28 Latches & Flip-Flops 334

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Part	Manufacturer	Logic IC Type	Temperature Grade	Terminal Form	No. of Terminals	Package Code	Package Shape	Package Body Material	Surface Mount	No. of Functions	Maximum Frequency At Nominal Supply	Technology	Screening Level	No. of Inputs	No. of Bits	Packing Method	Nominal Supply Voltage / Vsup (V)	Power Supplies (V)	Load Capacitance (CL)	Package Style (Meter)	Package Equivalence Code	Propagation Delay (tpd)	Maximum I (ol)	Sub-Category	Terminal Pitch	Maximum Operating Temperature	Count Direction	Output Characteristics	Trigger Type	Minimum Operating Temperature	Terminal Finish	Terminal Position	Minimum fmax	JESD-30 Code	Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL)	Maximum Supply Voltage (Vsup)	Maximum Seated Height	Width	Qualification	Output Polarity	Minimum Supply Voltage (Vsup)	Maximum Power Supply Current (ICC)	Additional Features	JESD-609 Code	Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s)	Peak Reflow Temperature (C)	Length	Family
SN74ALS879FN3	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2		TTL					5	5		CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		QUAD		S-PQCC-J28
SN74ALS880FN3	Texas Instruments	D LATCH	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2		TTL			4		5	5		CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE		0 Cel		QUAD		S-PQCC-J28
SN74ALS879FN	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2		TTL					5	5		CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		QUAD		S-PQCC-J28					Not Qualified
SN74ALS874FN3	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2		TTL					5	5		CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		QUAD		S-PQCC-J28
SN74ALS994FN	Texas Instruments	D LATCH	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1		TTL			10		5	5	50 pF	CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ	27 ns		FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	HIGH LEVEL	0 Cel		QUAD		S-PQCC-J28		5.5 V	4.57 mm	11.5062 mm	Not Qualified	TRUE	4.5 V	82 mA	WITH READ-BACK		NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	11.5062 mm	ALS
SN74LS607N1	Texas Instruments	JBAR-KBAR FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	28	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	8		TTL								IN-LINE	DIP28,.6			FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		DUAL		R-PDIP-T28					Not Qualified						NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
SN74LS605FN3	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	8		TTL								CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		QUAD		S-PQCC-J28											NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
SN74LS605NP3	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	28	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	8		TTL								IN-LINE	DIP28,.6			FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		DUAL		R-PDIP-T28											NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
SN74LS605N3	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	28	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	8		TTL								IN-LINE	DIP28,.6			FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		DUAL		R-PDIP-T28											NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
SN74LS605NP1	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	28	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	8		TTL								IN-LINE	DIP28,.6			FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		DUAL		R-PDIP-T28					Not Qualified						NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
SN74ALS575FN	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	8		TTL					5	5		CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		QUAD		S-PQCC-J28					Not Qualified
SN74LS604JD4	Texas Instruments	JBAR-KBAR FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	28	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC	NO	8		TTL								IN-LINE	DIP28,.6			FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		DUAL		R-XDIP-T28											NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
SN74ALS575FN3	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	8		TTL					5	5		CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		QUAD		S-PQCC-J28
SN74LS607NP3	Texas Instruments	JBAR-KBAR FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	28	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	8		TTL								IN-LINE	DIP28,.6			FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		DUAL		R-PDIP-T28											NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
SN74LS606FN3	Texas Instruments	JBAR-KBAR FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	8		TTL								CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		QUAD		S-PQCC-J28											NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
SN74ALS878FN	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2		TTL					5	5		CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		QUAD		S-PQCC-J28					Not Qualified
SN74LS607JDP4	Texas Instruments	JBAR-KBAR FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	28	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC	NO	8		TTL								IN-LINE	DIP28,.6			FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		DUAL		R-XDIP-T28											NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
SN74LS604DW	Texas Instruments	JBAR-KBAR FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	28	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	8		TTL								SMALL OUTLINE	SOP28,.4			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		DUAL		R-PDSO-G28					Not Qualified						NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
SN74LS607JD4	Texas Instruments	JBAR-KBAR FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	28	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC	NO	8		TTL								IN-LINE	DIP28,.6			FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		DUAL		R-XDIP-T28											NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
SN74ALS29841FN	Texas Instruments	D LATCH	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1		TTL			10					CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ		48 Amp	FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE		0 Cel		QUAD		S-PQCC-J28					Not Qualified			85 mA
SN74ALS577AFN3	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	8		TTL					5	5		CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		QUAD		S-PQCC-J28
SN74ALS876FN3	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2		TTL					5	5		CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel			POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		QUAD		S-PQCC-J28
SN74LS606NP1	Texas Instruments	JBAR-KBAR FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	28	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	8		TTL								IN-LINE	DIP28,.6			FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		DUAL		R-PDIP-T28					Not Qualified						NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
SN74ALS29843FN	Texas Instruments	D LATCH	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1		TTL			9		5	5		CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ		48 Amp	FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE		0 Cel		QUAD		S-PQCC-J28					Not Qualified			85 mA
SN74LS604N3	Texas Instruments	JBAR-KBAR FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	28	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	8		TTL								IN-LINE	DIP28,.6			FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		DUAL		R-PDIP-T28											NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
SN74ALS29844FN	Texas Instruments	D LATCH	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1		TTL			9		5	5		CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ		48 Amp	FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE		0 Cel		QUAD		S-PQCC-J28					Not Qualified			85 mA
SN74LS606NP3	Texas Instruments	JBAR-KBAR FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	28	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	8		TTL								IN-LINE	DIP28,.6			FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		DUAL		R-PDIP-T28											NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
SN74HC7074FH	Texas Instruments		INDUSTRIAL	NO LEAD	28	QCCN	SQUARE	CERAMIC	YES			CMOS								CHIP CARRIER	LCC28,.45SQ			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	85 Cel				-40 Cel		QUAD		S-XQCC-N28					Not Qualified
5962-01-263-5911	Texas Instruments	JBAR-KBAR FLIP-FLOP	MILITARY	NO LEAD	28	QCCN	SQUARE	CERAMIC	YES	2		TTL	38535Q/M;38534H;883B		4		5	5		CHIP CARRIER	LCC28,.45SQ			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	125 Cel		3-STATE		-55 Cel		QUAD		S-XQCC-N28					Not Qualified						NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
SN74ALS577FN3	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	8		TTL					5	5		CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		QUAD		S-PQCC-J28
SN74AS577FN3	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	8		TTL								CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel			POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		QUAD		S-PQCC-J28
SN74LS604NP1	Texas Instruments	JBAR-KBAR FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	28	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	8		TTL								IN-LINE	DIP28,.6			FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		DUAL		R-PDIP-T28					Not Qualified						NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
SN74ALS995FN	Texas Instruments	D LATCH	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1		TTL			10		5		50 pF	CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ	22 ns		FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	HIGH LEVEL	0 Cel		QUAD		S-PQCC-J28		5.5 V	4.57 mm	11.5062 mm	Not Qualified	INVERTED	4.5 V	85 mA	WITH READ-BACK		NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	11.5062 mm	ALS
SN74ALS577FN	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	8		TTL					5	5		CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		QUAD		S-PQCC-J28					Not Qualified
SN74ALS873FN3	Texas Instruments	D LATCH	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2		TTL			4		5	5		CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE		0 Cel		QUAD		S-PQCC-J28
SN74LS604JDP4	Texas Instruments	JBAR-KBAR FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	28	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC	NO	8		TTL								IN-LINE	DIP28,.6			FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		DUAL		R-XDIP-T28											NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
SN74ALS873FN	Texas Instruments	D LATCH	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2		TTL			4		5	5		CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE		0 Cel		QUAD		S-PQCC-J28					Not Qualified
SN74LS607N3	Texas Instruments	JBAR-KBAR FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	28	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	8		TTL								IN-LINE	DIP28,.6			FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel		3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		DUAL		R-PDIP-T28											NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
100331QIX	Onsemi	D FLIP-FLOP	INDUSTRIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	3		ECL			1	TR				CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ	1.8 ns			1.27 mm	85 Cel			POSITIVE EDGE	-40 Cel		QUAD	400 MHz	S-PQCC-J28		-5.7 V	4.57 mm	11.43 mm		COMPLEMENTARY	-4.2 V		WITH ADDITIONAL COMMON CLOCK; SET AND RESET INPUTS				11.43 mm	100K
100331QI	Onsemi	D FLIP-FLOP	INDUSTRIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	3		ECL			1					CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ	1.8 ns			1.27 mm	85 Cel			POSITIVE EDGE	-40 Cel		QUAD	400 MHz	S-PQCC-J28		-5.7 V	4.57 mm	11.43 mm		COMPLEMENTARY	-4.2 V		WITH ADDITIONAL COMMON CLOCK; SET AND RESET INPUTS				11.43 mm	100K
100331QC	Onsemi	D FLIP-FLOP	OTHER	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	3		ECL			1					CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ	1.8 ns			1.27 mm	85 Cel			POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		QUAD	400 MHz	S-PQCC-J28		-5.7 V	4.57 mm	11.43 mm		COMPLEMENTARY	-4.2 V		WITH ADDITIONAL COMMON CLOCK; SET AND RESET INPUTS				11.43 mm	100K
100351QCX	Onsemi	D FLIP-FLOP	OTHER	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1		ECL			6	TR				CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ	1.9 ns			1.27 mm	85 Cel			POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		QUAD	375 MHz	S-PQCC-J28			4.57 mm	11.43 mm		COMPLEMENTARY			WITH DUAL CLOCK				11.43 mm	100K
100351QC	Onsemi	D FLIP-FLOP	OTHER	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1		ECL			6					CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ	1.9 ns			1.27 mm	85 Cel			POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		QUAD	375 MHz	S-PQCC-J28			4.57 mm	11.43 mm		COMPLEMENTARY			WITH DUAL CLOCK				11.43 mm	100K
100351QIX	Onsemi	D FLIP-FLOP	INDUSTRIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1		ECL			6	TR				CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ	1.9 ns			1.27 mm	85 Cel			POSITIVE EDGE	-40 Cel		QUAD	375 MHz	S-PQCC-J28			4.57 mm	11.43 mm		COMPLEMENTARY			WITH DUAL CLOCK				11.43 mm	100K
100351QI	Onsemi	D FLIP-FLOP	INDUSTRIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1		ECL			6					CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ	1.9 ns			1.27 mm	85 Cel			POSITIVE EDGE	-40 Cel		QUAD	375 MHz	S-PQCC-J28			4.57 mm	11.43 mm		COMPLEMENTARY			WITH DUAL CLOCK				11.43 mm	100K
100331QCX	Onsemi	D FLIP-FLOP	OTHER	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	3		ECL			1	TR				CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ	1.8 ns			1.27 mm	85 Cel			POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel		QUAD	400 MHz	S-PQCC-J28		-5.7 V	4.57 mm	11.43 mm		COMPLEMENTARY	-4.2 V		WITH ADDITIONAL COMMON CLOCK; SET AND RESET INPUTS				11.43 mm	100K
MC100E156FNR2	Onsemi	D LATCH	OTHER	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1		ECL		4	3	TR	5	-4.5		CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ	.8 ns		Multiplexer/Demultiplexers	1.27 mm	85 Cel		OPEN-EMITTER	LOW LEVEL	0 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn80Pb20)	QUAD	700 MHz	S-PQCC-J28	1	5.7 V	4.57 mm	11.505 mm	Not Qualified	COMPLEMENTARY	4.2 V	103 mA	NECL MODE: VCC = 0V WITH VEE = -4.2V TO -5.7V	e0			11.505 mm	100E
MC100E452FNG	Onsemi	D FLIP-FLOP	OTHER	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	1100000000 Hz	ECL			5		5	-4.5		CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ	.85 ns		Shift Registers	1.27 mm	85 Cel	RIGHT	OPEN-EMITTER	POSITIVE EDGE	0 Cel	MATTE TIN	QUAD	1100 MHz	S-PQCC-J28	3	5.7 V	4.57 mm	11.505 mm	Not Qualified	COMPLEMENTARY	4.2 V		NECL MODE: VCC = 0V WITH VEE = -4.2V TO -5.7V	e3	30	260	11.505 mm	100E

Latches & Flip-Flops

Latches and flip-flops are two types of electronic circuits used in digital systems to store and manipulate digital data. They are both sequential logic circuits, meaning that they can store information and use that information to make decisions based on the previous state.

A latch is a type of digital circuit that can hold or "latch" a signal in its current state. It is a simple memory element that can store a single bit of information. A latch can be transparent or opaque, depending on its behavior when the clock signal is active. A transparent latch passes the input signal through to the output when the clock signal is active, while an opaque latch holds the input signal at the output when the clock signal is active.

Flip-flops are similar to latches but are more sophisticated and have additional control inputs. A flip-flop is a digital circuit that can store one bit of information and change its state based on the clock signal and input signals. Flip-flops can be edge-triggered or level-triggered, depending on how they respond to the clock signal. Edge-triggered flip-flops change their state at the rising or falling edge of the clock signal, while level-triggered flip-flops change their state continuously as long as the clock signal is active.

Flip-flops are classified into various types based on their behavior and the number of inputs. Some of the commonly used flip-flops include D flip-flops, JK flip-flops, T flip-flops, and SR flip-flops. D flip-flops have a single data input and a clock input and can store one bit of information. JK flip-flops have two inputs, J and K, and can store one bit of information. T flip-flops have a single input and can toggle between two states based on the clock signal. SR flip-flops have two inputs, S and R, and can store one bit of information.

Latches and flip-flops are used in various applications, including digital signal processing, memory systems, and control circuits. They are essential components of digital systems and can be found in many electronic devices, such as computers, mobile phones, and digital cameras.