DIP Logic Gates 2,400+

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Part	Manufacturer	Logic IC Type	Temperature Grade	Terminal Form	No. of Terminals	Package Code	Package Shape	Package Body Material	Schmitt Trigger	Surface Mount	No. of Functions	Technology	Screening Level	No. of Inputs	Packing Method	Nominal Supply Voltage / Vsup (V)	Power Supplies (V)	Load Capacitance (CL)	Package Style (Meter)	Package Equivalence Code	Propagation Delay (tpd)	Maximum I (ol)	Sub-Category	Terminal Pitch	Maximum Operating Temperature	Output Characteristics	Minimum Operating Temperature	Terminal Finish	Terminal Position	JESD-30 Code	Maximum Supply Voltage (Vsup)	Maximum Seated Height	Width	Qualification	Minimum Supply Voltage (Vsup)	Maximum Power Supply Current (ICC)	Additional Features	JESD-609 Code	Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s)	Peak Reflow Temperature (C)	Length	Family
TF4081BJ	Texas Instruments	AND GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC	NO	NO	4	CMOS		2			5/15		IN-LINE	DIP14,.3			Gates	2.54 mm	125 Cel		-55 Cel		DUAL	R-XDIP-T14	18 V			Not Qualified	3 V
SN75367N	Texas Instruments	LOGIC CIRCUIT	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY		NO		BIPOLAR							IN-LINE	DIP16,.3			Gates	2.54 mm	70 Cel		0 Cel		DUAL	R-PDIP-T16				Not Qualified
8512602CA	Texas Instruments	NOR GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED		NO	4	TTL		2		5			IN-LINE		34 ns				125 Cel		-55 Cel		DUAL	R-GDIP-T14	5.5 V				4.5 V							LS
SNV54HCT04J	Texas Instruments	INVERTER	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED		NO	6	CMOS		1		5			IN-LINE		30 ns			2.54 mm	125 Cel		-55 Cel		DUAL	R-GDIP-T14	5.5 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm		4.5 V		LG_MAX				19.94 mm	HCT
M38510/65702SCX	Texas Instruments	INVERTER	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	UNSPECIFIED		NO	6	CMOS		1		5			IN-LINE		33 ns				125 Cel		-55 Cel		DUAL	R-XDIP-T14	6 V			Not Qualified	2 V							HC/UH
CD54HC08F	Texas Instruments	AND GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED	NO	NO	4	CMOS		2	TUBE	5	2/6	50 pF	IN-LINE	DIP14,.3	135 ns	5.2 Amp	Gates	2.54 mm	125 Cel		-55 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)	DUAL	R-GDIP-T14	6 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	2 V	.04 mA		e0	NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	19.56 mm	HC/UH
M38510/00301BCA	Texas Instruments	NAND GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED	NO	NO	2	TTL	38535Q/M;38534H;883B	4		5	5		IN-LINE	DIP14,.3	15 ns	48 Amp	Gates	2.54 mm	125 Cel		-55 Cel		DUAL	R-GDIP-T14	5.5 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	4.5 V	27 mA			NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	19.56 mm	TTL/H/L
SNC54L86J	Texas Instruments	XOR GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED	NO	NO	4	TTL	MIL-STD-883 Class B (Modified)	2		5			IN-LINE	DIP14,.3	150 ns		Gates	2.54 mm	125 Cel		-55 Cel		DUAL	R-GDIP-T14	5.5 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	4.5 V				NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	19.56 mm	TTL/H/L
7422N	Texas Instruments	NAND GATE	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY		NO	2	TTL		4		5		15 pF	IN-LINE		15 ns			2.54 mm	70 Cel	OPEN-COLLECTOR	0 Cel		DUAL	R-PDIP-T14	5.25 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	4.75 V	11 mA					19.305 mm	TTL/H/L
M38510/05503BEA	Texas Instruments	INVERTER	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED		NO	6	CMOS	MIL-PRF-38535 Class B	1		5			IN-LINE		345 ns				125 Cel		-55 Cel		DUAL	R-GDIP-T16	12.5 V			Not Qualified	4.5 V		CMOS-TTL LEVEL TRANSLATOR					4000/14000/40000
8403901CX	Texas Instruments	NAND GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED		NO	2	CMOS	MIL-PRF-38535	4		5			IN-LINE		165 ns			2.54 mm	125 Cel		-55 Cel		DUAL	R-GDIP-T14	6 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Qualified	2 V				NOT APPLICABLE	NOT APPLICABLE	19.56 mm	HC/UH
M38510/30203SCA	Texas Instruments	NAND GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED		NO	4	TTL	MIL-PRF-38535 Class S	2		5			IN-LINE		56 ns				125 Cel	OPEN-COLLECTOR	-55 Cel		DUAL	R-GDIP-T14	5.5 V			Not Qualified	4.5 V							LS
CDC204N	Texas Instruments	INVERTER	OTHER	THROUGH-HOLE	20	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	NO	6	CMOS		1		5	5	50 pF	IN-LINE	DIP20,.3	5.7 ns	24 Amp	Gates	2.54 mm	70 Cel		25 Cel		DUAL	R-PDIP-T20	5.25 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	4.75 V				NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	24.325 mm	204
TF4302AJ	Texas Instruments	AND-OR-INVERT GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC	NO	NO		CMOS							IN-LINE	DIP14,.3			Gates	2.54 mm	125 Cel		-55 Cel		DUAL	R-XDIP-T14				Not Qualified					NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
TF4012AJ	Texas Instruments	NAND GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC	NO	NO		CMOS				5	3/15	50 pF	IN-LINE	DIP14,.3		.4 Amp	Gates	2.54 mm	125 Cel		-55 Cel		DUAL	R-XDIP-T14	15 V			Not Qualified	3 V
MM54C907J	Texas Instruments	INVERTER	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED		NO	6	CMOS		1		5			IN-LINE		150 ns			2.54 mm	125 Cel	OPEN-DRAIN	-55 Cel		DUAL	R-GDIP-T14	15 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm		3 V						19.393 mm	CMOS
SNC54LS03J	Texas Instruments	NAND GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC	NO	NO	4	TTL	MIL-STD-883 Class B (Modified)	2		5	5		IN-LINE	DIP14,.3	32 ns		Gates	2.54 mm	125 Cel	OPEN-COLLECTOR	-55 Cel		DUAL	R-XDIP-T14	5.5 V			Not Qualified	4.5 V							LS
54H15J	Texas Instruments	AND GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED		NO	3	TTL		3		5		25 pF	IN-LINE		13 ns			2.54 mm	125 Cel	OPEN-COLLECTOR	-55 Cel		DUAL	R-GDIP-T14	5.5 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	4.5 V	48 mA					19.56 mm	TTL/H/L
M38510/30201SCA	Texas Instruments	NAND GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED		NO	2	TTL	MIL-PRF-38535 Class S	4		5			IN-LINE		30 ns				125 Cel		-55 Cel		DUAL	R-GDIP-T14	5.5 V			Not Qualified	4.5 V							LS
M38510/37302SCA	Texas Instruments	NOR GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	UNSPECIFIED		NO	3	TTL	MIL-M-38510 Class S	3		5			IN-LINE		22 ns				125 Cel		-55 Cel		DUAL	R-XDIP-T14	5.5 V			Not Qualified	4.5 V							ALS
8404701CA	Texas Instruments	AND GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED	NO	NO	4	CMOS	MIL-STD-883	2	TUBE	5	2/6	50 pF	IN-LINE	DIP14,.3	150 ns	5.2 Amp	Gate	2.54 mm	125 Cel		-55 Cel	TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-GDIP-T14	6 V	5.08 mm	6.67 mm	Qualified	2 V	.04 mA		e0			19.56 mm	HC
SN29003J	Texas Instruments	NAND GATE	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC	NO	NO		TTL							IN-LINE	DIP14,.3			Gates	2.54 mm	70 Cel		0 Cel		DUAL	R-XDIP-T14				Not Qualified
TP4011AN	Texas Instruments	NAND GATE	INDUSTRIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	NO	4	CMOS		2		5	3/15	50 pF	IN-LINE	DIP14,.3	250 ns	.2 Amp	Gates	2.54 mm	85 Cel		-40 Cel		DUAL	R-PDIP-T14	18 V			Not Qualified	3 V				NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
SNC5401J	Texas Instruments	NAND GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED	NO	NO	4	TTL	MIL-STD-883 Class B (Modified)	2		5	5		IN-LINE	DIP14,.3	55 ns		Gates	2.54 mm	125 Cel	OPEN-COLLECTOR	-55 Cel		DUAL	R-GDIP-T14	5.5 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	4.5 V				NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	19.56 mm	TTL/H/L
SNC54LS32J	Texas Instruments	OR GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED	NO	NO	4	TTL	MIL-PRF-38535	2		5	5		IN-LINE	DIP14,.3	22 ns		Gates	2.54 mm	125 Cel		-55 Cel		DUAL	R-GDIP-T14	5.5 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	4.5 V				NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	19.56 mm	LS
74S15N	Texas Instruments	AND GATE	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY		NO	3	TTL		3		5		15 pF	IN-LINE		9 ns			2.54 mm	70 Cel	OPEN-COLLECTOR	0 Cel		DUAL	R-PDIP-T14	5.25 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	4.75 V	42 mA					19.305 mm	S
74LS28J	Texas Instruments	NOR GATE	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED		NO	4	TTL		2		5		45 pF	IN-LINE		24 ns			2.54 mm	70 Cel		0 Cel		DUAL	R-GDIP-T14	5.25 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	4.75 V	13.8 mA	IOL = 24MA @ VOL = 0.5V; IOH = 1.2MA @ VOH = 2.7V				19.56 mm	LS
54LS15J	Texas Instruments	AND GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED		NO	3	TTL		3		5		15 pF	IN-LINE		35 ns			2.54 mm	125 Cel	OPEN-COLLECTOR	-55 Cel		DUAL	R-GDIP-T14	5.5 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	4.5 V	6.6 mA					19.56 mm	LS
SNC54HC51J	Texas Instruments	AND-OR-INVERT GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC	NO	NO	2	CMOS	MIL-STD-883 Class B (Modified)	6		5	2/6		IN-LINE	DIP14,.3	210 ns		Gates	2.54 mm	125 Cel		-55 Cel		DUAL	R-XDIP-T14	6 V			Not Qualified	2 V
SN55363J	Texas Instruments	AND GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED		NO	2	TTL		1		5			IN-LINE		46 ns			2.54 mm	125 Cel		-55 Cel		DUAL	R-GDIP-T14	5.25 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	4.5 V		CAN ALSO BE OPERATED IN 4.75 TO 15; CAN ALSO BE OPERATED IN 4.75 TO 18				19.56 mm	TTL/H/L
M38510/17002BCX	Texas Instruments	AND GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED	NO	NO	2	CMOS		4		5		50 pF	IN-LINE		350 ns	.36 Amp			125 Cel		-55 Cel		DUAL	R-GDIP-T14	15 V			Qualified	4.5 V	.00075 mA						5000
SNC54H04J	Texas Instruments	INVERTER	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED	NO	NO	6	TTL	MIL-STD-883 Class B (Modified)	1		5			IN-LINE	DIP14,.3	10 ns		Gates	2.54 mm	125 Cel		-55 Cel		DUAL	R-GDIP-T14	5.5 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	4.5 V				NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	19.56 mm	TTL/H/L
SNG353J	Texas Instruments	NAND GATE	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC	NO	NO		TTL							IN-LINE	DIP14,.3			Gates	2.54 mm	70 Cel	OPEN-COLLECTOR	0 Cel		DUAL	R-XDIP-T14				Not Qualified
7427J	Texas Instruments	NOR GATE	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED		NO	3	TTL		3		5		15 pF	IN-LINE		11 ns			2.54 mm	70 Cel		0 Cel		DUAL	R-GDIP-T14	5.25 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	4.75 V	26 mA					19.56 mm	TTL/H/L
M38510/34002BCA	Texas Instruments	AND GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED	NO	NO	3	TTL	MIL-PRF-38535 Class B	3	TUBE	5	5	50 pF	IN-LINE	DIP14,.3	7.5 ns	20 Amp	Gate	2.54 mm	125 Cel		-55 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)	DUAL	R-GDIP-T14	5.5 V	5.08 mm	6.67 mm	Qualified	4.5 V	9.7 mA		e0	NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	19.56 mm	F/FAST
M38510/05201BCX	Texas Instruments	NOR GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	UNSPECIFIED		NO	2	CMOS	MIL-M-38510 Class B	3		5			IN-LINE		675 ns				125 Cel		-55 Cel		DUAL	R-XDIP-T14	12.5 V			Not Qualified	4.5 V		MIXED WITH 1 INVERTER					4000/14000/40000
TF4001BJ	Texas Instruments	NOR GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC	NO	NO		CMOS					5/15		IN-LINE	DIP14,.3			Gates	2.54 mm	125 Cel		-55 Cel		DUAL	R-XDIP-T14				Not Qualified					NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
SNC54L03J	Texas Instruments	NAND GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC	NO	NO	4	TTL	MIL-STD-883 Class B (Modified)	2		5			IN-LINE	DIP14,.3	90 ns		Gates	2.54 mm	125 Cel	OPEN-COLLECTOR	-55 Cel		DUAL	R-XDIP-T14	5.5 V			Not Qualified	4.5 V				NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
SNC54AS11J	Texas Instruments	AND GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC	NO	NO	3	TTL	MIL-STD-883 Class B (Modified)	3		5			IN-LINE	DIP14,.3	6.5 ns		Gates	2.54 mm	125 Cel		-55 Cel		DUAL	R-XDIP-T14	5.5 V			Not Qualified	4.5 V
5423J	Texas Instruments	NOR GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED		NO	2	TTL		4		5		15 pF	IN-LINE		15 ns			2.54 mm	125 Cel		-55 Cel		DUAL	R-GDIP-T16	5.5 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	4.5 V	19 mA	STROBED OUTPUTS; WITH 2 EXPAND INPUTS				19.56 mm	TTL/H/L
54ACT11034J	Texas Instruments	BUFFER	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	20	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED	NO	NO	6	CMOS		1		5	5	50 pF	IN-LINE	DIP20,.3	9.6 ns	24 Amp	Gates	2.54 mm	125 Cel		-55 Cel		DUAL	R-GDIP-T20	5.5 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	4.5 V		CENTER PIN VCC AND GND		NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	24.195 mm	ACT
SNC5414J	Texas Instruments	INVERTER	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED	YES	NO	6	TTL	MIL-PRF-38535	1		5	5		IN-LINE	DIP14,.3	22 ns		Gates	2.54 mm	125 Cel		-55 Cel		DUAL	R-GDIP-T14	5.5 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	4.5 V				NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	19.56 mm	TTL/H/L
CD54HCT02F	Texas Instruments	NOR GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED	NO	NO	4	CMOS		2	TUBE	5	5	50 pF	IN-LINE	DIP14,.3	32 ns	4 Amp	Gates	2.54 mm	125 Cel		-55 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)	DUAL	R-GDIP-T14	5.5 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	4.5 V	.04 mA		e0	NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	19.56 mm	HCT
SN75361AP	Texas Instruments	LOGIC CIRCUIT	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	8	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY		NO		BIPOLAR							IN-LINE	DIP8,.3			Gates	2.54 mm	70 Cel		0 Cel		DUAL	R-PDIP-T8				Not Qualified
SN75350JG	Texas Instruments	LOGIC CIRCUIT	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	8	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC		NO		MOS							IN-LINE	DIP8,.3			Gates	2.54 mm	70 Cel		0 Cel		DUAL	R-XDIP-T8				Not Qualified
5439J	Texas Instruments	NAND GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED		NO	4	TTL		2		5		45 pF	IN-LINE		18 ns			2.54 mm	125 Cel	OPEN-COLLECTOR	-55 Cel		DUAL	R-GDIP-T14	5.5 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	4.5 V	54 mA	IOL = 60MA @ VOL = 0.5V; IOH = 0.25MA @ VOH = 5.5V				19.56 mm	TTL/H/L
M38510/37001BCX	Texas Instruments	NAND GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED	NO	NO	4	TTL		2		5		50 pF	IN-LINE		14 ns	4 Amp			125 Cel		-55 Cel		DUAL	R-GDIP-T14	5.5 V			Qualified	4.5 V	3 mA						ALS
SNC54ALS1003J	Texas Instruments	NAND GATE	MILITARY	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC	NO	NO	4	TTL	MIL-STD-883 Class B (Modified)	2		5	5		IN-LINE	DIP14,.3	40 ns		Gates	2.54 mm	125 Cel	OPEN-COLLECTOR	-55 Cel		DUAL	R-XDIP-T14	5.5 V			Not Qualified	4.5 V

Logic Gates

Logic gates are electronic circuits that perform basic logical operations on one or more inputs to produce a single output. They are the building blocks of digital circuits and are used to implement digital logic functions, such as AND, OR, NOT, XOR, and NAND.

Logic gates are designed using various technologies, including transistor-transistor logic (TTL), complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS), and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). They can be classified into three main types based on their operation: combinational logic gates, sequential logic gates, and programmable logic gates.

Combinational logic gates are logic gates that produce an output based solely on the current input values. These gates include the AND gate, OR gate, NOT gate, XOR gate, and NAND gate. The output of a combinational logic gate depends on the input values and the logic function implemented by the gate.

Sequential logic gates are logic gates that have memory elements and can store information. These gates include the SR flip-flop, D flip-flop, JK flip-flop, and T flip-flop. The output of a sequential logic gate depends on the current input values and the previous state of the gate.

Programmable logic gates are logic gates that can be programmed to implement different logic functions. These gates include programmable logic arrays (PLAs), programmable array logic (PALs), and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Programmable logic gates can be reprogrammed to adapt to changing system requirements.

Logic gates are used in various applications, including digital signal processing, control systems, and memory systems. They are essential components of digital systems and can be found in many electronic devices, such as computers, mobile phones, and digital cameras.