COMMERCIAL Data Bus Terminators 528

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Part	Manufacturer	Interface IC Type	Temperature Grade	Terminal Form	No. of Terminals	Package Code	Package Shape	Package Body Material	Surface Mount	Maximum Supply Voltage	No. of Functions	Technology	No. of Bits	No. of Signal Lines	Maximum Supply Current	Nominal Supply Voltage	Maximum Supply Voltage-1	Power Supplies (V)	Nominal Negative Supply Voltage	Package Style (Meter)	Package Equivalence Code	Minimum Supply Voltage-1	Sub-Category	Minimum Supply Voltage	Terminal Pitch	Maximum Operating Temperature	Nominal Supply Voltage-1	Terminal Finish	Terminal Position	JESD-30 Code	Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL)	Maximum Seated Height	Width	Qualification	Differential Output	JESD-609 Code	Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s)	Peak Reflow Temperature (C)	Length	Nominal Pull Up Resistance
SN74S1050DRE4	Texas Instruments	DIODE BUS TERMINATION ARRAY	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES		1			12		5 V				SMALL OUTLINE					1.27 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-PDSO-G16		1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	NO		NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	9.9 mm
SN74S1052DWE4	Texas Instruments	DIODE BUS TERMINATION ARRAY	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	20	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES		1			16		5 V				SMALL OUTLINE					1.27 mm	70 Cel		NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G20	1	2.65 mm	7.5 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e4	30	260	12.8 mm
SN74S1050DE4	Texas Instruments	DIODE BUS TERMINATION ARRAY	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES		1			12		5 V				SMALL OUTLINE					1.27 mm	70 Cel		NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G16	1	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e4	30	260	9.9 mm
SN74S1051DRE4	Texas Instruments	DIODE BUS TERMINATION ARRAY	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES		1			12		5 V				SMALL OUTLINE					1.27 mm	70 Cel		NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G16	1	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e4	30	260	9.9 mm
SN74F1016DWRE4	Texas Instruments	DIODE BUS TERMINATION ARRAY	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	20	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES		1			16		5 V				SMALL OUTLINE					1.27 mm	70 Cel		NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G20	1	2.65 mm	7.5 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e4	30	260	12.8 mm	50 ohm
SN74F1018DW	Texas Instruments	DIODE BUS TERMINATION ARRAY	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	24	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES		1			18						SMALL OUTLINE					1.27 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-PDSO-G24		2.65 mm	7.5 mm	Not Qualified	NO		NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	15.4 mm	50 ohm
SN74S1053NSR	Texas Instruments	DIODE BUS TERMINATION ARRAY	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	20	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.25 V	1		16	16		5 V				SMALL OUTLINE				4.75 V	1.27 mm	70 Cel		NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G20	1	2 mm	5.3 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e4	30	260	12.6 mm
SN74S1053NE4	Texas Instruments	DIODE BUS TERMINATION ARRAY	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	20	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	5.25 V	1		16	16		5 V				IN-LINE				4.75 V	2.54 mm	70 Cel		NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	R-PDIP-T20		5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e4			25.4 mm
SN74F1056DE4	Texas Instruments	DIODE BUS TERMINATION ARRAY	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES		1			8						SMALL OUTLINE					1.27 mm	70 Cel		NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G16	1	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e4	30	260	9.9 mm
SN74S1056SC	Texas Instruments	DIODE BUS TERMINATION ARRAY	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	10	SIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO		1			8		5 V				IN-LINE					2.54 mm	70 Cel			SINGLE	R-PSIP-T10		7.4 mm		Not Qualified	NO		NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
SN74S1051N	Texas Instruments	DIODE BUS TERMINATION ARRAY	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	5.25 V	1		12	12		5 V				IN-LINE				4.75 V	2.54 mm	70 Cel		NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	R-PDIP-T16		5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e4			19.305 mm
SN74F1056DR	Texas Instruments	DIODE BUS TERMINATION ARRAY	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.25 V	1		8	8						SMALL OUTLINE				4.75 V	1.27 mm	70 Cel		NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G16	1	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e4	30	260	9.9 mm
SN74S1051D	Texas Instruments	DIODE BUS TERMINATION ARRAY	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.25 V	1		12	12		5 V				SMALL OUTLINE				4.75 V	1.27 mm	70 Cel		NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G16	1	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e4	30	260	9.9 mm
SN74S1056DR	Texas Instruments	DIODE BUS TERMINATION ARRAY	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES		1			8		5 V				SMALL OUTLINE					1.27 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-PDSO-G16		1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	NO		NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	9.9 mm
SN74F1056DRE4	Texas Instruments	DIODE BUS TERMINATION ARRAY	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES		1			8						SMALL OUTLINE					1.27 mm	70 Cel		NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G16	1	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e4	30	260	9.9 mm
SN74S1050NE4	Texas Instruments	DIODE BUS TERMINATION ARRAY	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO		1			12		5 V				IN-LINE					2.54 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-PDIP-T16		5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	NO		NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	19.305 mm
SN74S1053NSRG4	Texas Instruments	DIODE BUS TERMINATION ARRAY	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	20	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES		1			16		5 V				SMALL OUTLINE					1.27 mm	70 Cel		NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G20	1	2 mm	5.3 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e4	30	260	12.6 mm
LTC1344CG#TRPBF	Analog Devices	OTHER TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	24	SSOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.25 V	1	CMOS		6		5 V			-5 V	SMALL OUTLINE, SHRINK PITCH				4.75 V	.65 mm	70 Cel		MATTE TIN	DUAL	R-PDSO-G24	1	2 mm	5.3 mm	Not Qualified	YES	e3	30	260	8.2 mm	104 ohm
LTC1344CG	Analog Devices	OTHER TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	24	SSOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.25 V	1	CMOS		6		5 V			-5 V	SMALL OUTLINE, SHRINK PITCH				4.75 V	.65 mm	70 Cel		TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G24	1	2 mm	5.3 mm	Not Qualified	YES	e0			8.2 mm	104 ohm
LTC1344ACG#PBF	Analog Devices	OTHER TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	24	SSOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.25 V	1	CMOS		6		5 V	-5.25 V		-5 V	SMALL OUTLINE, SHRINK PITCH		-4.75 V		4.75 V	.65 mm	70 Cel	-5 V	MATTE TIN	DUAL	R-PDSO-G24	1	2 mm	5.3 mm	Not Qualified	YES	e3	30	260	8.2 mm	153 ohm
LTC1344ACG#TRPBF	Analog Devices	OTHER TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	24	SSOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.25 V	1	CMOS		6		5 V	-5.25 V		-5 V	SMALL OUTLINE, SHRINK PITCH		-4.75 V		4.75 V	.65 mm	70 Cel	-5 V	MATTE TIN	DUAL	R-PDSO-G24	1	2 mm	5.3 mm	Not Qualified	YES	e3	30	260	8.2 mm	153 ohm
LTC1344CG#TR	Analog Devices	OTHER TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	24	SSOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.25 V	1	CMOS		6		5 V			-5 V	SMALL OUTLINE, SHRINK PITCH				4.75 V	.65 mm	70 Cel		TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G24	1	2 mm	5.3 mm	Not Qualified	YES	e0			8.2 mm	104 ohm
LTC1344ACG#TR	Analog Devices	OTHER TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	24	SSOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.25 V	1	CMOS		6		5 V	-5.25 V		-5 V	SMALL OUTLINE, SHRINK PITCH		-4.75 V		4.75 V	.65 mm	70 Cel	-5 V	TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G24	1	2 mm	5.3 mm	Not Qualified	YES	e0			8.2 mm	153 ohm
LTC1344ACG	Analog Devices	OTHER TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	24	SSOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.25 V	1	CMOS		6		5 V	-5.25 V		-5 V	SMALL OUTLINE, SHRINK PITCH		-4.75 V		4.75 V	.65 mm	70 Cel	-5 V	TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G24	1	2 mm	5.3 mm	Not Qualified	YES	e0			8.2 mm	153 ohm
DS21T26	Analog Devices		COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	36	SSOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES			MOS				5 V		5		SMALL OUTLINE, SHRINK PITCH	SOP36,.4,32		Bus Terminators		.8 mm	70 Cel		TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G36				Not Qualified		e0
DS21T16E	Analog Devices	SCSI BUS TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	20	TSSOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.5 V	1			9		3.3 V		3.3		SMALL OUTLINE, THIN PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH	TSSOP20,.25		Bus Terminators	2.7 V	.65 mm	70 Cel		TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G20	1	1.1 mm	4.4 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e0			6.5 mm
DS2109	Analog Devices	SCSI BUS TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	28	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.25 V	1			18						SMALL OUTLINE				4 V	1.27 mm	70 Cel		TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G28	1	2.67 mm	7.495 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e0			17.905 mm	110 ohm
DS21T06S	Analog Devices		COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	28	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES			BIPOLAR				5 V		5		SMALL OUTLINE	SOP28,.4		Bus Terminators		1.27 mm	70 Cel		TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G28				Not Qualified		e0
MXL1344ACAG+T	Analog Devices	OTHER TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	24	SSOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.25 V	1	BICMOS		6		5 V			-5 V	SMALL OUTLINE, SHRINK PITCH				4.75 V	.65 mm	70 Cel		Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed	DUAL	R-PDSO-G24	1	1.99 mm	5.29 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e3	30	260	8.2 mm
DS2106S	Analog Devices	SCSI BUS TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	28	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES			BIPOLAR				5 V		5		SMALL OUTLINE	SOP28,.4		Bus Terminators		1.27 mm	70 Cel		TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G28				Not Qualified		e0
MXL1344ACAG+	Analog Devices	OTHER TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	24	SSOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.25 V	1	BICMOS		6		5 V			-5 V	SMALL OUTLINE, SHRINK PITCH				4.75 V	.65 mm	70 Cel		Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed	DUAL	R-PDSO-G24	1	1.99 mm	5.29 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e3	30	260	8.2 mm
DS2107AS	Analog Devices	SCSI BUS TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.25 V	1			9		5 V		5		SMALL OUTLINE	SOP16,.4		Bus Terminators	4 V	1.27 mm	70 Cel		TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G16	1	2.65 mm	7.5 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e0			10.3 mm	110 ohm
DS2105S+	Analog Devices	SCSI BUS TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.25 V	1			9						SMALL OUTLINE				4 V	1.27 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-PDSO-G16		2.65 mm	7.5 mm	Not Qualified	NO		NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	10.3 mm	110 ohm
DS21T26B	Analog Devices	SCSI BUS TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	36	SSOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.5 V	1			27						SMALL OUTLINE, SHRINK PITCH				4 V	.8 mm	70 Cel		TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G36		2.64 mm	7.5 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e0			15.375 mm	110 ohm
DS21T16S	Analog Devices	SCSI BUS TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	16	TSSOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.5 V	1			9		3.3 V				SMALL OUTLINE, THIN PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH				2.7 V	.65 mm	70 Cel		TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G16	1	1.1 mm	4.4 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e0			5 mm	110 ohm
MCCS142239DW	Onsemi	SCSI BUS TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.25 V	1			9	250 mA	5 V		3.9/5.25		SMALL OUTLINE	SOP16,.4		Bus Terminators	3.9 V	1.27 mm	70 Cel		TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G16		2.65 mm	7.5 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e0			10.3 mm	118 ohm
MCCS142237DT	Onsemi	SCSI BUS TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	20	TSSOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.25 V	1			9		5 V		3.9/5.25		SMALL OUTLINE, THIN PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH	TSSOP20,.25		Bus Terminators	3.9 V	.65 mm	70 Cel		TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G20		1.2 mm	4.4 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e0			6.5 mm	110 ohm
MCCS142238DWR2	Onsemi	SCSI BUS TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	28	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.25 V	1			18		4.75 V		3.8/5.25		SMALL OUTLINE	SOP28,.4		Bus Terminators	3.8 V	1.27 mm	70 Cel		TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G28		2.65 mm	7.5 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e0			17.9 mm	110 ohm
MCCS142236DW	Onsemi	SCSI BUS TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	28	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.25 V	1			18		4.75 V		3.8/5.25		SMALL OUTLINE	SOP28,.4		Bus Terminators	3.8 V	1.27 mm	70 Cel		TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G28		2.65 mm	7.5 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e0			17.925 mm	110 ohm
MCCS142239DR2	Onsemi	SCSI BUS TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.25 V	1			9		5 V		3.9/5.25		SMALL OUTLINE	SOP16,.25		Bus Terminators	3.9 V	1.27 mm	70 Cel		TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G16		1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e0			9.9 mm	118 ohm
MCCS142237DWR2	Onsemi	SCSI BUS TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.25 V	1			9		5 V				SMALL OUTLINE				3.9 V	1.27 mm	70 Cel		TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G16		2.65 mm	7.5 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e0			10.3 mm	110 ohm
MCCS142238DW	Onsemi	SCSI BUS TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	28	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.25 V	1			18		4.75 V		3.8/5.25		SMALL OUTLINE	SOP28,.4		Bus Terminators	3.8 V	1.27 mm	70 Cel		TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G28		2.65 mm	7.5 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e0			17.9 mm	110 ohm
MCCS142235DWR2	Onsemi	SCSI BUS TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	24	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2.95 V	1			18		2.85 V		2.9		SMALL OUTLINE	SOP24,.4		Bus Terminators	2.75 V	1.27 mm	70 Cel		TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G24		2.65 mm	7.5 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e0		235	15.4 mm	110 ohm
MCCS142235DW	Onsemi	SCSI BUS TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	24	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2.95 V	1			18		2.85 V		2.9		SMALL OUTLINE	SOP24,.4		Bus Terminators	2.75 V	1.27 mm	70 Cel		TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G24		2.65 mm	7.5 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e0		235	15.4 mm	110 ohm
MCCS142237DW	Onsemi	SCSI BUS TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.25 V	1			9		5 V		3.9/5.25		SMALL OUTLINE	SOP16,.4		Bus Terminators	3.9 V	1.27 mm	70 Cel		TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G16		2.65 mm	7.5 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e0			10.3 mm	110 ohm
MCCS142239D	Onsemi	SCSI BUS TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.25 V	1			9		5 V		3.9/5.25		SMALL OUTLINE	SOP16,.25		Bus Terminators	3.9 V	1.27 mm	70 Cel		TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G16		1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e0			9.9 mm	118 ohm
MCCS142235FA	Onsemi	SCSI BUS TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	32	LQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2.95 V	1			18		2.85 V		2.9		FLATPACK, LOW PROFILE	QFP32,.35SQ,32		Bus Terminators	2.75 V	.8 mm	70 Cel		TIN LEAD	QUAD	S-PQFP-G32		1.6 mm	7 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e0		235	7 mm	110 ohm
MCCS142237DTR2	Onsemi	SCSI BUS TERMINATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	20	TSSOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.25 V	1			9		5 V		3.9/5.25		SMALL OUTLINE, THIN PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH	TSSOP20,.25		Bus Terminators	3.9 V	.65 mm	70 Cel		TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G20		1.2 mm	4.4 mm	Not Qualified	NO	e0			6.5 mm	110 ohm

Data Bus Terminators

Data bus terminators are electronic components used to minimize signal reflections on a data bus. A data bus is a communication pathway used to transfer data between multiple devices in a computer system or network. Signal reflections can cause errors in data transmission and affect signal quality. Data bus terminators are designed to absorb or reflect these signal reflections, ensuring that the signal remains clear and stable.

Terminators can be classified into several types based on their characteristics and applications. These include parallel bus terminators for parallel data buses, serial bus terminators for serial data buses, and network bus terminators for network data buses such as Ethernet or CAN. Terminators can consist of a resistor, a network of resistors, or a combination of resistors and capacitors to match the impedance of the bus and reduce signal reflections.

Data bus terminators are essential components of data communication systems. They play a critical role in ensuring accurate and reliable signal transmission, particularly in high-speed and high-bandwidth data communication applications.