Renesas Electronics MOSFET Gate Drivers 1,148

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Part RoHS Manufacturer Interface IC Type Temperature Grade Terminal Form No. of Terminals Package Code Package Shape Total Dose (V) Package Body Material Surface Mount Maximum Supply Voltage Maximum Output Current No. of Functions No. of Channels Technology Screening Level Built-in Protections Maximum Supply Current Input Characteristics Nominal Supply Voltage Maximum Supply Voltage-1 Turn-on Time Power Supplies (V) Nominal Negative Supply Voltage Package Style (Meter) Package Equivalence Code Minimum Supply Voltage-1 Sub-Category Minimum Supply Voltage Terminal Pitch Maximum Operating Temperature Nominal Supply Voltage-1 Output Characteristics Minimum Operating Temperature Driver No. of Bits Terminal Finish Terminal Position JESD-30 Code Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) Maximum Seated Height Nominal Output Peak Current Limit Width Turn-off Time Qualification Output Polarity High Side Driver Additional Features JESD-609 Code Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s) Peak Reflow Temperature (C) Output Current Flow Direction Length

ISL6614ACBZ

Renesas Electronics

HALF BRIDGE BASED MOSFET DRIVER

OTHER

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

13.2 V

2

12 V

12 V

12

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.25

5 V

MOSFET Drivers

10.8 V

1.27 mm

85 Cel

0 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

3

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

Not Qualified

YES

e3

30

260

8.65 mm

ISL6622AIRZ-T

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

NO LEAD

10

HVSON

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

13.2 V

1

STANDARD

12 V

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

SOLCC10,.11,20

6.8 V

.5 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

S-PDSO-N10

3

1 mm

3 A

3 mm

TRUE

YES

e3

30

260

3 mm

ISL6622CRZ-T

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

COMMERCIAL

NO LEAD

10

HVSON

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

13.2 V

1

STANDARD

12 V

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

SOLCC10,.12,20

6.8 V

.5 mm

70 Cel

PUSH-PULL

0 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

S-PDSO-N10

1

1.05 mm

3 A

3 mm

TRUE

YES

e3

30

260

3 mm

ISL6627CRZ-T

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

COMMERCIAL

FLAT

10

HVSSOF

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

5 V

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

4.5 V

.5 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

S-PDSO-F10

1

1 mm

3 mm

YES

e3

30

260

3 mm

SLG55021-200010V

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

MILITARY

NO LEAD

8

HVSON

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.25 V

1

5 V

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

SOLCC8,.08,20

4.75 V

.5 mm

75 Cel

-10 Cel

DUAL

S-PDSO-N8

1

.8 mm

.0004 A

2 mm

NO

2 mm

ISL73033SLHMKZ

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

BALL

81

BGA

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

13.2 V

1

18 mA

.064 us

GRID ARRAY

BGA81,9X9,32

4.5 V

.8 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

TIN SILVER COPPER

BOTTOM

S-PBGA-B81

3

1.9 mm

.15 A

8 mm

.064 us

NO

e1

8 mm

5962F9951102VXC

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

MILITARY

FLAT

16

DFP

RECTANGULAR

300k Rad(Si)

CERAMIC, METAL-SEALED COFIRED

YES

18 V

1

BICMOS

MIL-PRF-38535 Class V

.25 us

FLATPACK

12 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

GOLD

DUAL

R-CDFP-F16

2.92 mm

2 A

6.73 mm

.25 us

Qualified

NO

e4

EL7242CNZ

Renesas Electronics

AND GATE BASED MOSFET DRIVER

INDUSTRIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

16 V

2

15 V

IN-LINE

4.5 V

2.54 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDIP-T8

5.33 mm

2 A

7.62 mm

NO

e3

9.585 mm

HIP2101IR4ZT

Renesas Electronics

HALF BRIDGE BASED MOSFET DRIVER

AUTOMOTIVE

NO LEAD

12

HVSON

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

14 V

1

12 V

.056 us

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

9 V

.5 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

S-PDSO-N12

3

1 mm

4 mm

.056 us

YES

e3

30

260

4 mm

ISL25700FRUZ-T

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

AUTOMOTIVE

NO LEAD

10

VQCCN

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

15 V

1

CMOS

.25 us

3/15

CHIP CARRIER, VERY THIN PROFILE

LCC10,.06X.08,20

MOSFET Drivers

3 V

.5 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

QUAD

R-PQCC-N10

1

.55 mm

1.6 mm

.25 us

Not Qualified

NO

e3

2.1 mm

ISL6612BIRZ-T

Renesas Electronics

HALF BRIDGE BASED MOSFET DRIVER

INDUSTRIAL

NO LEAD

10

HVSON

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

13.2 V

1

12 V

13.2 V

5/12,12

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

SOLCC10,.12,20

5 V

MOSFET Drivers

7 V

.5 mm

85 Cel

12 V

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

S-PDSO-N10

2

1 mm

3 A

3 mm

Not Qualified

YES

e3

30

260

3 mm

EL7222CS

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

15 V

1

25 us

SMALL OUTLINE

4.5 V

1.27 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1.727 mm

2 A

3.911 mm

25 us

NO

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

4.9 mm

HIP4081AIP

Renesas Electronics

FULL BRIDGE BASED MOSFET DRIVER

INDUSTRIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

20

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

15 V

1

12 V

110 us

IN-LINE

9.5 V

2.54 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T20

5.33 mm

7.62 mm

90 us

YES

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

25.895 mm

HIP4082IP

Renesas Electronics

FULL BRIDGE BASED MOSFET DRIVER

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

16

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

15 V

1

12 V

.15 us

IN-LINE

8.5 V

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T16

5.33 mm

7.62 mm

.1 us

YES

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

19.17 mm

ISL6208CRZ-T

Renesas Electronics

HALF BRIDGE BASED MOSFET DRIVER

OTHER

NO LEAD

8

HVQCCN

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

5 V

.03 us

CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

4.5 V

.65 mm

100 Cel

-10 Cel

MATTE TIN

QUAD

S-PQCC-N8

1

1 mm

4 A

3 mm

Not Qualified

YES

e3

30

260

3 mm

ISL6610CBZ-T

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

5 V

SMALL OUTLINE

4.5 V

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

2

1.75 mm

4 A

3.9 mm

Not Qualified

YES

e3

30

260

8.65 mm

ISL89163FRTBZ

Renesas Electronics

AND GATE BASED MOSFET DRIVER

NO LEAD

8

HVSON

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

16 V

2

SCHMITT TRIGGER

12 V

.05 us

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

SOLCC8,.12,25

4.5 V

.65 mm

125 Cel

PUSH-PULL

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

S-PDSO-N8

3

.8 mm

6 A

3 mm

.05 us

NO

e3

30

260

3 mm

ISL89401ABZ

Renesas Electronics

HALF BRIDGE BASED MOSFET DRIVER

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

14 V

1

3 mA

SCHMITT TRIGGER

12 V

.06 us

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

9 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1

1.75 mm

1.25 A

3.9 mm

.06 us

YES

e3

30

260

4.9 mm

RAA2270634GNP#MA0

Renesas Electronics

HALF BRIDGE BASED MOSFET DRIVER

MATTE TIN

3

e3

5962F0152101VXC

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

MILITARY

FLAT

16

DFP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, METAL-SEALED COFIRED

YES

18 V

1

BICMOS

MIL-PRF-38535

.05 us

FLATPACK

7 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

GOLD

DUAL

R-CDFP-F16

2.92 mm

9 A

6.73 mm

.075 us

Qualified

NO

e4

EL7104CSZ

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

16 V

1

15 V

25 us

SMALL OUTLINE

4.5 V

1.27 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

3

1.727 mm

4 A

3.911 mm

25 us

NO

e3

30

260

4.9 mm

EL7212CSZ-T7

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

15 V

1

25 us

SMALL OUTLINE

4.5 V

1.27 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

3

1.727 mm

2 A

3.911 mm

25 us

NO

e3

30

260

4.9 mm

ISL2111ABZ

Renesas Electronics

HALF BRIDGE BASED MOSFET DRIVER

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

14 V

1

12 V

.06 us

SMALL OUTLINE

8 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

.06 us

YES

e3

30

260

4.9 mm

ISL78424AVEZ-T7A

Renesas Electronics

HALF BRIDGE BASED MOSFET DRIVER

MATTE TIN

3

e3

30

260

ISL89412IBZ

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

18 V

2

7.5 mA

SCHMITT TRIGGER

.025 us

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

4.5 V

1.27 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

3

1.75 mm

2 A

3.9 mm

.025 us

e3

30

260

4.9 mm

ISL95808IRZ-T

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

NO LEAD

8

HVSON

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

5 V

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

SOLCC8,.08,20

4.5 V

.5 mm

100 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

S-PDSO-N8

1

1 mm

4 A

2 mm

YES

e3

30

260

2 mm

ISL71040MRTZ-T

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD SILVER

1

e4

30

260

5962F0152101V9A

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

MILITARY

NO LEAD

16

DIE

RECTANGULAR

UNSPECIFIED

YES

18 V

1

BICMOS

MIL-PRF-38535

.05 us

UNCASED CHIP

7 V

125 Cel

-55 Cel

UPPER

R-XUUC-N

.075 us

Qualified

NO

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

EL7242CSZ-T13

Renesas Electronics

AND GATE BASED MOSFET DRIVER

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

16 V

2

15 V

SMALL OUTLINE

4.5 V

1.27 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

3

1.7272 mm

2 A

3.9116 mm

NO

e3

30

260

4.902 mm

EL7212CN

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

INDUSTRIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

15 V

1

25 us

IN-LINE

4.5 V

2.54 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T8

5.334 mm

2 A

7.62 mm

25 us

NO

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

9.525 mm

EL7222CS-T7

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

15 V

1

25 us

SMALL OUTLINE

4.5 V

1.27 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1.727 mm

2 A

3.911 mm

25 us

NO

4.9 mm

P67001EXG

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

5 V

5,12

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

MOSFET Drivers

4.5 V

1.27 mm

70 Cel

TOTEM-POLE

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1.7 mm

3.9 mm

Not Qualified

4.9 mm

IS9-2100ARH-8

Renesas Electronics

HALF BRIDGE BASED MOSFET DRIVER

MILITARY

FLAT

16

DFP

RECTANGULAR

300k Rad(Si)

CERAMIC, METAL-SEALED COFIRED

YES

20 V

1

FLATPACK

12 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

TIN LEAD

DUAL

R-CDFP-F16

2.92 mm

1.5 A

6.73 mm

Not Qualified

YES

e0

EL7222CN

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

INDUSTRIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

15 V

1

25 us

IN-LINE

4.5 V

2.54 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T8

5.334 mm

2 A

7.62 mm

25 us

NO

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

9.525 mm

ISL78420ARTAZ-T7A

Renesas Electronics

HALF BRIDGE BASED MOSFET DRIVER

MATTE TIN

e3

5962F9951101VXX

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

MILITARY

FLAT

16

DFP

RECTANGULAR

300k Rad(Si)

CERAMIC, METAL-SEALED COFIRED

YES

18 V

2

BICMOS

MIL-PRF-38535 Class V

.25 us

FLATPACK

12 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-CDFP-F16

2.92 mm

2 A

6.73 mm

.25 us

Qualified

YES

EL7222CSZ-T13

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

15 V

1

25 us

SMALL OUTLINE

4.5 V

1.27 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

3

1.727 mm

2 A

3.911 mm

25 us

NO

e3

30

260

4.9 mm

5962F9956002QXC

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

MILITARY

FLAT

16

DFP

RECTANGULAR

300k Rad(Si)

CERAMIC, METAL-SEALED COFIRED

YES

18 V

1

BICMOS

MIL-PRF-38535 Class Q

.25 us

FLATPACK

12 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

GOLD

DUAL

R-CDFP-F16

2.92 mm

2 A

6.73 mm

.25 us

Qualified

NO

e4

ISL74422ARHVF

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

MILITARY

FLAT

16

DFP

RECTANGULAR

300k Rad(Si)

CERAMIC, METAL-SEALED COFIRED

YES

18 V

1

BICMOS

MIL-PRF-38535

.05 us

FLATPACK

7 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

GOLD

DUAL

R-CDFP-F16

2.92 mm

6.73 mm

.075 us

Not Qualified

NO

e4

R2J20658BNP#G0

Renesas Electronics

HALF BRIDGE BASED MOSFET DRIVER

NO LEAD

40

QCCN

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

12 V

12

CHIP CARRIER

LCC40,.24SQ,20

MOSFET Drivers

.5 mm

QUAD

S-PQCC-N40

Not Qualified

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SL78420ARTAZ-T

Renesas Electronics

R2J20608NP#G2

Renesas Electronics

HALF BRIDGE BASED MOSFET DRIVER

NO LEAD

56

QCCN

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

12 V

12

CHIP CARRIER

LCC56,.31SQ,20

MOSFET Drivers

.5 mm

QUAD

S-PQCC-N56

Not Qualified

HIP6601BECBZA

Renesas Electronics

HALF BRIDGE BASED MOSFET DRIVER

OTHER

GULL WING

8

HLSOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

13.2 V

1

12 V

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, LOW PROFILE

10.8 V

1.27 mm

85 Cel

0 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1.68 mm

3.9 mm

YES

e3

4.89 mm

HIP6604BCRZ-T

Renesas Electronics

HALF BRIDGE BASED MOSFET DRIVER

OTHER

NO LEAD

16

HVQCCN

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

13.2 V

1

12 V

CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

10.8 V

.65 mm

85 Cel

0 Cel

MATTE TIN

QUAD

S-PQCC-N16

1 mm

4 mm

YES

e3

4 mm

EL7501CN

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

INDUSTRIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

15 V

1

CMOS

15 V

.14 us

15

IN-LINE

DIP8,.3

MOSFET Drivers

4.5 V

2.54 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

R-PDIP-T8

5.33 mm

1 A

7.62 mm

.14 us

Not Qualified

YES

e0

9.585 mm

HIP6602ACB

Renesas Electronics

HALF BRIDGE BASED MOSFET DRIVER

OTHER

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

12 V

1

13.2 V

5/12,12

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.25

10.8 V

MOSFET Drivers

5 V

1.27 mm

85 Cel

12 V

0 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

1.75 mm

.73 A

3.9 mm

Not Qualified

YES

e0

8.65 mm

5962F9956004V9A

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

MILITARY

NO LEAD

DIE

RECTANGULAR

300k Rad(Si)

UNSPECIFIED

YES

18 V

1

BICMOS

MIL-PRF-38535 Class V

.25 us

UNCASED CHIP

12 V

125 Cel

-55 Cel

GOLD

UPPER

R-XUUC-N

2 A

.25 us

Qualified

NO

e4

5962F9956001QXC

Renesas Electronics

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED MOSFET DRIVER

MILITARY

FLAT

16

DFP

RECTANGULAR

300k Rad(Si)

CERAMIC, METAL-SEALED COFIRED

YES

18 V

1

BICMOS

MIL-PRF-38535 Class Q

.25 us

FLATPACK

12 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

GOLD

DUAL

R-CDFP-F16

2.92 mm

2 A

6.73 mm

.25 us

Qualified

NO

e4

MOSFET Gate Drivers

MOSFET gate drivers are electronic components that are used to control and drive the operation of MOSFETs, which are commonly used as switches in electronic circuits. MOSFETs require a voltage applied to the gate terminal to turn them on or off, and MOSFET gate drivers provide this voltage.

MOSFET gate drivers can be classified into several types based on their specific applications and characteristics. Some of the most common types of MOSFET gate drivers include single-channel drivers, half-bridge drivers, and full-bridge drivers.

Single-channel drivers are used to control a single MOSFET, while half-bridge and full-bridge drivers are used to control multiple MOSFETs in various configurations. MOSFET gate drivers typically include a level shifter, a buffer, and a gate driver circuit.

MOSFET gate drivers are critical components of electronic circuits, providing a way to control and drive the operation of MOSFETs. They are used in a wide range of applications, including motor control, power supplies, and inverters.