SOP Other Function Interface ICs 2,323

Reset All
Part RoHS Manufacturer Interface IC Type Temperature Grade Terminal Form No. of Terminals Package Code Package Shape Total Dose (V) Package Body Material Display Mode Surface Mount Maximum Supply Voltage Maximum Output Current No. of Functions No. of Channels Technology Screening Level No. of Bits Built-in Protections Interface Standard Maximum Supply Current No. of Digits/Characters Output Latch/Register Nominal Supply Voltage Maximum Supply Voltage-1 Turn-on Time Power Supplies (V) Nominal Negative Supply Voltage Maximum Delay Package Style (Meter) Package Equivalence Code No. of Segments Minimum Supply Voltage-1 No. of Backplanes Sub-Category Minimum Supply Voltage Terminal Pitch Maximum Operating Temperature Nominal Supply Voltage-1 Output Characteristics Minimum Operating Temperature Driver No. of Bits Terminal Finish Terminal Position JESD-30 Code Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) Maximum Seated Height Nominal Output Peak Current Limit Width Turn-off Time Qualification Output Polarity Additional Features JESD-609 Code Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s) Peak Reflow Temperature (C) Length Maximum Receive Delay

MAX22444BAWE+

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

3

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

e3

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX14932AAWE+T

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

4

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

1

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

Also has VDDB supply from 1.71V to 5.5V

e3

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX14932BASE+T

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

4

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.25

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

1

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

Also has VDDB supply from 1.71V to 5.5V

e3

30

260

9.9 mm

MAX14430BASE+T

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

3

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

e3

30

260

9.9 mm

MAX14931BASE+T

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

4

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.25

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

1

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

Also has VDDB supply from 1.71V to 5.5V

e3

30

260

9.9 mm

MAX14435FAWE+

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

1.8 V

SMALL OUTLINE

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

3

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

e3

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX14435EAWE+

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

1.8 V

SMALL OUTLINE

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

3

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

e3

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX22444NAWE+

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX14435BAWE+

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

1.8 V

SMALL OUTLINE

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

3

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

e3

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX14930AASE+T

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

4

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.25

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

1

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

Also has VDDB supply from 1.71V to 5.5V

e3

30

260

9.9 mm

MAX14930CASE+T

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

4

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.25

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

1

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

Also has VDDB supply from 1.71V to 5.5V

e3

30

260

9.9 mm

MAX14931EAWE+T

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

4

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

1

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

Also has VDDB supply from 1.71V to 5.5V

e3

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX12930FASA+T

Analog Devices

DIGITAL ISOLATOR

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

e3

30

260

4.9 mm

MAX14436CAWE+

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

1.8 V

SMALL OUTLINE

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

3

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

e3

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX22445BAWE+

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX22445SAWE+

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX14931DAWE+T

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

4

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

1

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

Also has VDDB supply from 1.71V to 5.5V

e3

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX14430EASE+T

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

3

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

e3

30

260

9.9 mm

MAX22444MAWE+

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX14436BAWE+

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

1.8 V

SMALL OUTLINE

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

3

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

e3

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX22446FAWE+

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX12930BASA+T

Analog Devices

DIGITAL ISOLATOR

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

e3

30

260

4.9 mm

MAX14930AAWE+T

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

4

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

1

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

Also has VDDB supply from 1.71V to 5.5V

e3

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX22444FAWE+

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

3

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

e3

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX22445VAWE+

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX14436EAWE+

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

1.8 V

SMALL OUTLINE

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

3

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

e3

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX14435UAWE+

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

1.8 V

SMALL OUTLINE

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

3

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

e3

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX14932CASE+T

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

4

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.25

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

1

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

Also has VDDB supply from 1.71V to 5.5V

e3

30

260

9.9 mm

MAX22445NAWE+

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX14932CAWE+T

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

4

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

1

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

Also has VDDB supply from 1.71V to 5.5V

e3

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX14435RAWE+

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

1.8 V

SMALL OUTLINE

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

3

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

e3

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX14931DASE+T

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

4

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.25

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

1

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

Also has VDDB supply from 1.71V to 5.5V

e3

30

260

9.9 mm

MAX12935FAWE+T

Analog Devices

DIGITAL ISOLATOR

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

1.8 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

ALSO OPERATES WITH 3.3 V SUPPLY

10.3 mm

MAX12930CASA+T

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

2

BICMOS

EIA-232; EIA-422; EIA-485

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

e3

30

260

4.9 mm

MAX22445UAWE+

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX14435VAWE+

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

1.8 V

SMALL OUTLINE

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

3

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

e3

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX22444EAWE+

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX14932BAWE+T

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

4

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

1

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

Also has VDDB supply from 1.71V to 5.5V

e3

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX14936BAWE+T

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

3.3 V

5.5 V

SMALL OUTLINE

1.71 V

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

3.3 V

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

1

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

e3

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX14930EAWE+T

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

4

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

1

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

Also has VDDB supply from 1.71V to 5.5V

e3

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX22446EAWE+

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

3

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

e3

30

260

10.3 mm

MAX14930BAWE+T

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

4

BICMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

1

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

Also has VDDB supply from 1.71V to 5.5V

e3

30

260

10.3 mm

NLSX5012DR2G

Onsemi

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

MILITARY

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

4.5 V

1

3.3 V

0.9/4.5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

Other Interface ICs

.9 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

Not Qualified

e3

30

260

4.9 mm

NCID9410R2

Onsemi

DIGITAL ISOLATOR

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

2.5 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

3 mm

7.5 mm

10.3 mm

NCID9401R2

Onsemi

DIGITAL ISOLATOR

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

2.5 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

3 mm

7.5 mm

10.3 mm

NCID9211

Onsemi

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

2.5 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

1

3 mm

7.5 mm

e3

30

260

10.3 mm

NLSXN5004DR2G

Onsemi

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

4.5 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.25

.9 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

8.65 mm

NLSX5004DR2G

Onsemi

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

4.5 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.25

.9 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

8.65 mm

Other Function Interface ICs

Other function interface ICs are electronic components that provide specific functions for interfacing different devices in electronic systems. They are designed to facilitate the exchange of data and signals between various components of the system.

Other function interface ICs can be classified into several types based on their specific functions and applications. Some of the most common types of interface ICs include:

1. Voltage level translators - These ICs are used to convert voltage levels between different devices in electronic systems, ensuring that signals are compatible and can be correctly interpreted.

2. Real-time clock (RTC) ICs - These ICs are used to keep track of time and date in electronic systems, and they typically include a battery backup to ensure that the clock remains accurate even if the main power supply is lost.

3. Touchscreen controllers - These ICs are used to interface with touchscreens and enable touch-based input in electronic systems.

Other function interface ICs can also include USB controllers, Ethernet controllers, and Bluetooth controllers, among other components. They are typically characterized by their data rate, power consumption, and specific functions.