THROUGH-HOLE Logic Gates 2,400+

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Part RoHS Manufacturer Logic IC Type Temperature Grade Terminal Form No. of Terminals Package Code Package Shape Total Dose (V) Package Body Material Schmitt Trigger Surface Mount No. of Functions Technology Screening Level No. of Inputs No. of Bits Translation Packing Method Nominal Supply Voltage / Vsup (V) Power Supplies (V) Load Capacitance (CL) Package Style (Meter) Package Equivalence Code Propagation Delay (tpd) Maximum I (ol) Sub-Category Terminal Pitch Maximum Operating Temperature Output Characteristics Minimum Operating Temperature Terminal Finish Terminal Position Control Type Minimum fmax JESD-30 Code Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) Maximum Supply Voltage (Vsup) Maximum Seated Height Width Qualification Output Polarity Minimum Supply Voltage (Vsup) Maximum Power Supply Current (ICC) Additional Features JESD-609 Code Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s) Peak Reflow Temperature (C) Length Family

TP4010AN

Texas Instruments

BUFFER

INDUSTRIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

16

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

6

CMOS

1

5

4.5/12.5

IN-LINE

DIP16,.3

140 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

85 Cel

OPEN-DRAIN

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T16

15 V

Not Qualified

3 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

M38510/05052BCX

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

NO

2

CMOS

4

5

50 pF

IN-LINE

490 ns

1.5 Amp

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

15 V

Qualified

4.5 V

.00075 mA

4000/14000/40000

SNC54AS30J

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

1

TTL

MIL-STD-883 Class B (Modified)

8

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

5.5 ns

20 Amp

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

5.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

4.9 mA

M38510/31001SCA

Texas Instruments

AND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

3

TTL

MIL-PRF-38535 Class S

3

5

IN-LINE

30 ns

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

LS

SNC54ALS133J

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

16

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

1

TTL

MIL-STD-883 Class B (Modified)

13

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP16,.3

47 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T16

5.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

74LS33N

Texas Instruments

NOR GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

4

TTL

2

5

45 pF

IN-LINE

28 ns

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.25 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

13.8 mA

IOL = 24MA @ VOL = 0.5V; IOH = 0.25MA @ VOH = 5.5V

19.305 mm

LS

SNC54ALS30J

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

1

TTL

MIL-STD-883 Class B (Modified)

8

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

15 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

5.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

CD54HCT4075F3A

Texas Instruments

OR GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, METAL-SEALED COFIRED

NO

NO

3

CMOS

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

3

TUBE

5

5

50 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

36 ns

5.2 Amp

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

TIN LEAD

DUAL

R-CDIP-T14

5.5 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

.04 mA

e0

19.56 mm

HCT

SNC54ALS12J

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

3

TTL

MIL-STD-883 Class B (Modified)

3

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

59 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

5.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

M38510/30203SCX

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

4

TTL

2

5

IN-LINE

56 ns

125 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

LS

M38510/07401BCA

Texas Instruments

AND-OR-INVERT GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

UNSPECIFIED

NO

NO

2

TTL

MIL-M-38510 Class B

4

TUBE

5

5

50 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

10 ns

-.4 Amp

Gate

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

5.5 V

5.08 mm

6.67 mm

Qualified

4.5 V

22 mA

e0

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

19.56 mm

S

SN151904J

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

DTL

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

Not Qualified

SNC54AS10J

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

3

TTL

MIL-STD-883 Class B (Modified)

3

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

5 ns

5 Amp

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

5.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

13 mA

M38510/05503BEX

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

16

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

6

CMOS

MIL-PRF-38535 Class B

1

5

IN-LINE

345 ns

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T16

12.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

4000/14000/40000

54S30J

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

1

TTL

8

5

15 pF

IN-LINE

7 ns

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.5 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

10 mA

19.56 mm

S

74S37J

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

4

TTL

2

5

50 pF

IN-LINE

6.5 ns

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.25 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

80 mA

IOL = 60MA @ VOL = 0.5V; IOH = 3MA @ VOH = 2.7V

19.56 mm

S

TP4050AN

Texas Instruments

BUFFER

INDUSTRIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

16

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

CMOS

5

3/15

50 pF

IN-LINE

DIP16,.3

3 Amp

Gates

2.54 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T16

15 V

Not Qualified

3 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SNG80J

Texas Instruments

AND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

TTL

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

Not Qualified

M38510/30007SCX

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

2

TTL

MIL-PRF-38535 Class S

4

5

IN-LINE

24 ns

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

LS

54LS38J

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

4

TTL

2

5

45 pF

IN-LINE

28 ns

2.54 mm

125 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.5 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

12 mA

IOL = 12MA @ VOL = 0.4V; IOH = 0.25MA @ VOH = 5.5V

19.56 mm

LS

8414501RA

Texas Instruments

OR GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

20

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

NO

6

TTL

MIL-STD-883

2

TUBE

5

5

50 pF

IN-LINE

DIP20,.3

13 ns

15 Amp

Gate

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

R-GDIP-T20

5.5 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Qualified

4.5 V

16 mA

e0

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

24.195 mm

ALS

M38510/30202BCX

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

4

TTL

MIL-PRF-38535 Class B

2

5

IN-LINE

30 ns

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

LS

M38510/65101BCA

Texas Instruments

NOR GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

NO

4

CMOS

MIL-M-38510 Class B

2

TUBE

5

2/6

50 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

135 ns

4 Amp

Gate

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

TIN LEAD

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

6 V

5.08 mm

6.67 mm

Qualified

2 V

.01 mA

LG-MAX

e0

19.56 mm

HC

SN15302J

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

OTHER

THROUGH-HOLE

16

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

IN-LINE

DIP16,.3

Gates

2.54 mm

85 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

-30 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T16

Not Qualified

54AC11032J

Texas Instruments

OR GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

16

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

NO

4

CMOS

2

5

3.3/5

50 pF

IN-LINE

DIP16,.3

6.3 ns

24 Amp

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T16

5.5 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

3 V

CENTER PIN VCC AND GND

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

19.56 mm

AC

SN15962N

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

3

3

5

IN-LINE

80 ns

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

19.305 mm

15K

5422J

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

2

TTL

4

5

15 pF

IN-LINE

15 ns

2.54 mm

125 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.5 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

11 mA

19.56 mm

TTL/H/L

CD54HC7266F3A

Texas Instruments

XNOR GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, METAL-SEALED COFIRED

NO

NO

4

CMOS

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

2

TUBE

4.5

2/6

50 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

150 ns

5.2 Amp

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

R-CDIP-T14

6 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

2 V

.04 mA

e0

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

19.56 mm

HC/UH

TF4023AJ

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

NO

3

CMOS

3

5

3/15

50 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

200 ns

.4 Amp

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

12 V

Not Qualified

3 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

4000/14000/40000

CD54HC20F3A

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

NO

2

CMOS

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

4

TUBE

4.5

2/6

50 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

150 ns

4 Amp

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

6 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

2 V

.04 mA

e0

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

19.56 mm

HC/UH

SN15323J

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

OTHER

THROUGH-HOLE

16

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

IN-LINE

DIP16,.3

Gates

2.54 mm

85 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

-30 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T16

Not Qualified

M38510/00303BCX

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, METAL-SEALED COFIRED

NO

NO

4

TTL

2

5

125 pF

IN-LINE

38 ns

48 Amp

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-CDIP-T14

5.5 V

Qualified

4.5 V

54 mA

TTL/H/L

74LS11J

Texas Instruments

AND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

3

TTL

3

5

15 pF

IN-LINE

20 ns

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.25 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

6.6 mA

19.56 mm

LS

8512601CA

Texas Instruments

NOR GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

NO

4

TTL

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

2

TUBE

5

5

50 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

32 ns

12 Amp

Gate

2.54 mm

125 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

-55 Cel

TIN LEAD

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.5 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Qualified

4.5 V

13.8 mA

e0

19.56 mm

LS

74H20N

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

2

TTL

4

5

25 pF

IN-LINE

10 ns

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.25 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

20 mA

19.305 mm

TTL/H/L

MM54C907N

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

6

CMOS

1

5

IN-LINE

150 ns

2.54 mm

125 Cel

OPEN-DRAIN

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

15 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

3 V

19.18 mm

CMOS

M38510/05003BCA

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

NO

3

CMOS

MIL-PRF-38535 Class B

3

5

4.5/12.5

50 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

265 ns

.18 Amp

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

12.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

4000/14000/40000

SN15933J

Texas Instruments

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

DTL

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

Not Qualified

MM54C02J

Texas Instruments

NOR GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

4

CMOS

2

5

IN-LINE

90 ns

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

15 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

3 V

LG_MAX

19.94 mm

CMOS

MM54C08N

Texas Instruments

AND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

4

CMOS

2

5

IN-LINE

140 ns

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

15 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

3 V

19.18 mm

CMOS

SNC54AS00J

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

4

TTL

MIL-STD-883 Class B (Modified)

2

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

5 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

5.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

M38510/30501SCA

Texas Instruments

OR GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

NO

4

TTL

MIL-PRF-38535 Class S

2

TUBE

5

5

50 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

35 ns

.8 Amp

Gate

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.5 V

5.08 mm

6.67 mm

Qualified

4.5 V

9.8 mA

e0

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

19.56 mm

LS

M38510/30401SCX

Texas Instruments

AND-OR-INVERT GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

2

TTL

2

5

IN-LINE

30 ns

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

LS

SNG103J

Texas Instruments

AND-OR-INVERT GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

TTL

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

Not Qualified

SNC54S64J

Texas Instruments

AND-OR-INVERT GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

1

TTL

MIL-STD-883 Class B (Modified)

11

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

5.5 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

5.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

M38510/00701BCA

Texas Instruments

XOR GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

4

TTL

2

5

IN-LINE

22 ns

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.5 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

19.56 mm

TTL/H/L

M38510/31004BCX

Texas Instruments

AND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

NO

4

TTL

MIL-PRF-38535 Class B

2

5

50 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

30 ns

4 Amp

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.5 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Qualified

4.5 V

8.8 mA

19.94 mm

LS

8512602CX

Texas Instruments

NOR GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

4

TTL

MIL-PRF-38535

2

5

IN-LINE

34 ns

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

LS

Logic Gates

Logic gates are electronic circuits that perform basic logical operations on one or more inputs to produce a single output. They are the building blocks of digital circuits and are used to implement digital logic functions, such as AND, OR, NOT, XOR, and NAND.

Logic gates are designed using various technologies, including transistor-transistor logic (TTL), complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS), and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). They can be classified into three main types based on their operation: combinational logic gates, sequential logic gates, and programmable logic gates.

Combinational logic gates are logic gates that produce an output based solely on the current input values. These gates include the AND gate, OR gate, NOT gate, XOR gate, and NAND gate. The output of a combinational logic gate depends on the input values and the logic function implemented by the gate.

Sequential logic gates are logic gates that have memory elements and can store information. These gates include the SR flip-flop, D flip-flop, JK flip-flop, and T flip-flop. The output of a sequential logic gate depends on the current input values and the previous state of the gate.

Programmable logic gates are logic gates that can be programmed to implement different logic functions. These gates include programmable logic arrays (PLAs), programmable array logic (PALs), and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Programmable logic gates can be reprogrammed to adapt to changing system requirements.

Logic gates are used in various applications, including digital signal processing, control systems, and memory systems. They are essential components of digital systems and can be found in many electronic devices, such as computers, mobile phones, and digital cameras.