QCCN Digital-to-Analog Converters 409

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Part RoHS Manufacturer Converter Type Temperature Grade Terminal Form No. of Terminals Package Code Package Shape Total Dose (V) Package Body Material Maximum Analog Output Voltage No. of Analog In Channels Surface Mount Maximum Supply Voltage Maximum Analog Input Voltage Sample Rate No. of Functions Technology Screening Level No. of Bits Maximum Settling Time Maximum Supply Current Maximum Linearity Error (EL) Input Format Nominal Supply Voltage Output Bit Code Power Supplies (V) Nominal Negative Supply Voltage Package Style (Meter) Package Equivalence Code Sub-Category Nominal Settling Time (tstl) Minimum Supply Voltage Terminal Pitch Maximum Operating Temperature Minimum Analog Input Voltage Output Format Minimum Operating Temperature Terminal Finish Sample and Hold/Track and Hold Terminal Position JESD-30 Code Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) Maximum Seated Height Width Qualification Additional Features JESD-609 Code Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s) Peak Reflow Temperature (C) Minimum Analog Output Voltage Length Input Bit Code

5962-87763013B

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

28

QCCN

Square

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

2

BICMOS

12

2 mA

Parallel, 8 Bits

Chip Carrier

800 ns

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Quad

S-CQCC-N28

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

0.45 in (11.43 mm)

No

0.45 in (11.43 mm)

Binary, Offset Binary

AD7225UE/883B

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

28

QCCN

Square

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

4

BICMOS

MIL-STD-883 Class B

8

7 µs

12 mA

0.1953 %

Parallel, 8 Bits

15 V

12/15, GND/-5 V

-5 V

Chip Carrier

LCC28,.45SQ

Other Converters

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-CQCC-N28

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

0.45 in (11.43 mm)

No

e0

0.45 in (11.43 mm)

Binary

MX7537UE/883B

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

28

QCCN

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

1

CMOS

MIL-STD-883 Class B

12

0.0122 %

Parallel, Word

15 V

Chip Carrier

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Quad

R-CQCC-N28

No

Binary

MX7549SE

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

20

QCCN

Square

Ceramic

Yes

2

CMOS

12

1.5 µs

3 mA

0.0244 %

Parallel, 4 Bits

15 V

15 V

Chip Carrier

LCC20,.35SQ

Other Converters

800 ns

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-XQCC-N20

No

e0

Binary

MX7547TE/883B

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

28

QCCN

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

1

CMOS

MIL-STD-883 Class B

12

0.0244 %

Parallel, Word

15 V

Chip Carrier

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Quad

R-CQCC-N28

No

Binary

MAX5763CUTK

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Other

No Lead

68

QCCN

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

Yes

32

16

20 µs

0.048 %

3/5,5,10.5 V

Chip Carrier

LCC68,.4SQ,20

Other Converters

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-PQCC-N68

No

e0

Binary

MX7547SE/883B

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

28

QCCN

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

1

CMOS

MIL-STD-883 Class B

12

0.0244 %

Parallel, Word

15 V

Chip Carrier

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Quad

R-CQCC-N28

No

Binary

MX7537UE/883

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

28

QCCN

Square

Ceramic

Yes

2

BICMOS

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

12

1.5 µs

2 mA

0.012 %

12/15 V

Chip Carrier

LCC28,.45SQ

Other Converters

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-XQCC-N28

No

e0

Binary, Offset Binary

MAX5762CUTK

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Other

No Lead

68

QCCN

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

Yes

32

16

20 µs

0.048 %

3/5,5 V

Chip Carrier

LCC68,.4SQ,20

Other Converters

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-PQCC-N68

No

e0

Binary

MX7226TE

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

20

QCCN

Square

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

4

CMOS

8

4 µs

13 mA

0.3906 %

Parallel, 8 Bits

15 V

12/15, GND/-5 V

-5 V

Chip Carrier

LCC20,.35SQ

Other Converters

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-CQCC-N20

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

0.35 in (8.89 mm)

No

e0

0.35 in (8.89 mm)

Binary

MX7549TE

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

20

QCCN

Square

Ceramic

Yes

2

CMOS

12

1.5 µs

3 mA

0.0122 %

Parallel, 4 Bits

15 V

15 V

Chip Carrier

LCC20,.35SQ

Other Converters

800 ns

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-XQCC-N20

No

e0

Binary

MX7845SE

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

No Lead

28

QCCN

Square

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

10 V

Yes

1

BICMOS

12

5 µs

10 mA

0.0488 %

Parallel, Word

15 V

±15 V

-15 V

Chip Carrier

LCC28,.45SQ

Other Converters

2.5 µs

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-CQCC-N28

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

0.451 in (11.4554 mm)

No

e0

-10 V

0.451 in (11.4554 mm)

Binary

5962-89657013C

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

28

QCCN

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

1

CMOS

MIL-STD-883

12

0.0244 %

Parallel, Word

15 V

Chip Carrier

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Quad

R-CQCC-N28

No

Binary

MX7537SE/883B

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

28

QCCN

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

1

CMOS

MIL-STD-883 Class B

12

0.0122 %

Parallel, Word

15 V

Chip Carrier

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Quad

R-CQCC-N28

No

Binary

MX7547UE/883B

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

28

QCCN

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

1

CMOS

MIL-STD-883 Class B

12

0.0244 %

Parallel, Word

15 V

Chip Carrier

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Quad

R-CQCC-N28

No

Binary

MX7524TE/883B

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

20

QCCN

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

1

CMOS

MIL-STD-883 Class B

8

0.0977 %

Parallel, 8 Bits

Chip Carrier

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Quad

R-CQCC-N20

Binary

MAX5764CUTK

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Other

No Lead

68

QCCN

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

Yes

32

16

20 µs

0.048 %

-3,3/5,5,8 V

Chip Carrier

LCC68,.4SQ,20

Other Converters

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-PQCC-N68

No

e0

Binary

MAX5137GTG+T

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

No Lead

24

QCCN

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

Yes

2

BICMOS

12

2.3 mA

0.024 %

3/5 V

Chip Carrier

LCC24,.16SQ,20

Other Converters

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

105 °C (221 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Matte Tin - annealed

Quad

S-PQCC-N24

1

No

e3

30 s

260 °C (500 °F)

Binary

MX7537SE/883

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

28

QCCN

Square

Ceramic

Yes

2

BICMOS

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

12

1.5 µs

2 mA

0.024 %

12/15 V

Chip Carrier

LCC28,.45SQ

Other Converters

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-XQCC-N28

No

e0

Binary, Offset Binary

MAX500AMLP/883B

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

20

QCCN

Square

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

10 V

Yes

4

CMOS

8

0.1953 %

Serial

-5 V

Chip Carrier

2.5 µs

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Gold Over Nickel

Quad

S-CQCC-N20

1

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

0.35 in (8.89 mm)

No

e4

0 V

0.35 in (8.89 mm)

Binary

MX667SE

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

28

QCCN

Square

Ceramic

Yes

1

Bipolar

12

4 µs

12 mA

0.02 %

±12/±15 V

Chip Carrier

LCC28,.45SQ

Other Converters

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-XQCC-N28

No

e0

Binary, Offset Binary

MAX500BMLP/883B

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

20

QCCN

Square

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

10 V

Yes

4

CMOS

8

0.3906 %

Serial

-5 V

Chip Carrier

2.5 µs

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-CQCC-N20

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

0.35 in (8.89 mm)

No

e0

0 V

0.35 in (8.89 mm)

Binary

MX7548SE/883B

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

20

QCCN

Square

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

1

CMOS

MIL-STD-883 Class B

12

0.0244 %

Parallel, 8 Bits

5 V

Chip Carrier

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Quad

S-CQCC-N20

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

0.35 in (8.89 mm)

No

0.35 in (8.89 mm)

Binary

MAX5316GTG+

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

No Lead

24

QCCN

Rectangular

Plastic/Epoxy

Yes

1

BICMOS

16

7.5 mA

0.0015 %

5 V

5 V

Chip Carrier

LCC24,.16X.2,20

Other Converters

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

105 °C (221 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Matte Tin - annealed

Quad

R-PQCC-N24

1

No

e3

30 s

260 °C (500 °F)

Binary, 2's Complement Binary

MX7548TE/883B

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

20

QCCN

Square

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

1

CMOS

MIL-STD-883 Class B

12

0.0122 %

Parallel, 8 Bits

5 V

Chip Carrier

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Quad

S-CQCC-N20

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

0.35 in (8.89 mm)

No

0.35 in (8.89 mm)

Binary

MX7524SE/883B

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

20

QCCN

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

1

CMOS

MIL-STD-883 Class B

8

0.1953 %

Parallel, 8 Bits

Chip Carrier

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Quad

R-CQCC-N20

Binary

MAX5136AGTG+T

Analog Devices

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

No Lead

24

QCCN

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

Yes

2

BICMOS

16

2.3 mA

0.015 %

3/5 V

Chip Carrier

LCC24,.16SQ,20

Other Converters

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

105 °C (221 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Matte Tin - annealed

Quad

S-PQCC-N24

1

No

e3

30 s

260 °C (500 °F)

Binary

DAC1628D1G25HN

NXP Semiconductors

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

No Lead

56

QCCN

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

Yes

2

16

1.8,1.8/3.3 V

Chip Carrier

LCC56,.31SQ,20

Other Converters

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Quad

S-PQCC-N56

No

Binary, 2's Complement Binary

DAC1408D650HN/C1,5

NXP Semiconductors

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

No Lead

64

QCCN

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

Yes

2

14

1.8,3.3 V

Chip Carrier

LCC64,.35SQ,20

Other Converters

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Matte Tin

Quad

S-PQCC-N64

1

No

e3

Offset Binary, 2's Complement Binary

DAC1408D750HN/C1,5

NXP Semiconductors

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

No Lead

64

QCCN

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

Yes

2

14

1.8/3.3 V

Chip Carrier

LCC64,.35SQ,20

Other Converters

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Matte Tin

Quad

S-PQCC-N64

1

No

e3

Offset Binary, 2's Complement Binary

DAC1208D750HN/C1,5

NXP Semiconductors

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

No Lead

64

QCCN

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

Yes

2

12

1.8/3.3 V

Chip Carrier

LCC64,.35SQ,20

Other Converters

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Matte Tin

Quad

S-PQCC-N64

1

No

e3

Offset Binary, 2's Complement Binary

DAC1208D650HN/C1,5

NXP Semiconductors

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

No Lead

64

QCCN

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

Yes

2

12

1.8/3.3 V

Chip Carrier

LCC64,.35SQ,20

Other Converters

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Matte Tin

Quad

S-PQCC-N64

1

No

e3

Offset Binary, 2's Complement Binary

DAC1008D650HN/C1,5

NXP Semiconductors

Digital to Analog converter

Industrial

No Lead

64

QCCN

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

Yes

2

10

1.8/3.3 V

Chip Carrier

LCC64,.35SQ,20

Other Converters

0.02 in (0.5 mm)

85 °C (185 °F)

-40 °C (-40 °F)

Matte Tin

Quad

S-PQCC-N64

1

No

e3

Offset Binary, 2's Complement Binary

MX7225TE/883

Maxim Integrated

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

28

QCCN

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

4

CMOS

MIL-STD-883

8

0.3906 %

Parallel, 8 Bits

15 V

-5 V

Chip Carrier

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Quad

R-CQCC-N28

Binary

5962-9234501M2A

Maxim Integrated

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

20

QCCN

Square

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

1

CMOS

12

0.0122 %

Serial

5 V

Chip Carrier

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-CQCC-N20

No

e0

Binary

5962-9234502M2A

Maxim Integrated

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

20

QCCN

Square

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

1

CMOS

12

0.0244 %

Serial

5 V

Chip Carrier

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-CQCC-N20

No

e0

Binary

MX7537TE/883

Maxim Integrated

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

28

QCCN

Square

Ceramic

Yes

2

BICMOS

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

12

1.5 µs

2 mA

0.012 %

12/15 V

Chip Carrier

LCC28,.45SQ

Other Converters

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin/Lead

Quad

S-XQCC-N28

No

e0

Binary, Offset Binary

MX7549JP

Maxim Integrated

Digital to Analog converter

Commercial

J Bend

20

QCCN

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

Yes

2

CMOS

12

1.5 µs

3 mA

0.0244 %

Parallel, 4 Bits

15 V

15 V

Chip Carrier

LDCC20,.4SQ

Other Converters

800 ns

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-PQCC-J20

No

e0

Binary

5962-87702022C

Maxim Integrated

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

20

QCCN

Square

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

1

CMOS

MIL-STD-883

12

2 mA

0.0488 %

Parallel, Word

5 V

5/15 V

Chip Carrier

LCC20,.35SQ

Other Converters

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Quad

S-CQCC-N20

1

No

Binary, 2's Complement Binary

MX7537TE

Maxim Integrated

Digital to Analog converter

Commercial

No Lead

28

QCCN

Rectangular

Yes

2

CMOS

12

1.5 µs

2 mA

0.0122 %

Parallel, Word

15 V

12/15 V

Chip Carrier

LCC28,.45SQ

Other Converters

800 ns

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

R-XQCC-N28

1

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

0.451 in (11.4554 mm)

No

e0

0.451 in (11.455 mm)

Binary, Offset Binary, 2's Complement Binary

5962-87702032C

Maxim Integrated

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

20

QCCN

Square

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

1

CMOS

MIL-STD-883

12

2 mA

0.0488 %

Parallel, Word

5 V

5/15 V

Chip Carrier

LCC20,.35SQ

Other Converters

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Quad

S-CQCC-N20

1

No

Binary, 2's Complement Binary

5962-9452702M2X

Maxim Integrated

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

20

QCCN

Square

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

4

CMOS

8

0.1953 %

Serial

15 V

-5 V

Chip Carrier

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-CQCC-N20

No

e0

Binary

5962-87700032C

Maxim Integrated

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

20

QCCN

Square

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

1

CMOS

MIL-STD-883

8

500 ns

2 mA

1.9531 %

Parallel, 8 Bits

5 V

5/15 V

Chip Carrier

LCC20,.35SQ

Other Converters

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Quad

S-CQCC-N20

1

No

Binary, Offset Binary

5962-89657033C

Maxim Integrated

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

28

QCCN

Rectangular

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

1

CMOS

MIL-STD-883

12

0.0244 %

Parallel, Word

15 V

Chip Carrier

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Quad

R-CQCC-N28

No

Binary

5962-9452702M2C

Maxim Integrated

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

20

QCCN

Square

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

4

CMOS

MIL-STD-883

8

4.5 µs

22 mA

0.1953 %

Serial

15 V

11.4/16.5,GND/-5 V

-5 V

Chip Carrier

LCC20,.35SQ

Other Converters

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Quad

S-CQCC-N20

1

No

Binary

5962-9234502M2X

Maxim Integrated

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

20

QCCN

Square

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

Yes

1

CMOS

12

0.0244 %

Serial

5 V

Chip Carrier

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-CQCC-N20

No

e0

Binary

MX7248SE-T

Maxim Integrated

Digital to Analog converter

Military

No Lead

20

QCCN

Square

Ceramic, Metal-Sealed Cofired

5 V

Yes

1

BICMOS

12

5 µs

12 mA

0.0244 %

Parallel, Word

15 V

12/15,GND/-12/-15 V

-15 V

Chip Carrier

LCC20,.35SQ

Other Converters

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

125 °C (257 °F)

-55 °C (-67 °F)

Quad

S-CQCC-N20

0.1 in (2.54 mm)

0.35 in (8.89 mm)

No

-5 V

0.35 in (8.89 mm)

Binary

MX7549KP

Maxim Integrated

Digital to Analog converter

Commercial

J Bend

20

QCCN

Square

Plastic/Epoxy

Yes

2

CMOS

12

1.5 µs

3 mA

0.0122 %

Parallel, 4 Bits

15 V

15 V

Chip Carrier

LDCC20,.4SQ

Other Converters

800 ns

0.05 in (1.27 mm)

70 °C (158 °F)

0 °C (32 °F)

Tin Lead

Quad

S-PQCC-J20

No

e0

Binary

Digital-to-Analog Converters

Digital-to-analog converters (DACs) are electronic devices that convert digital signals into analog signals with a specific voltage or current output. They play a critical role in many electronic systems, converting digital data into analog signals that can be used to control actuators, motors, and other devices.

DACs work by sampling the digital signal at regular intervals and converting each sample into an analog signal with a specific voltage or current output. The accuracy and resolution of the DAC determine the quality of the analog signal, with higher resolution and accuracy leading to a more precise output signal.

DACs can be classified based on their architecture and their application. The most common types of DACs are binary-weighted DACs, R-2R ladder DACs, and sigma-delta DACs. Each type has its advantages and limitations, depending on the application and the required performance.

DACs are used in a wide range of applications, from audio equipment and video systems, to industrial automation, medical devices, and scientific instruments. They play a crucial role in the conversion of digital data into analog signals, allowing the control and manipulation of physical systems based on digital signals.