Part | RoHS | Manufacturer | Filter Type | Construction | Maximum DC Resistance | Maximum Frequency | Material | Rated Current | Minimum Insulation Resistance | Approvals (V) | Power Supply (V) | No. of Functions | Technology | Screening Level | Output Impedance (ohm) | High Pot | Packing Method | Mounting Type | Rated Voltage | No. of Terminals | Sub-Category | Dimensions | Case Code | Maximum Operating Temperature | Attenuation At Maximum Frequency | Minimum Attenuation Frequency | Package Material | Minimum Operating Temperature | Attenuation At Minimum Frequency | Terminal Finish | Inductance | Maximum Attenuation Frequency | Manufacturer Series | Height | Width (mm) | Diameter (mm) | Maximum Insertion Loss | Additional Features | JESD-609 Code | Minimum Frequency | Operating Frequency (Hz) | Series | Length | Capacitance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
TDK |
FERRITE CHIP |
Chip Bead |
.02 ohm |
100 MHz |
Ferrite |
4 A |
1 |
100 OHM |
TAPE AND REEL |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2 |
Other Filters |
L2.0XB1.25XH0.85 (mm)/L0.079XB0.049XH0.033 (inch) |
0805 |
125 Cel |
-55 Cel |
TIN OVER NICKEL |
.85 mm |
1.25 |
e3 |
100 MHz |
2 mm |
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
Murata Manufacturing |
FEED THROUGH CAPACITOR |
.02 ohm |
4 A |
500 Mohm |
1 |
TR, PAPER, 7 INCH |
SURFACE MOUNT |
16 V |
3 |
L2.0XB1.25XH0.85 (mm)/L0.079XB0.049XH0.033 (inch) |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
TIN OVER NICKEL |
.85 mm |
1.25 |
C-TYPE CIRCUIT |
e3 |
2 mm |
1000000 uF |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
TDK |
FERRITE CHIP |
.02 ohm |
4 A |
1 |
AEC-Q200 |
100 OHM |
TR, 7 INCH |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2 |
L2.0XB1.25XH0.85 (mm)/L0.079XB0.049XH0.033 (inch) |
125 Cel |
-55 Cel |
.85 mm |
1.25 |
AEC-Q200 |
2 mm |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
TDK |
FERRITE CHIP |
Chip Bead |
.02 ohm |
100 MHz |
Ferrite |
4 A |
1 |
100 OHM |
TR, 7 INCH |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2 |
Other Filters |
L2.0XB1.25XH0.85 (mm)/L0.079XB0.049XH0.033 (inch) |
0805 |
125 Cel |
-55 Cel |
.85 mm |
1.25 |
100 MHz |
2 mm |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Panasonic |
DATA LINE FILTER |
.02 ohm |
2 A |
1 |
TAPE AND REEL |
SURFACE MOUNT |
50 V |
3 |
L3.2XB1.8XH2.2 (mm)/L0.126XB0.071XH0.087 (inch) |
85 Cel |
-20 Cel |
Tin/Copper (Sn/Cu) |
2.2 mm |
1.8 |
CUT OFF FREQUENCY 0.5 MHZ |
e2 |
3.2 mm |
10000 uF |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
TDK |
FERRITE CHIP |
Chip Bead |
.02 ohm |
100 MHz |
Ferrite |
4 A |
1 |
100 OHM |
TAPE AND REEL |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2 |
Other Passive Filters |
L2.0XB1.25XH0.85 (mm)/L0.079XB0.049XH0.033 (inch) |
0805 |
125 Cel |
-55 Cel |
TIN OVER NICKEL |
.85 mm |
1.25 |
e3 |
100 MHz |
2 mm |
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
Wurth Elektronik |
FERRITE CHIP |
Chip |
.02 ohm |
550 MHz |
Ferrite |
4 A |
1 |
80 OHM |
TR, EMBOSSED, 7 INCH |
SURFACE MOUNT |
Other Passive Filters |
L3.2XB1.6XH1.1 (mm)/L0.126XB0.063XH0.043 (inch) |
1206 |
125 Cel |
-55 Cel |
Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
1.1 mm |
1.6 |
e3 |
100 MHz |
3.2 mm |
||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Abb |
DATA LINE FILTER MODULE |
.02 ohm |
5 A |
UL; CAN; CSA; VDE; EN |
2 |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
75 V |
L25.4XB25.4XH10.16 (mm)/L1.0XB1.0XH0.4 (inch) |
100 Cel |
-40 Cel |
10.16 mm |
25.4 |
25.4 mm |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Murata Manufacturing |
FERRITE CHIP |
Chip Bead |
.02 ohm |
100 MHz |
Ferrite |
4 A |
1 |
70 OHM |
TAPE |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2 |
Other Passive Filters |
L1.6XB0.8XH0.5 (mm)/L0.063XB0.031XH0.02 (inch) |
0603 |
125 Cel |
-55 Cel |
Tin (Sn) |
.5 mm |
0.8 |
e3 |
100 MHz |
1.6 mm |
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
Taiyo Yuden |
FERRITE CHIP |
Chip Bead |
.02 ohm |
100 MHz |
Ferrite |
4 A |
1 |
220 OHM |
TAPE AND REEL |
SURFACE MOUNT |
Other Passive Filters |
L3.2XB1.6XH1.6 (mm)/L0.126XB0.063XH0.063 (inch) |
1206 |
125 Cel |
-40 Cel |
1.6 mm |
1.6 |
100 MHz |
3.2 mm |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Abracon |
DATA LINE FILTER |
.02 ohm |
5 A |
10 Mohm |
2 |
190 OHM |
TR, 13 INCH |
SURFACE MOUNT |
50 V |
4 |
125 Cel |
-40 Cel |
4.5 mm |
4.8 |
5 mm |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Taiyo Yuden |
FERRITE CHIP |
.02 ohm |
4 A |
1 |
220 OHM |
TR, EMBOSSED |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2 |
L3.2XB1.6XH1.6 (mm)/L0.126XB0.063XH0.063 (inch) |
125 Cel |
-40 Cel |
Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
1.6 mm |
1.6 |
AEC-Q200 |
e3 |
3.2 mm |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Abb |
DATA LINE FILTER |
.02 ohm |
12 A |
10 Mohm |
CAN; CSA; EN; UL; VDE |
1 |
50 OHM |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
75 V |
5 |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
11.7 mm |
25.4 |
48.3 mm |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
TDK |
FERRITE CHIP |
.02 ohm |
3.5 A |
1 |
60 OHM |
TR, 7 INCH |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2 |
L1.6XB0.8XH0.6 (mm)/L0.063XB0.031XH0.024 (inch) |
125 Cel |
-55 Cel |
.6 mm |
0.8 |
AEC-Q200 |
1.6 mm |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Wurth Elektronik |
FERRITE BEAD |
.02 ohm |
5 A |
1 |
120 OHM |
EMBOSSED; PAPER; TR, 7 INCH |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2 |
125 Cel |
-55 Cel |
.9 mm |
1.2 |
2 mm |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Wurth Elektronik |
FERRITE CHIP |
.02 ohm |
4.1 A |
1 |
110 OHM |
TR, 7 INCH |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2 |
L1.6XB0.8XH0.8 (mm)/L0.063XB0.031XH0.031 (inch) |
125 Cel |
-55 Cel |
.8 mm |
0.8 |
1.6 mm |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
TDK |
FERRITE CHIP |
Chip Bead |
.02 ohm |
100 MHz |
Ferrite |
3.5 A |
1 |
60 OHM |
TR, 7 INCH |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2 |
Other Filters |
L1.6XB0.8XH0.8 (mm)/L0.063XB0.031XH0.031 (inch) |
0603 |
125 Cel |
-55 Cel |
TIN OVER NICKEL |
.8 mm |
0.8 |
e3 |
100 MHz |
1.6 mm |
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
Vishay Intertechnology |
FERRITE CHIP |
Multilayer Chip |
.02 ohm |
100 MHz |
Ferrite |
6 A |
1 |
120 OHM |
TR, 7 Inch |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2 |
Other Passive Filters |
L3.2XB1.6XH1.1 (mm)/L0.126XB0.063XH0.043 (inch) |
1206 |
125 Cel |
-55 Cel |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
1.1 mm |
1.6 |
NICKEL BARRIER PLATING VIRTUALLY ELIMINATES SILVER MIGRATION |
e3 |
100 MHz |
3.2 mm |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Murata Manufacturing |
DATA LINE FILTER |
.02 ohm |
5 A |
10 Mohm |
2 |
190 OHM |
TAPE AND REEL |
SURFACE MOUNT |
50 V |
4 |
L5.0XB5.0XH4.5 (mm)/L0.197XB0.197XH0.177 (inch) |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
Tin/Copper (Sn/Cu) |
4.5 mm |
5.0 |
MAGNETICALLY SHIELDED ONE CIRCUIT TYPE |
e2 |
5 mm |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
DATA LINE FILTER |
.02 ohm |
4 A |
2 |
TAPE AND REEL |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
D17.78XH11.43 (mm)/D0.7XH0.45 (inch) |
125 Cel |
20 dB |
-55 Cel |
TIN SILVER COPPER |
1000 uH |
40 MHz |
11.43 mm |
17.78 |
TAPE AND REEL |
e1 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Murata Manufacturing |
FERRITE CHIP |
Chip Bead |
.02 ohm |
100 MHz |
Ferrite |
3 A |
1 |
AEC-Q200 |
120 OHM |
TAPE |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2 |
Other Filters |
L3.2XB1.6XH1.1 (mm)/L0.126XB0.063XH0.043 (inch) |
1206 |
125 Cel |
-55 Cel |
TIN OVER NICKEL |
1.1 mm |
1.6 |
e3 |
100 MHz |
3.2 mm |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Wurth Elektronik |
DATA LINE FILTER |
.02 ohm |
3 A |
IEC |
1 |
1240 OHM |
BULK |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
2 |
125 Cel |
-25 Cel |
10 mm |
6 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Taiyo Yuden |
FERRITE CHIP |
.02 ohm |
4 A |
1 |
220 OHM |
TR, EMBOSSED |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2 |
125 Cel |
-40 Cel |
Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
1.6 mm |
1.6 |
e3 |
3.2 mm |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Laird Technologies |
FERRITE CHIP |
Chip Bead |
.02 ohm |
1000 MHz |
Ferrite |
5 A |
1 |
300 OHM |
TR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2 |
Other Filters |
L5.59XB5.08XH3.45 (mm)/L.2201XB.2XH.1358 (inch) |
2220 |
125 Cel |
-40 Cel |
Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
3.45 mm |
5.08 |
e3 |
25 MHz |
5.59 mm |
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
Murata Manufacturing |
FERRITE CHIP |
.02 ohm |
4 A |
1 |
AEC-Q200 |
70 OHM |
PAPER, TR, 7 INCH |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2 |
125 Cel |
-55 Cel |
TIN |
.5 mm |
0.8 |
e3 |
1.6 mm |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Laird Technologies |
FERRITE CHIP |
Chip Bead |
.02 ohm |
1000 MHz |
Ferrite |
3.5 A |
1 |
120 OHM |
TR, 7 INCH |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2 |
Other Filters |
L2XB1.25XH.9 (mm)/L.0787XB.0492XH.0354 (inch) |
0805 |
125 Cel |
-40 Cel |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.9 mm |
1.25 |
e3 |
25 MHz |
2 mm |
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
Murata Manufacturing |
DATA LINE FILTER |
.02 ohm |
2 A |
1 |
AEC-Q200 |
TR, PAPER, 7 INCH |
SURFACE MOUNT |
16 V |
3 |
125 Cel |
-55 Cel |
TIN OVER NICKEL |
.6 mm |
0.8 |
e3 |
1.6 mm |
1000000 uF |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Panasonic |
DATA LINE FILTER |
.02 ohm |
2 A |
1 |
TAPE AND REEL |
SURFACE MOUNT |
50 V |
3 |
L3.2XB1.8XH2.2 (mm)/L0.126XB0.071XH0.087 (inch) |
85 Cel |
-20 Cel |
Tin/Copper (Sn/Cu) |
2.2 mm |
1.8 |
CUT OFF FREQUENCY 5 MHZ |
e2 |
3.2 mm |
1000 uF |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Vishay Intertechnology |
FERRITE CHIP |
Multilayer Chip |
.02 ohm |
100 MHz |
Ferrite |
6 A |
1 |
120 OHM |
TR, 7 Inch |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2 |
Other Passive Filters |
L4.5XB3.2XH1.5 (mm)/L0.177XB0.126XH0.059 (inch) |
1812 |
125 Cel |
-55 Cel |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
1.5 mm |
3.2 |
NICKEL BARRIER PLATING VIRTUALLY ELIMINATES SILVER MIGRATION |
e3 |
100 MHz |
4.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Murata Manufacturing |
FERRITE CHIP |
Chip Bead |
.02 ohm |
100 MHz |
Ferrite |
1 A |
1 |
5 OHM |
TAPE AND REEL |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2 |
Other Filters |
L2.0XB1.25XH0.85 (mm)/L0.079XB0.049XH0.033 (inch) |
0805 |
125 Cel |
-55 Cel |
TIN |
.85 mm |
1.25 |
MONOLITHIC TYPE |
e3 |
100 MHz |
2 mm |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Murata Manufacturing |
DATA LINE FILTER |
.02 ohm |
5 A |
10 Mohm |
2 |
190 OHM |
TAPE |
SURFACE MOUNT |
50 V |
4 |
L5.0XB5.0XH4.5 (mm)/L0.197XB0.197XH0.177 (inch) |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
TIN COPPER |
4.5 mm |
5.0 |
e2 |
5 mm |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Samsung Electro-mechanics |
FERRITE CHIP |
Chip Bead |
.02 ohm |
100 MHz |
Ferrite |
5 A |
1 |
120 OHM |
TAPE AND REEL |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2 |
Other Passive Filters |
L2.0XB1.25XH0.9 (mm)/L0.079XB0.049XH0.035 (inch) |
0805 |
125 Cel |
-55 Cel |
Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
.9 mm |
1.25 |
e3 |
100 MHz |
2 mm |
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
Panasonic |
DATA LINE FILTER |
.02 ohm |
2 A |
1 |
TAPE AND REEL |
SURFACE MOUNT |
25 V |
3 |
L3.2XB1.8XH2.2 (mm)/L0.126XB0.071XH0.087 (inch) |
85 Cel |
-20 Cel |
Tin/Copper (Sn/Cu) |
2.2 mm |
1.8 |
CUT OFF FREQUENCY 0.2 MHZ |
e2 |
3.2 mm |
33000 uF |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Fair-rite Products |
FERRITE CHIP |
Chip Bead |
.02 ohm |
1000 MHz |
Ferrite |
6 A |
1 |
120 OHM |
TAPE AND REEL |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2 |
Other Filters |
L4.5XB3.2XH1.6 (mm)/L0.177XB0.126XH0.063 (inch) |
1812 |
125 Cel |
-55 Cel |
Matte Tin (Sn) |
1.6 mm |
3.2 |
STANDARD SIGNAL SPEED |
e3 |
100 MHz |
4.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Panasonic |
DATA LINE FILTER |
.02 ohm |
2 A |
1 |
TAPE AND REEL |
SURFACE MOUNT |
50 V |
3 |
L3.2XB1.8XH2.2 (mm)/L0.126XB0.071XH0.087 (inch) |
85 Cel |
-20 Cel |
Tin/Copper (Sn/Cu) |
2.2 mm |
1.8 |
CUT OFF FREQUENCY 2 MHZ |
e2 |
3.2 mm |
2200 uF |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Murata Manufacturing |
FERRITE CHIP |
.02 ohm |
2.7 A |
1 |
AEC-Q200 |
470 OHM |
TR, EMBOSSED, 7 INCH |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2 |
125 Cel |
-55 Cel |
TIN |
1.6 mm |
1.6 |
e3 |
3.2 mm |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Murata Manufacturing |
FEED THROUGH CAPACITOR |
.02 ohm |
4 A |
500 Mohm |
1 |
AEC-Q200 |
TR, PAPER, 7 INCH |
SURFACE MOUNT |
16 V |
3 |
L2.0XB1.25XH0.85 (mm)/L0.079XB0.049XH0.033 (inch) |
125 Cel |
-55 Cel |
TIN OVER NICKEL |
.85 mm |
1.25 |
AEC-Q200 |
e3 |
2 mm |
1000000 uF |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Murata Manufacturing |
DATA LINE FILTER |
.02 ohm |
5 A |
10 Mohm |
2 |
190 OHM |
TAPE |
SURFACE MOUNT |
50 V |
4 |
L5.0XB5.0XH4.5 (mm)/L0.197XB0.197XH0.177 (inch) |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
4.5 mm |
5.0 |
5 mm |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Murata Manufacturing |
DATA LINE FILTER |
.02 ohm |
3 A |
10 Mohm |
2 |
AEC-Q200 |
250 OHM |
TR, EMBOSSED, 7 INCH |
SURFACE MOUNT |
50 V |
4 |
105 Cel |
-40 Cel |
2.35 mm |
5 |
5 mm |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Murata Manufacturing |
DATA LINE FILTER |
.02 ohm |
5 A |
10 Mohm |
2 |
190 OHM |
BULK |
SURFACE MOUNT |
50 V |
4 |
L5.0XB5.0XH4.5 (mm)/L0.197XB0.197XH0.177 (inch) |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
TIN |
4.5 mm |
5.0 |
BAG |
e3 |
5 mm |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Pulse Electronics |
DATA LINE FILTER |
.02 ohm |
2 |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
L36.57XB20.32XH38.1 (mm)/L1.44XB0.8XH1.5 (inch) |
130 Cel |
-40 Cel |
2000 uH |
PE-62917 |
38.1 mm |
20.32 |
36.57 mm |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Sumida |
DATA LINE FILTER |
.02 ohm |
4 A |
2 |
1000 OHM |
TAPE AND REEL |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
L9.3XB8.2XH5.5 (mm)/L0.366XB0.323XH0.217 (inch) |
5.5 mm |
8.2 |
9.3 mm |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abb |
DATA LINE FILTER MODULE |
.02 ohm |
5 A |
UL; CAN; CSA; VDE; EN |
2 |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
75 V |
L25.4XB25.4XH10.16 (mm)/L1.0XB1.0XH0.4 (inch) |
100 Cel |
-40 Cel |
10.16 mm |
25.4 |
25.4 mm |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FERRITE CHIP |
Chip Bead |
.02 ohm |
100 MHz |
Ferrite |
5 A |
.02 Mohm |
1 |
40 OHM |
TAPE AND REEL |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2 |
Other Filters |
L2.0XB1.2XH0.9 (mm)/L0.079XB0.047XH0.035 (inch) |
0805 |
125 Cel |
-55 Cel |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.9 mm |
1.2 |
e3 |
100 MHz |
2 mm |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Murata Manufacturing |
FERRITE CHIP |
.02 ohm |
2.7 A |
1 |
470 OHM |
TR, EMBOSSED, 7 INCH |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2 |
L3.2XB1.6XH1.6 (mm)/L0.126XB0.063XH0.063 (inch) |
125 Cel |
-55 Cel |
TIN |
1.6 mm |
1.6 |
e3 |
3.2 mm |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Murata Manufacturing |
DATA LINE FILTER |
.02 ohm |
3 A |
10 Mohm |
2 |
AEC-Q200 |
150 OHM |
TR, EMBOSSED, 7 INCH |
SURFACE MOUNT |
50 V |
4 |
125 Cel |
-40 Cel |
2.2 mm |
3.6 |
5 mm |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Synqor |
DATA LINE FILTER MODULE |
.02 ohm |
35 A |
30 Mohm |
CAN/CSA; EN; UL |
1 |
MIL-STD-810G; MIL-STD-883F |
50 OHM |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
40 V |
6 |
L60.6XB39.01XH12.7 (mm)/L2.386XB1.536XH0.5 (inch) |
100 Cel |
-55 Cel |
Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
12.7 mm |
39.01 |
MIL-STD-461; MIL-STD-1275D; MIL-STD-217F2; MIL-STD-202 |
e3 |
60.6 mm |
.00018 uF |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Wurth Elektronik |
DATA LINE FILTER |
.02 ohm |
6 A |
1 |
6.5 OHM |
TAPE AND REEL |
SURFACE MOUNT |
2 |
L12.0XB12.0XH8.0 (mm)/L0.472XB0.472XH0.315 (inch) |
125 Cel |
-40 Cel |
TIN SILVER COPPER |
8 mm |
12.0 |
IMPEDANCE AT 20 MHZ |
e1 |
12 mm |
Data line filters are electronic filters that are used to filter out noise and interference from data communication lines. They are designed to provide a high level of attenuation of unwanted frequencies while allowing the desired data signal to pass through with minimal distortion.
Data line filters use a combination of passive and active components, including resistors, capacitors, inductors, and op-amps, to filter out noise and interference from data communication lines. They can be designed for a wide range of communication standards, including Ethernet, USB, HDMI, and other data communication protocols.
Data line filters can be designed as low-pass filters, which allow low-frequency signals to pass through while attenuating high-frequency signals, or as band-stop filters, which block a specific range of frequencies while allowing other frequencies to pass through. They can also be designed with multiple stages of filtering to provide increased attenuation of unwanted frequencies.
Data line filters are commonly used in a variety of electronic systems, including computers, telecommunication equipment, medical equipment, and industrial control systems. They are also used in data centers and other applications where high-speed data communication is critical.