COMMERCIAL Logic Gates 2,400+

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Part RoHS Manufacturer Logic IC Type Temperature Grade Terminal Form No. of Terminals Package Code Package Shape Total Dose (V) Package Body Material Schmitt Trigger Surface Mount No. of Functions Technology Screening Level No. of Inputs No. of Bits Translation Packing Method Nominal Supply Voltage / Vsup (V) Power Supplies (V) Load Capacitance (CL) Package Style (Meter) Package Equivalence Code Propagation Delay (tpd) Maximum I (ol) Sub-Category Terminal Pitch Maximum Operating Temperature Output Characteristics Minimum Operating Temperature Terminal Finish Terminal Position Control Type Minimum fmax JESD-30 Code Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) Maximum Supply Voltage (Vsup) Maximum Seated Height Width Qualification Output Polarity Minimum Supply Voltage (Vsup) Maximum Power Supply Current (ICC) Additional Features JESD-609 Code Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s) Peak Reflow Temperature (C) Length Family

SN74AS21FN-00

Texas Instruments

AND GATE

COMMERCIAL

J BEND

20

QCCJ

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

2

TTL

4

5

50 pF

CHIP CARRIER

6 ns

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

QUAD

S-PQCC-J20

5.5 V

4.57 mm

8.9662 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

12 mA

8.9662 mm

AS

SN74L03J4

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

TTL

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN74ALS1035N-10

Texas Instruments

BUFFER

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

6

TTL

1

5

50 pF

IN-LINE

12 ns

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.5 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

14 mA

19.305 mm

ALS

SN74AS1832N3

Texas Instruments

OR GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

20

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

TTL

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP20,.3

48 Amp

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T20

36 mA

SN74S140J4

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

2

TTL

4

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

6.5 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

5.25 V

4.75 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN74ALS04AN1

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

6

TTL

1

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

11 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

SN7405DR

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

6

TTL

1

5

SMALL OUTLINE

55 ns

1.27 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

5.25 V

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

8.65 mm

TTL/H/L

SN74ALS34FN3

Texas Instruments

BUFFER

COMMERCIAL

J BEND

20

QCCJ

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

6

TTL

1

CHIP CARRIER

LDCC20,.4SQ

15 ns

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

QUAD

S-PQCC-J20

5.5 V

4.5 V

SN74ALS04AN3

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

6

TTL

1

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

11 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.5 V

4.5 V

SN74LS86ADRG4

Texas Instruments

XOR GATE

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

4

TTL

2

TR

5

5

15 pF

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.25

30 ns

8 Amp

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

1

5.25 V

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

10 mA

e4

30

260

8.65 mm

LS

SN7438JP4

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

4

TTL

2

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

22 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

5.25 V

4.75 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN74ALS03ANP3

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

4

TTL

2

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

50 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.5 V

4.5 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN74ALS832ADWRE4

Texas Instruments

OR GATE

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

20

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

6

TTL

2

TR

5

5

50 pF

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP20,.4

8 ns

24 Amp

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G20

5.5 V

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

16 mA

IOH = 15MA @ VOH = 2V; IOL = 24MA @ VOL = 0.5V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

12.8 mm

ALS

SN74LS22N-00

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

2

TTL

4

5

15 pF

IN-LINE

28 ns

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.25 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

2.2 mA

19.305 mm

LS

SN74LS386AD3

Texas Instruments

XOR GATE

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

4

TTL

2

5

5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.25

30 ns

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

5.25 V

4.75 V

SN74ALS03BD3

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

4

TTL

2

5

5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.25

50 ns

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

5.5 V

4.5 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN74LS00N-00

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

4

TTL

2

5

15 pF

IN-LINE

15 ns

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.25 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

4.4 mA

19.305 mm

LS

SN74S00NS

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

4

TTL

2

5

SMALL OUTLINE

5 ns

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

5.25 V

2 mm

5.3 mm

4.75 V

10.2 mm

S

SN74ALS04BDG4

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

6

TTL

1

TUBE

5

5

50 pF

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.25

11 ns

8 Amp

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

3-STATE

0 Cel

Nickel/Palladium/Gold (Ni/Pd/Au)

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

1

5.5 V

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

4.2 mA

e4

NOT SPECIFIED

260

8.65 mm

ALS

SN74ALS21N3

Texas Instruments

AND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

2

TTL

4

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

15 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.5 V

4.5 V

SN74LS19J

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

YES

NO

6

TTL

1

5

5

15 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

30 ns

8 Amp

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.25 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

30 mA

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

19.56 mm

LS

SN7426N-00

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

4

TTL

2

5

15 pF

IN-LINE

17 ns

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.25 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

22 mA

19.305 mm

TTL/H/L

SN74ALS38J

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

4

TTL

2

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

33 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

5.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

SN7414J-00

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

6

TTL

1

5

15 pF

IN-LINE

22 ns

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.25 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

60 mA

19.56 mm

TTL/H/L

SN74ALS1032J

Texas Instruments

OR GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

4

TTL

2

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

12 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

5.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

SN74L55N-00

Texas Instruments

AND-OR-INVERT GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

1

TTL

8

5

50 pF

IN-LINE

60 ns

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.25 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

.65 mA

EXPANDABLE

19.305 mm

TTL/H/L

SN74L86NP3

Texas Instruments

XOR GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

4

TTL

2

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

150 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.25 V

4.75 V

SN7412N

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

3

TTL

3

5

5

15 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

45 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.25 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

16.5 mA

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

19.305 mm

TTL/H/L

SN74H22J

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

NO

2

TTL

4

5

25 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

12 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.25 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

20 mA

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

19.56 mm

TTL/H/L

SN74S09J

Texas Instruments

AND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

NO

4

TTL

2

5

5

15 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

10 ns

20 Amp

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.25 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

57 mA

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

19.56 mm

S

SN74S38DG4

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

4

TTL

2

5

5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.25

10 ns

60 Amp

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

1

5.25 V

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

80 mA

e4

30

260

8.65 mm

S

SN74ALS12N1

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

TTL

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

Not Qualified

SN74LS27J4

Texas Instruments

NOR GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

TTL

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN74S02JP4

Texas Instruments

NOR GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

TTL

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

SN7403N-00

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

4

TTL

2

5

15 pF

IN-LINE

15 ns

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.25 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

22 mA

19.305 mm

TTL/H/L

SN74ALS38BNSR

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

1

TTL

2

TR

5

5

50 pF

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.3

33 ns

24 Amp

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

Nickel/Palladium/Gold (Ni/Pd/Au)

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

1

5.5 V

2 mm

5.3 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

7.8 mA

e4

NOT SPECIFIED

260

10.2 mm

ALS

SN74S132D3

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

YES

4

TTL

2

5

5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.25

10.5 ns

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

5.5 V

4.5 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN74LS136FN

Texas Instruments

XOR GATE

COMMERCIAL

J BEND

20

QCCJ

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

4

TTL

2

5

5

15 pF

CHIP CARRIER

LDCC20,.4SQ

30 ns

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

QUAD

S-PQCC-J20

5.25 V

4.57 mm

8.9662 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

10 mA

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

8.9662 mm

LS

SN74ALS805ADWRG4

Texas Instruments

NOR GATE

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

20

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

6

TTL

2

TR

5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP20,.4

8 ns

24 Amp

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G20

5.5 V

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

IOH = 15MA @ VOH = 2V; IOL = 24MA @ VOL = 0.5V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

12.8 mm

ALS

SN74LS10J-00

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

3

TTL

3

5

15 pF

IN-LINE

15 ns

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.25 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

3.3 mA

19.56 mm

LS

SN74ALS1035FN-00

Texas Instruments

BUFFER

COMMERCIAL

J BEND

20

QCCJ

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

6

TTL

1

5

50 pF

CHIP CARRIER

12 ns

1.27 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

QUAD

S-PQCC-J20

5.5 V

4.57 mm

8.9662 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

14 mA

8.9662 mm

ALS

SN74LS132D3

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

YES

TTL

5

5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.25

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN7430J

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

NO

1

TTL

8

5

5

15 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

15 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.25 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

6 mA

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

19.56 mm

TTL/H/L

SN74S260D3

Texas Instruments

NOR GATE

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

2

TTL

5

5

5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.25

6 ns

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

5.25 V

4.75 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN74S05D3

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

YES

TTL

5

5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.25

Gates

1.27 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN74AS1004N-10

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

6

TTL

1

5

50 pF

IN-LINE

3.5 ns

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.5 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

28 mA

19.305 mm

AS

SN74ALS22AJ4

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

TTL

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

SN74ALS03J

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

4

TTL

2

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

50 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

5.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

Logic Gates

Logic gates are electronic circuits that perform basic logical operations on one or more inputs to produce a single output. They are the building blocks of digital circuits and are used to implement digital logic functions, such as AND, OR, NOT, XOR, and NAND.

Logic gates are designed using various technologies, including transistor-transistor logic (TTL), complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS), and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). They can be classified into three main types based on their operation: combinational logic gates, sequential logic gates, and programmable logic gates.

Combinational logic gates are logic gates that produce an output based solely on the current input values. These gates include the AND gate, OR gate, NOT gate, XOR gate, and NAND gate. The output of a combinational logic gate depends on the input values and the logic function implemented by the gate.

Sequential logic gates are logic gates that have memory elements and can store information. These gates include the SR flip-flop, D flip-flop, JK flip-flop, and T flip-flop. The output of a sequential logic gate depends on the current input values and the previous state of the gate.

Programmable logic gates are logic gates that can be programmed to implement different logic functions. These gates include programmable logic arrays (PLAs), programmable array logic (PALs), and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Programmable logic gates can be reprogrammed to adapt to changing system requirements.

Logic gates are used in various applications, including digital signal processing, control systems, and memory systems. They are essential components of digital systems and can be found in many electronic devices, such as computers, mobile phones, and digital cameras.