COMMERCIAL Logic Gates 2,400+

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Part RoHS Manufacturer Logic IC Type Temperature Grade Terminal Form No. of Terminals Package Code Package Shape Total Dose (V) Package Body Material Schmitt Trigger Surface Mount No. of Functions Technology Screening Level No. of Inputs No. of Bits Translation Packing Method Nominal Supply Voltage / Vsup (V) Power Supplies (V) Load Capacitance (CL) Package Style (Meter) Package Equivalence Code Propagation Delay (tpd) Maximum I (ol) Sub-Category Terminal Pitch Maximum Operating Temperature Output Characteristics Minimum Operating Temperature Terminal Finish Terminal Position Control Type Minimum fmax JESD-30 Code Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) Maximum Supply Voltage (Vsup) Maximum Seated Height Width Qualification Output Polarity Minimum Supply Voltage (Vsup) Maximum Power Supply Current (ICC) Additional Features JESD-609 Code Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s) Peak Reflow Temperature (C) Length Family

SN74LS12N3

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

3

TTL

3

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

32 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.25 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

19.305 mm

LS

SN74S133FN3

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

J BEND

20

QCCJ

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

1

TTL

13

5

5

CHIP CARRIER

LDCC20,.4SQ

7 ns

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

QUAD

S-PQCC-J20

5.25 V

4.75 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN74LS18FN

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

J BEND

20

QCCJ

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

YES

2

TTL

4

5

5

15 pF

CHIP CARRIER

LDCC20,.4SQ

55 ns

8 Amp

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

QUAD

S-PQCC-J20

5.25 V

4.57 mm

8.9662 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

10 mA

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

8.9662 mm

LS

SN74S38J4

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

4

TTL

2

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

10 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

5.25 V

4.75 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN74F20D3

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

2

TTL

4

5

5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.25

6 ns

20 Amp

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

5.5 V

4.5 V

5.1 mA

SN74F04NSRE4

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

6

TTL

1

TR

5

5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.3

6 ns

20 Amp

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

1

5.5 V

2 mm

5.3 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

15.3 mA

e4

30

260

10.2 mm

F/FAST

SN74ALS133NP1

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

16

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

1

TTL

13

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP16,.3

25 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T16

5.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN74ALS34J

Texas Instruments

BUFFER

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

6

TTL

1

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

15 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

5.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

SN74AS32JP4

Texas Instruments

OR GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

4

TTL

2

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

5.8 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

5.5 V

4.5 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

DM74LS32M

Texas Instruments

OR GATE

COMMERCIAL

SOP

4

TTL

2

5

15 ns

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

5.25 V

1.753 mm

3.9 mm

4.75 V

8.62 mm

LS

SN74ALS810D3

Texas Instruments

XNOR GATE

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

TTL

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.25

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

SN7410N1

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

3

TTL

3

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

22 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.25 V

Not Qualified

4.75 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN74ALS1804ADWP3

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

20

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

TTL

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP20,.4

24 Amp

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G20

12 mA

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN74LS132FN3

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

J BEND

20

QCCJ

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

YES

4

TTL

2

5

5

CHIP CARRIER

LDCC20,.4SQ

22 ns

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

QUAD

S-PQCC-J20

5.5 V

4.5 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN74LS55N3

Texas Instruments

AND-OR-INVERT GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

1

TTL

8

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

20 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.25 V

4.75 V

SN74L10N3

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

TTL

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

SN74S32DE4

Texas Instruments

OR GATE

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

4

TTL

2

TUBE

5

5

15 pF

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.25

7 ns

20 Amp

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

1

5.25 V

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

68 mA

e4

30

260

8.65 mm

S

SN74AS805BDWR

Texas Instruments

NOR GATE

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

20

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

6

TTL

2

TR

5

5

50 pF

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP20,.4

4.3 ns

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G20

5.5 V

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

32 mA

IOH = 48MA @ VOH = 2V; IOL = 48MA @ VOL = 0.5V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

12.8 mm

AS

SN74S00N1

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

TTL

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

20 Amp

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

Not Qualified

SN74AS805AN3

Texas Instruments

NOR GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

20

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

6

TTL

2

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP20,.3

4.3 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T20

5.5 V

4.5 V

32 mA

SN74ALS32J

Texas Instruments

OR GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, METAL-SEALED COFIRED

NO

NO

4

TTL

2

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

14 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-CDIP-T14

5.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

ALS

SN74LS266FN

Texas Instruments

XNOR GATE

COMMERCIAL

J BEND

20

QCCJ

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

4

TTL

2

5

5

15 pF

CHIP CARRIER

LDCC20,.4SQ

30 ns

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

QUAD

S-PQCC-J20

5.25 V

4.57 mm

8.9662 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

13 mA

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

8.9662 mm

LS

SN7453NP1

Texas Instruments

AND-OR-INVERT GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

1

TTL

8

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

22 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.25 V

Not Qualified

4.75 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN74ALS08DR

Texas Instruments

AND GATE

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

4

TTL

2

TR

5

5

50 pF

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.25

10 ns

8 Amp

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

Nickel/Palladium/Gold (Ni/Pd/Au)

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

1

5.5 V

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

4 mA

e4

NOT SPECIFIED

260

8.65 mm

ALS

SN74LS14J-00

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

6

TTL

1

5

15 pF

IN-LINE

22 ns

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.25 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

21 mA

19.56 mm

LS

SN74S132JP4

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

YES

NO

4

TTL

2

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

10.5 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

5.5 V

4.5 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN74L55J

Texas Instruments

AND-OR-INVERT GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

TTL

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

Not Qualified

SN74S51FN3

Texas Instruments

AND-OR-INVERT GATE

COMMERCIAL

J BEND

20

QCCJ

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

2

TTL

4

5

5

CHIP CARRIER

LDCC20,.4SQ

5.5 ns

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

QUAD

S-PQCC-J20

5.25 V

4.75 V

SN74ALS32DP3

Texas Instruments

OR GATE

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

4

TTL

2

5

5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.25

14 ns

8 Amp

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

5.5 V

4.5 V

4.9 mA

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

ALS

SN74AS1034ANSRE4

Texas Instruments

BUFFER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

6

TTL

1

TR

5

5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.3

6 ns

48 Amp

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

5.5 V

2 mm

5.3 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

35 mA

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

10.2 mm

AS

SN74ALS30ADE4

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

1

TTL

8

TUBE

5

5

50 pF

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.25

10 ns

8 Amp

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

3-STATE

0 Cel

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

1

5.5 V

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

.9 mA

e4

40

260

8.65 mm

ALS

SN74ALS1002AFN-00

Texas Instruments

NOR GATE

COMMERCIAL

J BEND

20

QCCJ

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

4

TTL

2

5

50 pF

CHIP CARRIER

7 ns

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

QUAD

S-PQCC-J20

5.5 V

4.57 mm

8.9662 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

9 mA

8.9662 mm

ALS

SN7416J-00

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

6

TTL

1

5

15 pF

IN-LINE

23 ns

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.25 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

51 mA

19.56 mm

TTL/H/L

SN74LS132N-10

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

4

TTL

2

5

15 pF

IN-LINE

22 ns

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.25 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

14 mA

19.305 mm

LS

SN74AS04FN3

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

COMMERCIAL

J BEND

20

QCCJ

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

6

TTL

1

5

5

CHIP CARRIER

LDCC20,.4SQ

5 ns

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

QUAD

S-PQCC-J20

5.5 V

4.5 V

SN74LS27D

Texas Instruments

NOR GATE

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

3

TTL

3

TUBE

5

5

15 pF

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.25

15 ns

8 Amp

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

1

5.25 V

1.75 mm

3.91 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

6.8 mA

e4

30

260

8.65 mm

LS

DM74ALS02N/A+

Texas Instruments

NOR GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

4

TTL

2

5

IN-LINE

12 ns

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.5 V

4.5 V

ALS

SN74AS808NP1

Texas Instruments

AND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

20

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

6

TTL

2

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP20,.3

6 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T20

5.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

86 mA

SN74ALS05AJ

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

6

TTL

1

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

54 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

5.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

SN74ALS04AFN3

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

COMMERCIAL

J BEND

20

QCCJ

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

6

TTL

1

5

5

CHIP CARRIER

LDCC20,.4SQ

11 ns

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

QUAD

S-PQCC-J20

5.5 V

4.5 V

SN74ALS1035N3

Texas Instruments

BUFFER

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

6

TTL

1

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

30 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.5 V

4.5 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN74AS1004ADR

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

6

TTL

1

TR

5

5

50 pF

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.25

4 ns

48 Amp

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

Nickel/Palladium/Gold (Ni/Pd/Au)

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

1

5.5 V

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

27 mA

IOH = 48MA @ VOH = 2V; IOL = 48MA @ VOL = 0.5V

e4

NOT SPECIFIED

260

8.65 mm

AS

SN74LS32J-00

Texas Instruments

OR GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

4

TTL

2

5

15 pF

IN-LINE

22 ns

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.25 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

9.8 mA

19.56 mm

LS

SN74LS30DG4

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

1

TTL

8

TUBE

5

5

15 pF

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.25

20 ns

8 Amp

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

1

5.25 V

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

1.1 mA

e4

30

260

8.65 mm

LS

SN74S38DE4

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

4

TTL

2

TUBE

5

5

50 pF

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.25

10 ns

60 Amp

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

1

5.25 V

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

80 mA

e4

30

260

8.65 mm

S

SN74S08NP3

Texas Instruments

AND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

TTL

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

SN74S86D

Texas Instruments

XOR GATE

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

4

TTL

2

TUBE

5

5

15 pF

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.25

10.5 ns

20 Amp

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

1

5.25 V

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

75 mA

e4

30

260

8.65 mm

S

SN74LS05FN

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

COMMERCIAL

J BEND

20

QCCJ

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

6

TTL

1

5

5

15 pF

CHIP CARRIER

LDCC20,.4SQ

28 ns

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

QUAD

S-PQCC-J20

5.25 V

4.57 mm

8.9662 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

6.6 mA

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

8.9662 mm

LS

Logic Gates

Logic gates are electronic circuits that perform basic logical operations on one or more inputs to produce a single output. They are the building blocks of digital circuits and are used to implement digital logic functions, such as AND, OR, NOT, XOR, and NAND.

Logic gates are designed using various technologies, including transistor-transistor logic (TTL), complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS), and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). They can be classified into three main types based on their operation: combinational logic gates, sequential logic gates, and programmable logic gates.

Combinational logic gates are logic gates that produce an output based solely on the current input values. These gates include the AND gate, OR gate, NOT gate, XOR gate, and NAND gate. The output of a combinational logic gate depends on the input values and the logic function implemented by the gate.

Sequential logic gates are logic gates that have memory elements and can store information. These gates include the SR flip-flop, D flip-flop, JK flip-flop, and T flip-flop. The output of a sequential logic gate depends on the current input values and the previous state of the gate.

Programmable logic gates are logic gates that can be programmed to implement different logic functions. These gates include programmable logic arrays (PLAs), programmable array logic (PALs), and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Programmable logic gates can be reprogrammed to adapt to changing system requirements.

Logic gates are used in various applications, including digital signal processing, control systems, and memory systems. They are essential components of digital systems and can be found in many electronic devices, such as computers, mobile phones, and digital cameras.