100 Digital-to-Analog Converters 83

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Part RoHS Manufacturer Converter Type Temperature Grade Terminal Form No. of Terminals Package Code Package Shape Total Dose (V) Package Body Material Maximum Analog Output Voltage No. of Analog In Channels Surface Mount Maximum Supply Voltage Maximum Analog Input Voltage Sample Rate No. of Functions Technology Screening Level No. of Bits Maximum Settling Time Maximum Supply Current Maximum Linearity Error (EL) Input Format Nominal Supply Voltage Output Bit Code Power Supplies (V) Nominal Negative Supply Voltage Package Style (Meter) Package Equivalence Code Sub-Category Nominal Settling Time (tstl) Minimum Supply Voltage Terminal Pitch Maximum Operating Temperature Minimum Analog Input Voltage Output Format Minimum Operating Temperature Terminal Finish Sample and Hold/Track and Hold Terminal Position JESD-30 Code Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) Maximum Seated Height Width Qualification Additional Features JESD-609 Code Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s) Peak Reflow Temperature (C) Minimum Analog Output Voltage Length Input Bit Code

AD5382BST-REEL7

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

LFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

5.5 V

Yes

1

14

0.0244 %

Parallel, Word

5 V

Flatpack, Low Profile, Fine Pitch

8 µs

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

0.061 in (1.55 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

e0

0 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary

AD9776BSVZRL

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

HTFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

1 V

Yes

2

CMOS

12

0.015 %

Parallel, Word

3.3 V

1.8,3.3 V

Flatpack, Heat Sink/Slug, Thin Profile, Fine Pitch

TQFP100,.63SQ

Other Converters

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Matte Tin

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

3

0.047 in (1.2 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

e3

260 °C (500 °F)

-1 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary

AD5381BST

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

LFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

5 V

Yes

1

CMOS

12

8 µs

0.0244 %

Serial, Parallel, Word

5 V

3/5,5 V

Flatpack, Low Profile, Fine Pitch

QFP100,.63SQ,20

Other Converters

6 µs

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

0.061 in (1.55 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

e0

0 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary

AD9785BSVZ

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog Converter 12 bit

Gull Wing

100

HTFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

1 V

Yes

1

CMOS

12

0.007 %

Serial

3.3 V

Flatpack, Heat Sink/Slug, Thin Profile, Fine Pitch

FL100,.6,20

20 ns

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Matte Tin

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

3

0.047 in (1.2 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

e3

260 °C (500 °F)

-1 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Offset Binary, 2's Complement Binary

AD5383BST

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

LFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

5 V

Yes

1

CMOS

12

8 µs

0.0244 %

Serial, Parallel, Word

5 V

3/5,5 V

Flatpack, Low Profile, Fine Pitch

QFP100,.63SQ,20

Other Converters

6 µs

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

0.061 in (1.55 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

e0

0 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary

AD9779ABSVZRL

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

HTFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

1 V

Yes

1

CMOS

16

0.0056 %

Parallel, Word

1.8 V

1.8,3.3 V

Flatpack, Heat Sink/Slug, Thin Profile, Fine Pitch

TQFP100,.63SQ

Other Converters

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Matte Tin

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

3

0.047 in (1.2 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

e3

260 °C (500 °F)

-1 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary

AD5380BST-3-REEL

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

LFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

3.6 V

Yes

1

CMOS

14

10 µs

0.0244 %

Parallel, Word

3 V

3/3.3,3/5 V

Flatpack, Low Profile, Fine Pitch

QFP100,.63SQ,20

Other Converters

8 µs

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

3

0.063 in (1.6 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

e0

240 °C (464 °F)

0 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary

AD5383BST-3

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

LFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

3.6 V

Yes

1

CMOS

12

8 µs

0.0244 %

Parallel, Word

3 V

3/5,5 V

Flatpack, Low Profile, Fine Pitch

QFP100,.63SQ,20

Other Converters

6 µs

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

3

0.063 in (1.6 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

e0

240 °C (464 °F)

0 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary

AD5380BSTZ-3

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

LFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

3.6 V

Yes

1

CMOS

14

10 µs

0.0244 %

Parallel, Word

3 V

3/3.3,3/5 V

Flatpack, Low Profile, Fine Pitch

QFP100,.63SQ,20

Other Converters

8 µs

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Matte Tin

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

3

0.063 in (1.6 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

e3

30 s

260 °C (500 °F)

0 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary

AD5381BST-3

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

LFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

3.6 V

Yes

1

CMOS

12

8 µs

0.0244 %

Parallel, Word

3 V

3/3.3,3/5 V

Flatpack, Low Profile, Fine Pitch

QFP100,.63SQ,20

Other Converters

6 µs

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

3

0.063 in (1.6 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

e0

240 °C (464 °F)

0 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary

AD9776BSVZ

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

HTFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

1 V

Yes

2

CMOS

12

0.015 %

Parallel, Word

3.3 V

1.8,3.3 V

Flatpack, Heat Sink/Slug, Thin Profile, Fine Pitch

TQFP100,.63SQ

Other Converters

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Matte Tin

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

3

0.047 in (1.2 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

e3

260 °C (500 °F)

-1 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary

AD5383BSTZ-3

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

LFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

3.6 V

Yes

1

CMOS

12

8 µs

0.0244 %

Parallel, Word

3 V

3/5,5 V

Flatpack, Low Profile, Fine Pitch

QFP100,.63SQ,20

Other Converters

6 µs

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Matte Tin

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

3

0.063 in (1.6 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

e3

260 °C (500 °F)

0 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary

AD5371BBCZ-REEL

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Ball

100

LFBGA

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

15.1 V

Yes

1

CMOS

14

30 µs

0.0061 %

Serial

15 V

3/5,±12/±16.5 V

-15 V

Grid Array, Low Profile, Fine Pitch

BGA100,12X12,32

Other Converters

20 µs

0.031 in (0.8 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Tin Silver Copper

Bottom

S-PBGA-B100

3

0.055 in (1.4 mm)

0.394 in (10 mm)

No

e1

260 °C (500 °F)

-15.1 V

0.394 in (10 mm)

Binary

AD9778BSVZ

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

HTFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

1 V

Yes

2

CMOS

14

0.0061 %

Parallel, Word

3.3 V

1.8,3.3 V

Flatpack, Heat Sink/Slug, Thin Profile, Fine Pitch

TQFP100,.63SQ

Other Converters

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Matte Tin

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

3

0.047 in (1.2 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

e3

260 °C (500 °F)

-1 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary

AD5380BST-5-REEL

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

LFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

5.5 V

Yes

1

CMOS

14

10 µs

0.0244 %

Parallel, Word

5 V

3/5,5 V

Flatpack, Low Profile, Fine Pitch

QFP100,.63SQ,20

Other Converters

8 µs

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

3

0.063 in (1.6 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

e0

240 °C (464 °F)

0 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary

AD5381BST-5-REEL

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

LFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

5.5 V

Yes

1

CMOS

12

8 µs

0.0244 %

Parallel, Word

5 V

3/5,5 V

Flatpack, Low Profile, Fine Pitch

QFP100,.63SQ,20

Other Converters

6 µs

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

3

0.063 in (1.6 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

e0

240 °C (464 °F)

0 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary

AD5383BST-3-REEL

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

LFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

3.6 V

Yes

1

CMOS

12

8 µs

0.0244 %

Parallel, Word

3 V

3/5,5 V

Flatpack, Low Profile, Fine Pitch

QFP100,.63SQ,20

Other Converters

6 µs

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

3

0.063 in (1.6 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

e0

240 °C (464 °F)

0 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary

AD9779BSV

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

TFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

1.25 V

Yes

2

CMOS

16

0.0076 %

Parallel, Word

1.8 V

1.8,3.3 V

Flatpack, Thin Profile, Fine Pitch

TQFP100,.63SQ

Other Converters

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Tin Lead Over Silver

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

0.047 in (1.2 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

e0

-1 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary

AD5382BSTZ-5

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

LFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

5.5 V

Yes

1

CMOS

14

10 µs

475 μA

0.0244 %

Parallel, Word

5 V

3/5,5 V

Flatpack, Low Profile, Fine Pitch

QFP100,.63SQ,20

Other Converters

8 µs

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Matte Tin

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

3

0.063 in (1.6 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

e3

30 s

260 °C (500 °F)

0 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary

AD9778BSVZRL

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

HTFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

1 V

Yes

2

CMOS

14

0.0061 %

Parallel, Word

3.3 V

1.8,3.3 V

Flatpack, Heat Sink/Slug, Thin Profile, Fine Pitch

TQFP100,.63SQ

Other Converters

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Matte Tin

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

3

0.047 in (1.2 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

e3

260 °C (500 °F)

-1 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary

AD5382BST

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

LFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

5.5 V

Yes

1

14

0.0244 %

Parallel, Word

5 V

Flatpack, Low Profile, Fine Pitch

8 µs

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

0.061 in (1.55 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

e0

0 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary

AD5381BSTZ-3-REEL

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

LFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

3.6 V

Yes

1

CMOS

12

8 µs

0.0244 %

Parallel, Word

3 V

3/3.3,3/5 V

Flatpack, Low Profile, Fine Pitch

QFP100,.63SQ,20

Other Converters

6 µs

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Matte Tin

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

3

0.063 in (1.6 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

e3

30 s

260 °C (500 °F)

0 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary

AD9776ABSVZRL

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

HTFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

1 V

Yes

1

CMOS

12

0.0146 %

Parallel, Word

1.8 V

1.8,3.3 V

Flatpack, Heat Sink/Slug, Thin Profile, Fine Pitch

TQFP100,.63SQ

Other Converters

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Matte Tin

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

3

0.047 in (1.2 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

e3

260 °C (500 °F)

-1 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary

AD5382BSTZ-3

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

LFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

3.6 V

Yes

1

CMOS

14

10 µs

475 μA

0.0244 %

Parallel, Word

3 V

3/3.3,3/5 V

Flatpack, Low Profile, Fine Pitch

QFP100,.63SQ,20

Other Converters

8 µs

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Matte Tin

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

3

0.063 in (1.6 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

e3

260 °C (500 °F)

0 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary

AD5384BBC-5REEL7

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Ball

100

LFBGA

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

3.6 V

Yes

1

CMOS

14

10 µs

0.0244 %

Serial

3 V

3/5,5 V

Grid Array, Low Profile, Fine Pitch

BGA100,12X12,32

Other Converters

8 µs

0.031 in (0.8 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Tin Lead Silver

Bottom

S-PBGA-B100

3

0.055 in (1.4 mm)

0.394 in (10 mm)

No

e0

240 °C (464 °F)

0 V

0.394 in (10 mm)

Binary

AD9957BSVZ-REEL

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog Converter 14 bit

Gull Wing

100

HTFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

Yes

1

14

610 mA

0.009155 %

Serial

1.8 V

Flatpack, Heat Sink/Slug, Thin Profile, Fine Pitch

TQFP100,.63SQ

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Matte Tin

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

3

0.047 in (1.2 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

e3

260 °C (500 °F)

0.551 in (14 mm)

Offset Binary, 2's Complement Binary

AD9778ABSVZRL

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

HTFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

1 V

Yes

1

CMOS

14

0.0061 %

Parallel, Word

1.8 V

1.8,3.3 V

Flatpack, Heat Sink/Slug, Thin Profile, Fine Pitch

TQFP100,.63SQ

Other Converters

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Matte Tin

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

3

0.047 in (1.2 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

e3

260 °C (500 °F)

-1 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary

DAC1405D650HW

NXP Semiconductors

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

HTFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

3.6 V

Yes

1

14

Parallel, Word

3 V

Flatpack, Heat Sink/Slug, Thin Profile, Fine Pitch

20 ns

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

0.047 in (1.2 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

1.8 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Offset Binary, 2's Complement Binary

DAC1205D750HW

NXP Semiconductors

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

HTFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

3.6 V

Yes

1

12

Parallel, Word

1.8 V

Flatpack, Heat Sink/Slug, Thin Profile, Fine Pitch

20 ns

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

0.047 in (1.2 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

1.8 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Offset Binary, 2's Complement Binary

DAC1405D750HW

NXP Semiconductors

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

HTFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

3.6 V

Yes

1

14

Serial, Parallel, Word

1.8 V

Flatpack, Heat Sink/Slug, Thin Profile, Fine Pitch

20 ns

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

0.047 in (1.2 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

1.8 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary, Offset Binary, 2's Complement Binary

DAC1005D650HW/C1

NXP Semiconductors

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

HTFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

3.6 V

Yes

1

10

Serial, Parallel, Word

1.8 V

Flatpack, Heat Sink/Slug, Thin Profile, Fine Pitch

20 ns

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

0.047 in (1.2 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

1.8 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary, Offset Binary, 2's Complement Binary

DAC1408D650HW/C1

NXP Semiconductors

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

HTFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

3.6 V

Yes

1

14

Serial

1.8 V

1.8,3.3 V

Flatpack, Heat Sink/Slug, Thin Profile, Fine Pitch

TQFP100,.63SQ

Other Converters

20 ns

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

0.047 in (1.2 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

1.8 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Offset Binary, 2's Complement Binary

DAC1205D650HW/C1

NXP Semiconductors

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

HTFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

3.6 V

Yes

1

12

Serial, Parallel, Word

1.8 V

Flatpack, Heat Sink/Slug, Thin Profile, Fine Pitch

20 ns

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

0.047 in (1.2 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

1.8 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary, Offset Binary, 2's Complement Binary

DAC1005D750HW

NXP Semiconductors

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

Gull Wing

100

HTFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

3.6 V

Yes

1

10

Parallel, Word

3.3 V

Flatpack, Heat Sink/Slug, Thin Profile, Fine Pitch

20 ns

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

0.047 in (1.2 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

1.8 V

0.551 in (14 mm)

Offset Binary, 2's Complement Binary

M62382FP

Renesas Electronics

Digital to Analog converter

Other

Gull Wing

100

LFQFP

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

Yes

1

CMOS

12

0.0488 %

Parallel, Word

5 V

Flatpack, Low Profile, Fine Pitch

1.4 µs

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-20 °C (-4 °F)

Quad

S-PQFP-G100

0.067 in (1.7 mm)

0.551 in (14 mm)

No

0.551 in (14 mm)

Binary

Digital-to-Analog Converters

Digital-to-analog converters (DACs) are electronic devices that convert digital signals into analog signals with a specific voltage or current output. They play a critical role in many electronic systems, converting digital data into analog signals that can be used to control actuators, motors, and other devices.

DACs work by sampling the digital signal at regular intervals and converting each sample into an analog signal with a specific voltage or current output. The accuracy and resolution of the DAC determine the quality of the analog signal, with higher resolution and accuracy leading to a more precise output signal.

DACs can be classified based on their architecture and their application. The most common types of DACs are binary-weighted DACs, R-2R ladder DACs, and sigma-delta DACs. Each type has its advantages and limitations, depending on the application and the required performance.

DACs are used in a wide range of applications, from audio equipment and video systems, to industrial automation, medical devices, and scientific instruments. They play a crucial role in the conversion of digital data into analog signals, allowing the control and manipulation of physical systems based on digital signals.