COMMERCIAL Digital Arithmetic Circuits 1,658

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Part	Manufacturer	Logic IC Type	Temperature Grade	Terminal Form	No. of Terminals	Package Code	Package Shape	Package Body Material	Surface Mount	No. of Functions	Technology	No. of Bits	Packing Method	Nominal Supply Voltage / Vsup (V)	Power Supplies (V)	Load Capacitance (CL)	Package Style (Meter)	Package Equivalence Code	Propagation Delay (tpd)	Maximum I (ol)	Sub-Category	Terminal Pitch	Maximum Operating Temperature	Output Characteristics	Terminal Finish	Terminal Position	JESD-30 Code	Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL)	Maximum Supply Voltage (Vsup)	Maximum Seated Height	Width	Qualification	Output Polarity	Minimum Supply Voltage (Vsup)	Maximum Power Supply Current (ICC)	Additional Features	JESD-609 Code	Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s)	Peak Reflow Temperature (C)	Length	Family
SN74AS280J4	Texas Instruments	PARITY GENERATOR/CHECKER	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC	NO		TTL			5	5		IN-LINE	DIP14,.3			Arithmetic Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-XDIP-T14
SN74ALS688N	Texas Instruments	IDENTITY COMPARATOR	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	20	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	1	TTL	8	TUBE	5	5	50 pF	IN-LINE	DIP20,.3	20 ns	24 Amp	Arithmetic Circuit	2.54 mm	70 Cel		Nickel/Palladium/Gold (Ni/Pd/Au)	DUAL	R-PDIP-T20		5.5 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	INVERTED	4.5 V	19 mA	CASCADABLE	e4	NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	24.325 mm	ALS
SN74LS348NP1	Texas Instruments	ENCODER	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO		TTL			5	5		IN-LINE	DIP16,.3			Arithmetic Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-PDIP-T16					Not Qualified
SN74S85DE4	Texas Instruments	MAGNITUDE COMPARATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	TTL	4		5	5	15 pF	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP16,.25	16.5 ns		Arithmetic Circuits	1.27 mm	70 Cel		NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G16	1	5.25 V	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	TRUE	4.75 V	115 mA	CASCADABLE	e4	30	260	9.9 mm	S
SN74F280AD3	Texas Instruments	PARITY GENERATOR/CHECKER	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	14	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES		TTL			5	5		SMALL OUTLINE	SOP14,.25			Arithmetic Circuits	1.27 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-PDSO-G14
SN74ALS518N-10	Texas Instruments	IDENTITY COMPARATOR	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	20	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	1	TTL	8		5		50 pF	IN-LINE		15 ns			2.54 mm	70 Cel	OPEN-COLLECTOR		DUAL	R-PDIP-T20		5.5 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	TRUE	4.5 V	17 mA	WITH PULL-UP RESISTORS ON B INPUTS; CASCADABLE				24.325 mm	ALS
SN74F521NSR	Texas Instruments	IDENTITY COMPARATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	20	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	TTL	8	TR	5	5	50 pF	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP20,.3	11 ns	20 Amp	Arithmetic Circuits	1.27 mm	70 Cel		Nickel/Palladium/Gold (Ni/Pd/Au)	DUAL	R-PDSO-G20	1	5.5 V	2 mm	5.3 mm	Not Qualified	INVERTED	4.5 V	32 mA		e4	NOT SPECIFIED	260	12.6 mm	F/FAST
SN74LS275N1	Texas Instruments	ADDER/SUBTRACTOR	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO		TTL						IN-LINE	DIP16,.3			Arithmetic Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-PDIP-T16					Not Qualified
SN74182N3	Texas Instruments	LOOK-AHEAD CARRY GENERATOR	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO		TTL						IN-LINE	DIP16,.3			Arithmetic Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-PDIP-T16
SN74ALS528JP4	Texas Instruments	ADDRESS COMPARATOR	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC	NO		TTL						IN-LINE	DIP16,.3			Arithmetic Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-XDIP-T16
SN74F382D	Texas Instruments	ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	20	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES		TTL			5	5		SMALL OUTLINE	SOP20,.4			Arithmetic Circuits	1.27 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-PDSO-G20					Not Qualified
SN74LS183DR	Texas Instruments	ADDER/SUBTRACTOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	14	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2	TTL	1		5		15 pF	SMALL OUTLINE		33 ns			1.27 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-PDSO-G14		5.25 V	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified		4.75 V	17 mA	FULL ADDER				8.65 mm	LS
SN74LS283NE4	Texas Instruments	ADDER/SUBTRACTOR	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	1	TTL	4	TUBE	5	5	15 pF	IN-LINE	DIP16,.3	24 ns	8 Amp	Arithmetic Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel		Nickel/Palladium/Gold (Ni/Pd/Au)	DUAL	R-PDIP-T16	1	5.25 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	INVERTED	4.75 V	39 mA	FULL ADDER; WITH INTERNAL CARRY LOOKAHEAD; PERMITS RIPPLE CARRY CASCADING	e4	NOT SPECIFIED	260	19.305 mm	LS
SN74ALS679DWE4	Texas Instruments	ADDRESS COMPARATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	20	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	TTL	12		5		50 pF	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP20,.4	35 ns		Arithmetic Circuits	1.27 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-PDSO-G20		5.5 V	2.65 mm	7.5 mm	Not Qualified	INVERTED	4.5 V	28 mA	WITH INHIBIT		NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	12.8 mm	ALS
SN74ALS689N1	Texas Instruments	IDENTITY COMPARATOR	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	20	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO		TTL			5	5		IN-LINE	DIP20,.3			Arithmetic Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-PDIP-T20					Not Qualified
SN74AS882JTP4	Texas Instruments	LOOK-AHEAD CARRY GENERATOR	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	24	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC	NO		TTL						IN-LINE	DIP24,.3			Arithmetic Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-XDIP-T24
SN74F350D	Texas Instruments	SHIFTER	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	TTL	4		5	5		SMALL OUTLINE	SOP16,.25	7 ns		Arithmetic Circuits	1.27 mm	70 Cel	3-STATE		DUAL	R-PDSO-G16		5.5 V	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified		4.5 V		WITH BARREL SHIFTING		NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	9.9 mm	F/FAST
SN74LS148J	Texas Instruments	ENCODER	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED	NO	1	TTL	8		5	5	15 pF	IN-LINE	DIP16,.3	36 ns		Arithmetic Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-GDIP-T16		5.25 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	INVERTED	4.75 V	20 mA	8 TO 3 LINE PRIORITY ENCODER; CASCADABLE; WITH GROUP SELECT OUTPUT		NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	19.56 mm	LS
SN74182J	Texas Instruments	LOOK-AHEAD CARRY GENERATOR	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED	NO	1	TTL	4		5		15 pF	IN-LINE	DIP16,.3	22 ns		Arithmetic Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-GDIP-T16		5.25 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified		4.75 V	72 mA	WITH HIGHER ORDER LOOKAHEAD		NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	19.56 mm	TTL/H/L
SN74F521D3	Texas Instruments	IDENTITY COMPARATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	20	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES		TTL			5	5		SMALL OUTLINE	SOP20,.4			Arithmetic Circuits	1.27 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-PDSO-G20
SN74S85N1	Texas Instruments	MAGNITUDE COMPARATOR	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO		TTL			5	5		IN-LINE	DIP16,.3			Arithmetic Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-PDIP-T16					Not Qualified
SN74ALS526DW3	Texas Instruments	ADDRESS COMPARATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	20	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES		TTL						SMALL OUTLINE	SOP20,.4			Arithmetic Circuits	1.27 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-PDSO-G20
SN74LS385NP1	Texas Instruments	ADDER/SUBTRACTOR	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	20	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO		TTL						IN-LINE	DIP20,.3			Arithmetic Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-PDIP-T20					Not Qualified
SN74ALS680FN-00	Texas Instruments	ADDRESS COMPARATOR	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	20	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	TTL	12		5			CHIP CARRIER					1.27 mm	70 Cel			QUAD	S-PQCC-J20		5.5 V	4.57 mm	8.9662 mm	Not Qualified	INVERTED	4.5 V		WITH OUTPUT LATCH				8.9662 mm	ALS
SN74AS264J	Texas Instruments	LOOK-AHEAD CARRY GENERATOR	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC	NO		TTL						IN-LINE	DIP16,.3			Arithmetic Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-XDIP-T16					Not Qualified
SN74ALS635JD4	Texas Instruments	ERROR DETECTION AND CORRECTION CIRCUIT	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	48	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC	NO		TTL						IN-LINE	DIP48,.6			Arithmetic Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-XDIP-T48
SN74F286D-00	Texas Instruments	PARITY GENERATOR/CHECKER	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	14	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	TTL	9		5			SMALL OUTLINE					1.27 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-PDSO-G14		5.5 V	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	TRUE	4.5 V		ODD/EVEN PARITY CHECKER; WITH PARITY I/O AND ACTIVE LOW PARITY ERROR OUTPUT				8.65 mm	F/FAST
SN74LS684FN	Texas Instruments	MAGNITUDE COMPARATOR	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	20	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	TTL	8		5	5	45 pF	CHIP CARRIER	LDCC20,.4SQ	30 ns		Arithmetic Circuits	1.27 mm	70 Cel			QUAD	S-PQCC-J20		5.5 V	4.57 mm	8.9662 mm	Not Qualified	INVERTED	4.5 V	65 mA	WITH A = B & A > B OUTPUTS		NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	8.9662 mm	LS
SN74LS147N1	Texas Instruments	ENCODER	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO		TTL			5	5		IN-LINE	DIP16,.3			Arithmetic Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-PDIP-T16					Not Qualified
SN74ALS634JD4	Texas Instruments	ERROR DETECTION AND CORRECTION CIRCUIT	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	48	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC	NO		TTL						IN-LINE	DIP48,.6			Arithmetic Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-XDIP-T48
SN74LS637DWR	Texas Instruments	ERROR DETECTION AND CORRECTION CIRCUIT	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	20	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	TTL	8		5		45 pF	SMALL OUTLINE					1.27 mm	70 Cel	OPEN-COLLECTOR		DUAL	R-PDSO-G20		5.25 V	2.65 mm	7.5 mm	Not Qualified		4.75 V	144 mA					12.8 mm	LS
SN74F283N-10	Texas Instruments	ADDER/SUBTRACTOR	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	1	TTL	4		5			IN-LINE		10.5 ns			2.54 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-PDIP-T16		5.5 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified		4.5 V		FULL ADDER; WITH INTERNAL CARRY LOOKAHEAD; PERMITS RIPPLE CARRY CASCADING				19.305 mm	F/FAST
SN74ALS280FN	Texas Instruments	PARITY GENERATOR/CHECKER	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	20	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	TTL	9		5		50 pF	CHIP CARRIER	LDCC20,.4SQ	20 ns		Arithmetic Circuits	1.27 mm	70 Cel			QUAD	S-PQCC-J20		5.5 V	4.57 mm	8.9662 mm	Not Qualified	COMPLEMENTARY	4.5 V	16 mA	ODD/EVEN PARITY GENERATOR		NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	8.9662 mm	ALS
SN74S283NP1	Texas Instruments	ADDER/SUBTRACTOR	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO		TTL						IN-LINE	DIP16,.3			Arithmetic Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-PDIP-T16					Not Qualified
SN74ALS526J4	Texas Instruments	ADDRESS COMPARATOR	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	20	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC	NO		TTL						IN-LINE	DIP20,.3			Arithmetic Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-XDIP-T20
SN74184N-10	Texas Instruments	ENCODER	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	1	TTL	5		5		15 pF	IN-LINE		35 ns			2.54 mm	70 Cel	OPEN-COLLECTOR		DUAL	R-PDIP-T16		5.25 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified		4.75 V	99 mA	BINARY TO BCD CONVERTER				19.305 mm	TTL/H/L
SN74AS885DW	Texas Instruments	MAGNITUDE COMPARATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	24	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	TTL	8	TUBE	5	5	50 pF	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP24,.4	15 ns	20 Amp	Arithmetic Circuits	1.27 mm	70 Cel		NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G24	1	5.5 V	2.65 mm	7.5 mm	Not Qualified	TRUE	4.5 V	210 mA	B PORT WITH STANDARD INPUTS; WITH ARITHMETIC COMPARISON; WITH A < B & A > B OUTPUTS	e4	30	260	15.4 mm	AS
SN74ALS280DR	Texas Instruments	PARITY GENERATOR/CHECKER	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	14	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	TTL	9		5		50 pF	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP14,.25	20 ns		Arithmetic Circuits	1.27 mm	70 Cel	3-STATE		DUAL	R-PDSO-G14		5.5 V	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	COMPLEMENTARY	4.5 V	16 mA	ODD/EVEN PARITY GENERATOR		NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	8.65 mm	ALS
SN74ALS29809DW3	Texas Instruments	IDENTITY COMPARATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	24	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES		TTL						SMALL OUTLINE	SOP24,.4			Arithmetic Circuits	1.27 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-PDSO-G24
SN74LS689N	Texas Instruments	IDENTITY COMPARATOR	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	20	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	1	TTL	8		5	5	45 pF	IN-LINE	DIP20,.3	35 ns		Arithmetic Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel	OPEN-COLLECTOR		DUAL	R-PDIP-T20		5.5 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	INVERTED	4.5 V	65 mA	CASCADABLE		NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	24.325 mm	LS
SN74F283D3	Texas Instruments	ADDER/SUBTRACTOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES		TTL			5	5		SMALL OUTLINE	SOP16,.25			Arithmetic Circuits	1.27 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-PDSO-G16
SN74LS683N	Texas Instruments	MAGNITUDE COMPARATOR	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	20	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	1	TTL	8		5	5	45 pF	IN-LINE	DIP20,.3	35 ns		Arithmetic Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel	OPEN-COLLECTOR		DUAL	R-PDIP-T20		5.5 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	INVERTED	4.5 V	70 mA	WITH PULL-UP RESISTORS ON B INPUTS; WITH A = B & A > B OUTPUTS		NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	24.325 mm	LS
SN74AS286N1	Texas Instruments	PARITY GENERATOR/CHECKER	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO		TTL			5	5		IN-LINE	DIP14,.3			Arithmetic Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-PDIP-T14					Not Qualified
SN74ALS518DW3	Texas Instruments	IDENTITY COMPARATOR	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	20	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES		TTL			5	5		SMALL OUTLINE	SOP20,.4			Arithmetic Circuits	1.27 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-PDSO-G20
SN74185AJ4	Texas Instruments		COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC	NO		TTL			5	5		IN-LINE	DIP16,.3			Arithmetic Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-XDIP-T16
SN74ALS688NP3	Texas Instruments	IDENTITY COMPARATOR	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	20	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO		TTL			5	5		IN-LINE	DIP20,.3			Arithmetic Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-PDIP-T20
SN74S283NE4	Texas Instruments	ADDER/SUBTRACTOR	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	1	TTL	4		5		15 pF	IN-LINE	DIP16,.3	18 ns		Arithmetic Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel		NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	R-PDIP-T16		5.25 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified		4.75 V	160 mA	FULL ADDER; WITH INTERNAL CARRY LOOKAHEAD; PERMITS RIPPLE CARRY CASCADING	e4			19.305 mm	S
SN74147J4	Texas Instruments	ENCODER	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC	NO		TTL			5	5		IN-LINE	DIP16,.3			Arithmetic Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel			DUAL	R-XDIP-T16

Digital Arithmetic Circuits

Digital arithmetic circuits are electronic circuits designed to perform arithmetic operations on digital signals. These circuits are essential components of digital systems, such as microprocessors, digital signal processors, and programmable logic devices.

Digital arithmetic circuits can perform various arithmetic operations, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulo arithmetic. These operations are performed using binary arithmetic, where numbers are represented using the binary number system (0s and 1s).

Adders are one of the most commonly used digital arithmetic circuits. They are used to perform binary addition, where two binary numbers are added to produce a sum. Adders can be designed using various techniques, including ripple carry adders, carry look-ahead adders, and carry select adders.

Subtractors are also commonly used digital arithmetic circuits. They are used to perform binary subtraction, where one binary number is subtracted from another to produce a difference. Subtractors can be designed using techniques, including ripple borrow subtractors, borrow look-ahead subtractors, and borrow select subtractors.

Multiplexers and demultiplexers are digital circuits that can be used for various arithmetic operations, such as multiplication and division. Multiplexers can be used to select one of several input signals based on a control signal, while demultiplexers can be used to distribute a single input signal to several outputs based on a control signal.

Digital arithmetic circuits can also be designed using programmable logic devices, such as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs). These devices can be programmed to implement various arithmetic operations and can be reprogrammed to adapt to changing system requirements.