Analog To Digital Converter Analog-to-Digital Converters 1,026

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Part RoHS Manufacturer Converter Type Temperature Grade Terminal Form No. of Terminals Package Code Package Shape Total Dose (V) Package Body Material No. of Analog In Channels Surface Mount Maximum Supply Voltage Maximum Analog Input Voltage Sample Rate No. of Functions Technology Screening Level Nominal Bandwidth No. of Bits Maximum Supply Current Maximum Linearity Error (EL) Nominal Supply Voltage Output Bit Code Power Supplies (V) Nominal Negative Supply Voltage Package Style (Meter) Package Equivalence Code Sub-Category Minimum Supply Voltage Terminal Pitch Maximum Operating Temperature Minimum Analog Input Voltage Output Format Minimum Operating Temperature Terminal Finish Sample and Hold/Track and Hold Terminal Position Maximum Conversion Time JESD-30 Code Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) Maximum Seated Height Width Qualification Additional Features JESD-609 Code Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s) Peak Reflow Temperature (C) Length Input Bit Code

AD574LD

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Commercial

Through-Hole

28

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

1

No

20 V

1

Bipolar

12

0.012 %

Offset Binary

5,±15 V

In-Line

DIP28,.6

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

Parallel, Word

0 °C (32 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T28

No

e0

AD376TD/883B

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Military

Through-Hole

32

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

1

No

20 V

1

Hybrid

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

16

0.003 %

Complementary Binary, Complementary Offset Binary

5,±15 V

In-Line

DIP32,.9

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T32

No

e0

ADC908BRCMDX

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Military

No Lead

20

QCCN

Square

Ceramic

1

Yes

10 V

1

CMOS

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

8

0.29 %

5 V

Binary

5 V

Chip Carrier

LCC20,.35SQ

Analog to Digital Converters

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin/Lead

Quad

S-XQCC-N20

No

e0

AD5204SD

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Military

Through-Hole

24

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

1

No

5 V

1

Hybrid

12

0.012 %

Complementary Offset Binary

5,±15 V

In-Line

DIP24,.6

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T24

No

e0

AD7571SD

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Military

Through-Hole

28

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

1

No

1

CMOS

10

Offset Binary

In-Line

DIP28,.6

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T28

No

e0

AD7571KN

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Commercial

Through-Hole

28

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

1

No

1

CMOS

10

Offset Binary

In-Line

DIP28,.6

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-PDIP-T28

No

e0

LTC2480IMS#TRL

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

10

TSSOP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

1

Yes

5.5 V

1

CMOS

16

Binary

3/5 V

Small Outline, Thin Profile, Shrink Pitch

TSSOP10,.19,20

Analog to Digital Converters

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Dual

R-PDSO-G10

No

AD7574AD

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Other

Through-Hole

18

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

1

No

15 V

1

CMOS

8

0.3 %

5 V

Offset Binary

5 V

In-Line

DIP18,.3

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-25 °C (-13 °F)

Tin Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T18

No

e0

AD5240SD

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Military

Through-Hole

32

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

1

No

10 V

1

Hybrid

12

0.01 %

Complementary 2's Complement, Complementary Offset Binary, Complementary Binary

5,±15 V

In-Line

DIP32,.9

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T32

No

e0

LTC2314HTS8-14#PBF

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Automotive

Gull Wing

8

TSSOP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

1

Yes

4.096 V

1

CMOS

14

0.026 %

Binary

3/3.3,5 V

Small Outline, Thin Profile, Shrink Pitch

TSSOP8,.1

Analog to Digital Converters

0.025 in (0.635 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Matte Tin - annealed

Dual

R-PDSO-G8

1

No

e3

30 s

260 °C (500 °F)

AD1330CCSTD/883B

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Military

Through-Hole

48

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

1

No

10 V

1

Hybrid

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

18

0.0008 %

Offset Binary

5,±15 V

In-Line

DIP48,1.0

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T48

No

e0

PMAD7572AAN03

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Industrial

Through-Hole

24

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

1

No

5 V

1

BICMOS

12

0.024 %

Offset Binary

5,-12/-15 V

In-Line

DIP24,.3

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-PDIP-T24

No

e0

ADC908GBC

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Other

1

10 V

1

CMOS

MIL-STD-883 Class B (Modified)

8

0.29 %

5 V

Binary

5 V

DIE OR CHIP

Analog to Digital Converters

25 °C (77 °F)

25 °C (77 °F)

No

AD7572CE12

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Other

No Lead

28

QCCN

Square

Ceramic

1

Yes

5 V

1

BICMOS

12

0.018 %

Offset Binary

5,-15 V

Chip Carrier

LCC28,.45SQ

Analog to Digital Converters

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-25 °C (-13 °F)

Tin/Lead

Quad

S-XQCC-N28

No

e0

AD5202SD

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Military

Through-Hole

24

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

1

No

10 V

1

Hybrid

12

0.012 %

Complementary Offset Binary

5,±15 V

In-Line

DIP24,.6

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T24

No

e0

AD9028SE/883B

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Military

No Lead

68

QCCN

Square

Ceramic

1

Yes

1

Bipolar

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

8

0.47 %

Offset Binary

-5.2 V

-5.2 V

Chip Carrier

LCC68,.95SQ

Analog to Digital Converters

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin/Lead

Quad

S-XQCC-N68

No

e0

AD6645JSQ-105

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Other

Gull Wing

52

QFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

1

Yes

5 V

1

Bipolar

14

2's Complement Binary

3.3,5 V

Flatpack

QFP52,.47SQ

Analog to Digital Converters

0.025 in (0.635 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Tin/Lead

Quad

S-PQFP-G52

No

e0

AD574UD

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Military

Through-Hole

28

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

1

No

20 V

1

Bipolar

12

0.024 %

Offset Binary

5,±15 V

In-Line

DIP28,.6

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T28

No

e0

AD9003SM/883B

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Other

Through-Hole

40

DIP

Rectangular

Metal

1

No

2.5 V

1

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

12

0.049 %

Complementary Binary, Complementary Offset Binary

5,±15 V

In-Line

DIP40,.9

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

100 °C (212 °F)

Parallel, Word

-25 °C (-13 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-MDIP-T40

No

e0

5962R0423001VXC

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Military

Flat

52

QFF

Square

100k Rad(Si)

Ceramic

1

Yes

7 V

1

38535V;38534K;883S

14

2's Complement Binary

3.3,5 V

Flatpack

QFL52,.55SQ,40

Analog to Digital Converters

0.039 in (1 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Quad

S-XQFP-F52

No

ADADC85S10/883B

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Military

Through-Hole

32

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

1

No

10 V

1

Hybrid

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

10

0.05 %

Complementary 2's Complement, Complementary Offset Binary, Complementary Binary

5,±15 V

In-Line

DIP32,.9

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T32

No

e0

ADADC71KM

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Commercial

Through-Hole

32

DIP

Rectangular

Metal

1

No

20 V

1

Bipolar

16

0.003 %

Offset Binary

5,±15 V

In-Line

DIP32,.9

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-MDIP-T32

No

e0

AD7762BSVZ

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

64

HTFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

1

Yes

3.25 V

625 kHz

1

24

2.5 V

Binary

2.5,5 V

Flatpack, Heat Sink/Slug, Thin Profile, Fine Pitch

TQFP64,.47SQ

Analog to Digital Converters

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-3.25 V

Parallel, Word

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Matte Tin

Quad

S-PQFP-G64

3

0.047 in (1.2 mm)

0.394 in (10 mm)

No

e3

30 s

260 °C (500 °F)

0.394 in (10 mm)

AD7878TQ

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Military

Through-Hole

28

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

1

No

3 V

1

BICMOS

12

5 V

Offset 2's Complement, 2's Complement

±5 V

-5 V

In-Line

DIP28,.6

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T28

No

e0

5962-01-426-6606

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Military

Through-Hole

28

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

No

100 mV

1

Bipolar

8

0.47 %

Offset Binary

5,-5.2 V

In-Line

DIP28,.3

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-XDIP-T28

1

No

AD674ASD/883B

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Military

Through-Hole

28

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

1

No

20 V

1

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

12

0.024 %

Binary, Offset Binary

5,±12/±15 V

In-Line

DIP28,.6

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T28

No

e0

ADADC72JM

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Commercial

Through-Hole

32

DIP

Rectangular

Metal

1

No

20 V

1

Bipolar

16

0.006 %

Offset Binary

5,±15 V

In-Line

DIP32,.9

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-MDIP-T32

No

e0

5962-01-187-0855

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Military

Through-Hole

28

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

No

20 V

1

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

12

0.024 %

Offset Binary

5,±12/±15 V

In-Line

DIP28,.6

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-XDIP-T28

No

AD7626

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Industrial

No Lead

32

HVQCCN

Square

1

Yes

4.196 V

10 MHz

1

16

21.2 mA

0.0022 %

2.5 V

2’s Complement Hexadecimal

Chip Carrier, Heat Sink/Slug, Very Thin Profile

LCC32,.2SQ,20

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

100 mV

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Sample

Quad

10 µs

S-XQCC-N32

0.031 in (0.8 mm)

0.197 in (5 mm)

0.197 in (5 mm)

PMAD7572AJN10

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Commercial

Through-Hole

24

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

1

No

5 V

1

BICMOS

12

0.024 %

Offset Binary

5,-12/-15 V

In-Line

DIP24,.3

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-PDIP-T24

No

e0

5962-01-184-0852

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Military

Through-Hole

18

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

No

10 V

1

Bipolar

10

0.098 %

Offset Binary

5,-12/-15 V

In-Line

DIP18,.3

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-XDIP-T18

No

5962-01-244-8530

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Military

Through-Hole

32

DIP

Rectangular

Metal

No

1

Bipolar

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

8

Offset Binary

In-Line

DIP32,.9

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-MDIP-T32

No

AD7550BD/+

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Other

Through-Hole

40

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

1

No

2 V

1

CMOS

13

0.012 %

Offset Binary

±5,12 V

In-Line

DIP40,.6

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-25 °C (-13 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T40

e0

AD571JD/+

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Commercial

Through-Hole

18

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

1

No

10 V

1

Bipolar

10

0.098 %

Offset Binary

5,-12/-15 V

In-Line

DIP18,.3

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T18

e0

ADC908HS

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Commercial

Gull Wing

18

SOP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

1

Yes

10 V

1

CMOS

8

0.29 %

5 V

Binary

5 V

Small Outline

SOP18,.4

Analog to Digital Converters

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-PDSO-G18

No

e0

LTC1420CGN#TRPBF

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Commercial

Gull Wing

28

SSOP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

1

Yes

2.048 V

1

CMOS

12

0.024 %

5 V

2's Complement Binary

±5 V

-5 V

Small Outline, Shrink Pitch

SSOP28,.25

Analog to Digital Converters

0.025 in (0.635 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Matte Tin - annealed

Dual

R-PDSO-G28

1

No

e3

30 s

260 °C (500 °F)

LTC2480CDD#TRL

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Commercial

No Lead

10

SON

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

1

Yes

5.5 V

1

CMOS

16

Binary

3/5 V

Small Outline

SOLCC10,.11,20

Analog to Digital Converters

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Dual

R-PDSO-N10

No

AD9040AAQ

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Other

Through-Hole

28

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

1

No

0 mV

1

BICMOS

10

0.24 %

5 V

Offset Binary

±5 V

-5 V

In-Line

DIP28,.6

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-25 °C (-13 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T28

No

e0

AD7821LN

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Commercial

Through-Hole

20

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

1

No

5 V

1

CMOS

8

Offset Binary

5,GND/-5 V

In-Line

DIP20,.3

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-PDIP-T20

No

e0

AD7384BCPZ-RL

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Automotive

No Lead

16

HVQCCN

Square

2

Yes

1.7 V

4 MHz

1

14

26 mA

0.0061 %

3.3 V

2's Complement Binary

Chip Carrier, Heat Sink/Slug, Very Thin Profile

LCC16,.12SQ,20

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-1.245 V

Serial

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Track

Quad

190 ns

S-XQCC-N16

0.031 in (0.8 mm)

0.118 in (3 mm)

260 °C (500 °F)

0.118 in (3 mm)

AD9038SZ/883B

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Military

Gull Wing

68

QFP

Square

Ceramic

1

Yes

1

Bipolar

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

8

0.47 %

Offset Binary

-5.2 V

-5.2 V

Flatpack

QFP68,1.1SQ,50

Analog to Digital Converters

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin/Lead

Quad

S-XQFP-G68

No

e0

5962-01-176-1784

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Military

Through-Hole

28

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

No

20 V

1

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

12

0.024 %

Offset Binary

5,±12/±15 V

In-Line

DIP28,.6

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-XDIP-T28

No

LT2410CGN

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Commercial

Gull Wing

16

SSOP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

1

Yes

5.3 V

1

CMOS

24

Binary

3/5 V

Small Outline, Shrink Pitch

SSOP16,.25

Analog to Digital Converters

0.025 in (0.635 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-PDSO-G16

No

e0

PMAD7572ALN03

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Commercial

Through-Hole

24

DIP

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

1

No

5 V

1

BICMOS

12

0.012 %

Offset Binary

5,-12/-15 V

In-Line

DIP24,.3

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-PDIP-T24

No

e0

5962-01-304-5407

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Military

Through-Hole

24

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

No

5 V

1

BICMOS

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

12

0.018 %

Offset Binary

5,-15 V

In-Line

DIP24,.3

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-XDIP-T24

1

No

PMAD7572ASQ03

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Military

Through-Hole

24

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

1

No

5 V

1

BICMOS

12

0.024 %

Offset Binary

5,-12/-15 V

In-Line

DIP24,.3

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin/Lead

Dual

R-XDIP-T24

No

e0

5962-01-230-8392

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Military

Through-Hole

18

DIP

Rectangular

Ceramic

No

15 V

1

CMOS

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

8

0.3 %

5 V

Offset Binary

5 V

In-Line

DIP18,.3

Analog to Digital Converters

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Dual

R-XDIP-T18

No

AD10235AB

Analog Devices

Analog To Digital Converter

Industrial

Ball

729

BGA

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

1

Yes

766 mV

2

12

0.036 %

3.3 V

Offset Binary, 2's Complement Binary

3.3 V

Grid Array

BGA729,27X27,50

Analog to Digital Converters

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Bottom

S-PBGA-B729

No

Analog-to-Digital Converters

Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are electronic devices that convert continuous analog signals into digital signals, which can be processed by digital circuits, microcontrollers, or computers. ADCs are essential components in many electronic systems, as they allow the measurement and processing of physical signals, such as temperature, pressure, light, and sound.

ADCs work by sampling the analog signal at regular intervals and quantizing the sampled signal into a series of digital values. The sampling rate and the resolution of the ADC determine the accuracy and the bandwidth of the digital signal. ADCs may also include features such as amplification, filtering, or signal conditioning, to improve the accuracy and stability of the digital signal.

ADCs can be classified based on their architecture and their application. The most common types of ADCs are successive approximation ADCs, delta-sigma ADCs, and pipeline ADCs. Each type has its advantages and limitations, depending on the application and the required performance.

ADCs are used in a wide range of applications, from consumer electronics, such as smartphones and digital cameras, to industrial automation, medical devices, and scientific instruments. They play a crucial role in the conversion of physical signals into digital signals, allowing the processing, storage, and transmission of data in electronic systems.

Overall, ADCs are essential components in many electronic systems, providing the necessary signal conversion for a wide range of applications. Their accuracy, speed, and resolution determine the performance and the functionality of many electronic devices and systems.