectivity	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE		MALE		ONE	NO				NO	NO	NO		NOT APPLICABLE			NO			175	NO			NO	-55 Cel	YES			1		NOT SPECIFIED		NOT SPECIFIED			5 A			20		26 AWG			CABLE	22 AWG		COMPOSITE	2.54				5A	CRIMP
DPX2MAW8S-A106S-33B-0000	ITT Cannon	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE		FEMALE-FEMALE							YES		NO		GOLD			NO	DIALLYL PHTHALATE/EPOXY			NO			NO		NO	YELLOW CHROMATE/CADMIUM						GOLD						114					CABLE AND PANEL			ALUMINUM ALLOY			MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE			CRIMP				PLUG				e4
DPXBMA-57-34P-0001	ITT Cannon	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE		MALE							NO		NO		NOT APPLICABLE			NO	DIALLYL PHTHALATE/EPOXY			NO			NO		NO	CADMIUM CHROMATE				NOT SPECIFIED		NOT SPECIFIED		POLARIZED				57					CABLE AND PANEL			ALUMINUM ALLOY			MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE			CRIMP				RECEPTACLE
G20P-AB	Vishay Intertechnology	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE		MALE							NO		NO		GOLD (10)			NO	GLASS FILLED DIALLYL PHTHALATE			NO			NO		NO							GOLD (10)		POLARIZED				2					BOARD AND PANEL						MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE			SOLDER		G20						e4
RE11-442S	TE Connectivity	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE		FEMALE							NO		NO		NOT APPLICABLE			NO				NO			NO		NO					NOT SPECIFIED		NOT SPECIFIED						42					PANEL													PLUG
S-2406H-AB	Cinch Connectivity Solutions	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE		FEMALE							NO		NO		MATTE TIN			NO	PHENOLIC			NO			NO		NO					PHOSPHOR BRONZE		MATTE TIN		BIFURCATED CONTACT, POLARIZED				6					PANEL						P-2406-AB			SOLDER		S-2406H-AB		SOCKET				e3
SIM2B25E101	Amphenol	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE		FEMALE					1.14 inch		NO		NO	1.022 inch		.803 inch					175					-55 Cel	YES	NICKEL										EN							CABLE AND PANEL			COMPOSITE			MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE			CRIMP				RECEPTACLE
ZPF000000000015277	TE Connectivity	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE		FEMALE		ONE	NO				NO	NO	NO		NOT APPLICABLE			NO			175	NO			NO	-55 Cel	YES			1		NOT SPECIFIED		NOT SPECIFIED			7.5 A			12		24 AWG			CABLE	20 AWG		COMPOSITE	3.38				7.5A	CRIMP
207153-1	TE Connectivity	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE	COMMERCIAL	MALE		ONE	NO	0.197	.703 inch	100000000 ohm	NO	NO	NO	1.024 inch		1.3 inch	600 V	NO	POLYAMIDE66	3	130	NO			NO	-55 Cel	YES			1		NOT SPECIFIED	94V-0	NOT SPECIFIED	POLARIZED HOUSING	LATCHED, POLARIZED, COMPATIBLE CONTACTS: 788085-2; 66182-1; 226537-2; 193846-1	14 A	CSA, UL, V	BLACK	6			250 Cycles	0.197	PANEL		Headers and Edge Type Connectors		5	STRANDED	MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE		14A	CRIMP/SOLDER	.278			RECEPTACLE			RND PIN-SKT		4.8928	LATCHING		LOCKING	RECTANGULAR
516-056-000-525	Edac	MULTIWAY RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE		HERMAPHRODITIC					2.592 inch		NO		NO	.876 inch	GOLD OVER NICKEL	.798 inch		NO	POLYESTER		105					-40 Cel	YES						94V-0				8.5 A	UL		56					CABLE AND PANEL						MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE			CRIMP				PLUG				e4
DMC-M99-01PNE	TE Connectivity	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE		MALE					.591 inch		NO		NO	.555 inch		.648 inch		YES	FLUORINATED SILICONE AND THERMOPLASTIC		175					-55 Cel	NO										13 A	EN, MIL		11					CABLE AND PANEL						MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVILABLE			CRIMP
DMC-MD80B10-01	TE Connectivity	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE				ONE	NO				NO	YES	NO		NOT APPLICABLE		125 V	NO		1	175	NO			NO	-65 Cel	YES			1		NOT SPECIFIED		NOT SPECIFIED	POLARIZED					4				0.63				ALUMINUM ALLOY	92				115/230VAC					PLUG
DPXBMA-67-33S-0001	ITT Cannon	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE		FEMALE							NO		NO		GOLD			NO	DIALLYL PHTHALATE/EPOXY			NO			NO		NO	YELLOW CHROMATE/CADMIUM				NOT SPECIFIED		NOT SPECIFIED		POLARIZED				67					CABLE AND PANEL			ALUMINUM ALLOY			MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE			CRIMP				PLUG				e4
JF1S1P45B	Winchester Interconnect	MULTIWAY RACK AND PANEL CONN	GENERAL PURPOSE		FEMALE AND MALE					.44 inch		NO		NO	.13 inch		.34 inch					125					-55 Cel	NO										75 A			2					CABLE						MULTIPLE MATING PARTS ANR AVAILABLE			SOLDER
P-302H-CCT	Cinch Connectivity Solutions	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE		MALE							NO		NO		MATTE TIN			NO	PHENOLIC			NO			NO		NO					BRASS	94V-1	MATTE TIN						2					CABLE						S-302-CCT			SOLDER				PLUG				e3
ZPF000000000015348	TE Connectivity	MULTIWAY RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE				ONE	NO				NO	NO	NO				125 V	NO		1	175	NO			NO	-65 Cel	YES			1					POLARIZED					2				0.63	PANEL			ALUMINUM ALLOY	61				115/230VAC					RECEPTACLE
112137-0000	ITT Cannon	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE	COMMERCIAL	FEMALE	1700VAC	ONE		0.1	2.592 inch	5000000000 ohm	NO		NO	1.108 inch		.992 inch		NO	GLASS FILLED POLYETHYLENE	8	105	NO	HOLE .125-.137	2.54	NO	-55 Cel	NO	NICKEL	50u		8	NOT SPECIFIED	94V-0	NOT SPECIFIED	POLARIZED HOUSING	EMI/RFI SHIELDED, POLARIZED	5 A	UL	BLACK	96			10000 Cycles		BOARD		Headers and Edge Type Connectors	ALUMINUM ALLOY	2.54		MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE	RECTANGULAR		SOLDER	ZIF	DLM	15 mohm	RECEPTACLE	STRAIGHT		SQ PIN-SKT		ZIF	SCREW	.28 inch	GUIDE SLOT	RECTANGULAR
202650-4	TE Connectivity	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE		MALE		ONE	NO				NO	NO	NO					NO	PHENOLIC			NO			NO		YES			1		NOT SPECIFIED		NOT SPECIFIED		COMPATIBLE CONTACTS: 202421-1; 202422-1			BLACK	23					CABLE						MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE		115/230VAC					PLUG
208210-2	TE Connectivity	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE	COMMERCIAL	FEMALE		ONE	NO		2.163 inch		NO	NO	NO	1.212 inch	NOT APPLICABLE	1.11 inch	600 V	NO	POLYESTER	5	130	NO			NO	-55 Cel	YES			1		NOT SPECIFIED	94V-0	NOT SPECIFIED		COMPATIBLE CONTACTS:788088-3; 788088-1; 66428-3; 66428-4; 66424-6, PLUG	13 A	CSA, UL, V	BLACK	19	S0P19			0.173	PANEL		Headers and Edge Type Connectors		5.08	STRANDED	MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE		13A					PLUG	STRAIGHT		RND PIN-SKT			LOCKING		GUIDE PIN
207439-1	TE Connectivity	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE	COMMERCIAL	FEMALE		ONE	NO	0.197	.937 inch	100000000 ohm	NO	NO	NO	1.019 inch	NOT APPLICABLE	1.069 inch	600 V	NO	POLYAMIDE66	3	130	NO			NO	-55 Cel	YES			1		NOT SPECIFIED	94V-0	NOT SPECIFIED	POLARIZED HOUSING	LATCHED, POLARIZED, COMPATIBLE CONTACTS: 788088-2; 66183-1; 51565-2; 193846-1	14 A	CSA, UL, V	BLACK	9			250 Cycles	0.197	PANEL		Headers and Edge Type Connectors		5	STRANDED	MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE		14A	CRIMP/SOLDER	.278			PLUG			RND PIN-SKT		4.8928	LATCHING		LOCKING	RECTANGULAR
00175510402	Amphenol	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE									NO		NO		NOT APPLICABLE			NO	POLYETHYLENE			NO			NO		NO					NOT SPECIFIED		NOT SPECIFIED						36					CABLE AND PANEL									CRIMP
207015-1	TE Connectivity	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE	COMMERCIAL	FEMALE		ONE	NO	0.197	.703 inch	100000000 ohm	NO	NO	NO			1.069 inch	600 V	NO	POLYAMIDE66	2	130	NO			NO	-55 Cel	YES			1		NOT SPECIFIED	94V-0	NOT SPECIFIED	POLARIZED HOUSING	LATCHED, POLARIZED, COMPATIBLE CONTACTS: 788088-2; 66183-1; 51565-2; 193846-1	14 A	CSA, UL, V	BLACK	4			250 Cycles	0.197	PANEL		Headers and Edge Type Connectors		5	STRANDED	MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE		14A	CRIMP/SOLDER	.278			PLUG			RND PIN-SKT		4.8928	LATCHING		LOCKING	RECTANGULAR
00175510102	Amphenol	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE									NO		NO		NOT APPLICABLE			NO	POLYETHYLENE			NO			NO		NO					NOT SPECIFIED		NOT SPECIFIED						36					CABLE AND PANEL									CRIMP
00175510302	Amphenol	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE									NO		NO		NOT APPLICABLE			NO	POLYETHYLENE			NO			NO		NO					NOT SPECIFIED		NOT SPECIFIED						36					CABLE AND PANEL									CRIMP
00175520502	Amphenol	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE									NO		NO		GOLD OVER NICKEL			NO	POLYETHYLENE			NO			NO		NO					NOT SPECIFIED		NOT SPECIFIED						18					CABLE AND PANEL									CRIMP								e4
EN4165M61AA	TE Connectivity	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE							1.079 inch		NO		NO	.969 inch		1.138 inch		YES			175					-55 Cel	YES	NICKEL								STANDARDS: BACC, MIL-C-39029		EN, MIL							CABLE AND PANEL			COMPOSITE			MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE			CRIMP				PLUG
SIME2022PNP	Amphenol	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE		MALE							NO		NO		NOT APPLICABLE			NO				NO			NO		NO					NOT SPECIFIED		NOT SPECIFIED		POLARIZED				20					BOARD AND PANEL						MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE			SOLDER
SIMM2022PNC	Amphenol	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE		MALE							NO		NO		NOT APPLICABLE						175					-55 Cel	NO					NOT SPECIFIED		NOT SPECIFIED		POLARIZED	7.5 A			20					CABLE AND PANEL						MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE			CRIMP
00175810102	Amphenol	MULTIWAY RACK AND PANEL CONN	GENERAL PURPOSE		FEMALE					2.047 inch		NO		NO	.551 inch		.767 inch											NO													36					PANEL
SIMM0816PN	Amphenol	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE		MALE							NO		NO					NO				NO			NO		YES													8					CABLE AND PANEL						MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE			CRIMP		SIM
008017075000001	Kyocera	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE		MALE							NO		NO					NO				NO			NO		YES									HIGH RELIABILITY				75					PANEL						MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE							PLUG
207442-1	TE Connectivity	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE	COMMERCIAL	FEMALE		ONE	NO	0.197		5000000000 ohm	NO	NO	NO	.937 inch	NOT APPLICABLE	1.069 inch	600 V	NO	POLYAMIDE66	6	130	NO			NO	-55 Cel	YES			1		NOT SPECIFIED	94V-0	NOT SPECIFIED	POLAR PIN POSITION	LATCHED, POLARIZED, COMPATIBLE CONTACTS: 788088-2; 66183-1; 51565-2; 193846-1	14 A	CSA, UL, V	BLACK	18			2000 Cycles	0.197	PANEL		Headers and Edge Type Connectors		5	STRANDED	MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE		14A	CRIMP/SOLDER				PLUG								LATCH	RECTANGULAR
207530-8	TE Connectivity	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE	COMMERCIAL	FEMALE		ONE	NO	0.197	1.203 inch	100000000 ohm	NO	NO	NO	.64 inch	NOT APPLICABLE	.565 inch	600 V	NO	POLYAMIDE66	6	130	NO	HOLE .125-.137	5.0038	NO	-55 Cel	NO		150u	1	6	NOT SPECIFIED	94V-0	NOT SPECIFIED	POLARIZED		7.5 A	CSA, UL, V	BLACK	18			250 Cycles	0.197	BOARD		Headers and Edge Type Connectors		5			RECTANGULAR	7.5A	SOLDER	.278			PLUG	STRAIGHT		RND PIN-SKT		4.8928		.181 inch	LOCKING	RECTANGULAR
G20P-A	Vishay Intertechnology	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE		MALE							NO		NO		GOLD (10)			NO	GLASS FILLED DIALLYL PHTHALATE			NO			NO		NO							GOLD (10)		POLARIZED				2					BOARD AND PANEL						MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE			SOLDER		G20						e4
00175110100	Amphenol	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE									NO		NO		NOT APPLICABLE			NO	POLYETHYLENE			NO			NO		NO					NOT SPECIFIED		NOT SPECIFIED											CABLE AND PANEL									CRIMP
00175510202	Amphenol	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE									NO		NO		NOT APPLICABLE			NO	POLYETHYLENE			NO			NO		NO					NOT SPECIFIED		NOT SPECIFIED						36					CABLE AND PANEL									CRIMP
00175520302	Amphenol	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE									NO		NO		GOLD OVER NICKEL			NO	POLYETHYLENE			NO			NO		NO					NOT SPECIFIED		NOT SPECIFIED						18					CABLE AND PANEL									CRIMP								e4
00175520802	Amphenol	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE									NO		NO		NOT APPLICABLE			NO	POLYETHYLENE			NO			NO		NO					NOT SPECIFIED		NOT SPECIFIED						18					CABLE AND PANEL									CRIMP
00175530402	Amphenol	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE									NO		NO		NOT APPLICABLE			NO	POLYETHYLENE			NO			NO		NO					NOT SPECIFIED		NOT SPECIFIED						10					CABLE AND PANEL									CRIMP
00175530502	Amphenol	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE									NO		NO		GOLD OVER NICKEL			NO	POLYETHYLENE			NO			NO		NO					COPPER ALLOY		GOLD OVER NICKEL						10					CABLE AND PANEL									CRIMP								e4
00175540102	Amphenol	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE									NO		NO					NO	POLYETHYLENE			NO			NO		NO													8					CABLE AND PANEL									CRIMP
00176520102	Amphenol	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE									NO		NO		Gold (Au) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier			NO	POLYETHYLENE			NO			NO		NO					COPPER ALLOY		GOLD OVER NICKEL						18					CABLE AND PANEL									CRIMP								e4
110900-0008	ITT Cannon	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE		MALE							NO		NO					NO	GLASS FILLED POLYETHYLENE			NO			NO		YES					NOT SPECIFIED	94V-1	NOT SPECIFIED		COMPATIBLE CONTACTS: 030-2416-003; 030-2410-003; 030-2409-003; 110238-0482; 110238-0480, PANEL MOUNTABLE, POLARIZATION AVAILABLE				60					CABLE						086-0032-000			CRIMP		DL		PLUG
127050-0530	ITT Cannon	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE	COMMERCIAL			ONE		0.031	2.913 inch		NO		NO	.764 inch		.906 inch		NO				NO			NO		NO																		BOARD		Headers and Edge Type Connectors							SURFACE MOUNT				RECEPTACLE	STRAIGHT							LOCKING	RECTANGULAR
172624-3	TE Connectivity	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE	COMMERCIAL	MALE		ONE	NO	0.26	3.59 inch	2000000000 ohm	NO	NO	NO	1.035 inch		1.035 inch	250 V	NO	GLASS FILLED POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE	2	120	NO			NO	-20 Cel	YES			1		NOT SPECIFIED	94V-0	NOT SPECIFIED	POLARIZED HOUSING	COMPATIBLE CONTACTS: 170311-1; 170313-1	15 A	UL	BLUE	4		24 AWG	1000 Cycles	0.524	PANEL	14 AWG	Headers and Edge Type Connectors		5		MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE		15A	CRIMP	LIF			PLUG		.059 inch			LIF	FLOAT BUSHING		HOLE .164-.189	RECTANGULAR
200512-2	TE Connectivity	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE	COMMERCIAL	FEMALE		ONE	NO		.915 inch		NO	NO	NO	.56 inch	NOT APPLICABLE	1.63 inch	250 V	NO	PHENOLIC	4	150	NO			NO	-55 Cel	YES			1		NOT SPECIFIED	94V-0	NOT SPECIFIED		COAXICON,COMPATIBLE CONTACTS:201611-4; 201613-1; 201578-4; 66425-6; 226537-2	13 A	UL	BLACK	26	S0P26	30 AWG	500 Cycles	0.13	PANEL	14 AWG	Headers and Edge Type Connectors		3.81		MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE		13A	CRIMP				RECEPTACLE	STRAIGHT		RND PIN-SKT					LOCKING
2008571-3	TE Connectivity	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE		FEMALE		ONE	NO				NO	NO	NO				250 V	NO	POLYAMIDE	1	105	NO			NO	-40 Cel	YES			1		NOT SPECIFIED	94V-0	NOT SPECIFIED				UL	BLACK	3					CABLE				3				115/230VAC	CRIMP				RECEPTACLE									RECTANGULAR
202799-1	TE Connectivity	RACK AND PANEL CONNECTOR	GENERAL PURPOSE		MALE		ONE	NO		4.525 inch		NO	NO	NO	1.826 inch	NOT APPLICABLE	2.75 inch	250 V	NO	DIALLYL PHTHALATE	13	125	NO			NO	-65 Cel	YES			1		NOT SPECIFIED	94V-0	NOT SPECIFIED		COAXICON,COMPATIBLE CONTACTS:201611-4; 201613-1; 201578-4; 66425-6; 226537-2	13 A	UL	BLUE	160		30 AWG		0.13	PANEL	14 AWG			3.81		MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE		13A	CRIMP				PLUG

Rack & Panel Connectors

Rack and panel connectors are a type of electrical connector commonly used in electronic equipment and systems that require high-density connections. They are designed to provide a stable and reliable connection between circuit boards and other electronic equipment, while also providing the ability to quickly and easily swap out components.

Rack and panel connectors consist of a male and female connector, with the male connector featuring pins that plug into the female connector, which has sockets to receive the pins. They are typically designed for use with printed circuit boards (PCBs) and can be mounted directly to the PCB or to a metal panel.

Rack and panel connectors are available in a range of configurations, with different sizes, contact counts, and mounting options. They may include features such as locking mechanisms, grounding options, and EMI shielding to ensure reliable performance in demanding applications.

One advantage of rack and panel connectors is their ability to provide high-density connections, allowing for a large number of connections to be made in a small space. They are also designed to be durable and reliable, with a secure locking mechanism to ensure a stable connection.

Rack and panel connectors are commonly used in a variety of industrial and consumer applications, including aerospace, military, and telecommunications equipment, as well as audio and video equipment. They may be subject to rigorous testing and qualification requirements to ensure their reliability and performance.