THROUGH-HOLE Logic Gates 2,400+

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Part RoHS Manufacturer Logic IC Type Temperature Grade Terminal Form No. of Terminals Package Code Package Shape Total Dose (V) Package Body Material Schmitt Trigger Surface Mount No. of Functions Technology Screening Level No. of Inputs No. of Bits Translation Packing Method Nominal Supply Voltage / Vsup (V) Power Supplies (V) Load Capacitance (CL) Package Style (Meter) Package Equivalence Code Propagation Delay (tpd) Maximum I (ol) Sub-Category Terminal Pitch Maximum Operating Temperature Output Characteristics Minimum Operating Temperature Terminal Finish Terminal Position Control Type Minimum fmax JESD-30 Code Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) Maximum Supply Voltage (Vsup) Maximum Seated Height Width Qualification Output Polarity Minimum Supply Voltage (Vsup) Maximum Power Supply Current (ICC) Additional Features JESD-609 Code Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s) Peak Reflow Temperature (C) Length Family

SN74H10N1

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

3

TTL

3

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

10 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

SN74L00NP3

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

TTL

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

SN74AS1000N

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

4

TTL

2

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

4 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

SN74LS11N1

Texas Instruments

AND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

3

TTL

3

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

20 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.25 V

Not Qualified

4.75 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SNJ54LS54J

Texas Instruments

AND-OR-INVERT GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

NO

1

TTL

MIL-PRF-38535

10

TUBE

5

5

15 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

20 ns

-.4 Amp

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.5 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

2 mA

2-3-3-2 INPUT

e0

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

19.56 mm

LS

SNJ54ALS15AJ

Texas Instruments

AND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

NO

3

TTL

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

3

5

5

50 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

59 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.5 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

3 mA

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

19.56 mm

ALS

SN74HC386N

Texas Instruments

XOR GATE

INDUSTRIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

CMOS

5

2/6

50 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

5.2 Amp

Gates

2.54 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

6 V

Not Qualified

2 V

SN74HC4078AJ

Texas Instruments

OR/NOR GATE

INDUSTRIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

CMOS

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Gates

2.54 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

Not Qualified

SN74AS808JP4

Texas Instruments

AND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

20

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

6

TTL

2

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP20,.3

6 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T20

5.5 V

4.5 V

86 mA

SN74HC4049NP1

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

INDUSTRIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

16

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

6

CMOS

1

5

2/6

IN-LINE

DIP16,.3

Gates

2.54 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T16

6 V

Not Qualified

2 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN7405J4

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

TTL

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

MM74C86N

Texas Instruments

XOR GATE

INDUSTRIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

4

CMOS

2

5

IN-LINE

185 ns

2.54 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

15 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

3 V

19.18 mm

CMOS

SN74HC805N

Texas Instruments

NOR GATE

INDUSTRIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

20

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

CMOS

5

2/6

50 pF

IN-LINE

DIP20,.3

7.8 Amp

Gates

2.54 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T20

6 V

Not Qualified

2 V

SN74ALS01N1

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

TTL

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

Not Qualified

SN54AHCT32J

Texas Instruments

OR GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

4

CMOS

2

5

50 pF

IN-LINE

9 ns

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.5 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

19.56 mm

AHCT/VHCT

CD74HC4049EE4

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

16

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

6

CMOS

1

TUBE

4.5

2/6

50 pF

IN-LINE

DIP16,.3

130 ns

4 Amp

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

DUAL

R-PDIP-T16

6 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

2 V

.04 mA

CMOS-TTL LEVEL TRANSLATOR

e4

19.305 mm

HC

SNJ54ALS1020J

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

TTL

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

Not Qualified

SN74AS1008N-10

Texas Instruments

AND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

4

TTL

2

5

50 pF

IN-LINE

5 ns

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.5 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

22 mA

19.305 mm

AS

SNJ54HCT00J

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

NO

4

CMOS

MIL-PRF-38535

2

TUBE

5

5

50 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

25 ns

4 Amp

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.5 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

19.56 mm

HCT

CD74HC32EE4

Texas Instruments

OR GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

4

CMOS

2

TUBE

5

2/6

50 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

135 ns

5.2 Amp

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

Nickel/Palladium/Gold (Ni/Pd/Au)

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

6 V

5.08 mm

6.35 mm

Not Qualified

2 V

.04 mA

e4

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

19.305 mm

HC/UH

SN74S15NP1

Texas Instruments

AND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

3

TTL

3

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

9 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.25 V

Not Qualified

4.75 V

SN7404NP1

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

6

TTL

1

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

22 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.25 V

Not Qualified

4.75 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN5450J

Texas Instruments

AND-OR-INVERT GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

NO

2

TTL

4

TUBE

5

5

15 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

15 ns

-.4 Amp

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

TIN LEAD

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.5 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

14 mA

1 EXPANDABLE FUNCTION

e0

19.56 mm

TTL/H/L

SN74ALS38N1

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

4

TTL

2

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

33 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

SN74LS15NP3

Texas Instruments

AND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

TTL

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

SNJ54LS86AJ

Texas Instruments

XOR GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

NO

4

TTL

MIL-PRF-38535

2

TUBE

5

5

15 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

30 ns

.8 Amp

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.5 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

10 mA

LG-MAX

e0

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

19.94 mm

LS

SN74H05J4

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

6

TTL

1

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

15 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

5.25 V

4.75 V

SN74H30N-10

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

1

TTL

8

5

25 pF

IN-LINE

12 ns

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.25 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

10 mA

19.305 mm

TTL/H/L

SN74H05N-10

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

6

TTL

1

5

25 pF

IN-LINE

12 ns

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.25 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.75 V

58 mA

19.305 mm

TTL/H/L

SN54LS27J-00

Texas Instruments

NOR GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

3

TTL

3

5

15 pF

IN-LINE

15 ns

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.5 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

6.8 mA

19.56 mm

LS

CD4030BF

Texas Instruments

XOR GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

NO

4

CMOS

2

TUBE

5

5/15

50 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

280 ns

1.5 Amp

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

18 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

3 V

.03 mA

e0

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

19.43 mm

4000/14000/40000

SN74HC7002NP1

Texas Instruments

NOR GATE

INDUSTRIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

NO

CMOS

5

2/6

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Gates

2.54 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

6 V

Not Qualified

2 V

SN74LS27JP4

Texas Instruments

NOR GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

TTL

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN74ALS1005J

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

6

TTL

1

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

30 ns

24 Amp

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

5.5 V

Not Qualified

4.5 V

12 mA

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN54HC02J

Texas Instruments

NOR GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

NO

4

CMOS

2

TUBE

5

2/6

50 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

135 ns

4 Amp

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

TIN LEAD

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

6 V

5.08 mm

6.67 mm

Not Qualified

2 V

.04 mA

LG-MAX

e0

19.56 mm

HC

SN54LV86AJ

Texas Instruments

XOR GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

4

CMOS

2

2.5

IN-LINE

26.5 ns

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.5 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

2 V

19.56 mm

LV/LV-A/LVX/H

SNJ54LS20J

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

NO

2

TTL

MIL-PRF-38535

4

TUBE

5

5

15 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

15 ns

.4 Amp

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.5 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

2.2 mA

e0

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

19.56 mm

LS

SNJ54L04J

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

NO

6

TTL

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

1

5

5

50 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

60 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.5 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

3.06 mA

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

19.56 mm

TTL/H/L

SN74AS800J4

Texas Instruments

AND/NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

20

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

TTL

IN-LINE

DIP20,.3

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T20

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN74ALS1004NP3

Texas Instruments

INVERTER

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

6

TTL

1

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

7 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.5 V

4.5 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN5420J

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

NO

2

TTL

4

5

5

15 pF

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

22 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.5 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

11 mA

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

19.56 mm

TTL/H/L

SN74S11NP1

Texas Instruments

AND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

3

TTL

3

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

20 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.25 V

Not Qualified

4.75 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN74L00N

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

4

TTL

2

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

60 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.25 V

Not Qualified

4.75 V

SNJ5409J-00

Texas Instruments

AND GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

4

TTL

2

5

15 pF

IN-LINE

24 ns

2.54 mm

125 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.5 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

33 mA

19.56 mm

TTL/H/L

SN74ALS11AN3

Texas Instruments

AND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

3

TTL

3

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

13 ns

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

5.5 V

4.5 V

SN74LS03J4

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

NO

TTL

5

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

DUAL

R-XDIP-T14

SN74ALS1832AN3

Texas Instruments

OR GATE

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

20

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

NO

TTL

IN-LINE

DIP20,.3

24 Amp

Gates

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T20

16 mA

SNJ54H50J-00

Texas Instruments

AND-OR-INVERT GATE

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

2

TTL

4

5

25 pF

IN-LINE

11 ns

2.54 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

R-GDIP-T14

5.5 V

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

4.5 V

24 mA

1 EXPANDABLE FUNCTION

19.56 mm

TTL/H/L

Logic Gates

Logic gates are electronic circuits that perform basic logical operations on one or more inputs to produce a single output. They are the building blocks of digital circuits and are used to implement digital logic functions, such as AND, OR, NOT, XOR, and NAND.

Logic gates are designed using various technologies, including transistor-transistor logic (TTL), complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS), and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). They can be classified into three main types based on their operation: combinational logic gates, sequential logic gates, and programmable logic gates.

Combinational logic gates are logic gates that produce an output based solely on the current input values. These gates include the AND gate, OR gate, NOT gate, XOR gate, and NAND gate. The output of a combinational logic gate depends on the input values and the logic function implemented by the gate.

Sequential logic gates are logic gates that have memory elements and can store information. These gates include the SR flip-flop, D flip-flop, JK flip-flop, and T flip-flop. The output of a sequential logic gate depends on the current input values and the previous state of the gate.

Programmable logic gates are logic gates that can be programmed to implement different logic functions. These gates include programmable logic arrays (PLAs), programmable array logic (PALs), and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Programmable logic gates can be reprogrammed to adapt to changing system requirements.

Logic gates are used in various applications, including digital signal processing, control systems, and memory systems. They are essential components of digital systems and can be found in many electronic devices, such as computers, mobile phones, and digital cameras.