XPG RAM Modules 117

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Part	Manufacturer	Brand Name	Product Line	Product Model	Product Type	Package Type	Memory Size	Memory Technology	Device Supported	Number of Pins	Memory Rank	Shipping Height	Weight (Approximate)	Environmental Certification	Environmentally Friendly	Limited Warranty	Signal Processing	Error Checking	Thickness	CAS Latency	Product Series	Packaged Quantity	Form Factor	Width	Product Name	Rugged	Shipping Width	Memory Voltage	Number of Modules	Length	Shipping Weight (Approximate)	Memory Speed	Shipping Depth	Country of Origin	Memory Standard
AX4U41338G19J-DW50	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	SPECTRIX D50		RAM Module		16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard			0.7 "				Lifetime				CL19					SPECTRIX D50 16GB (2 x 8GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit	Yes	6.5 "	1.4 V	2 x 8GB		0.2 lb	4133 MHz	6.6 "		DDR4-4133/PC4-33000
AX4U36008G18I-DT50	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	SPECTRIX D50	AX4U36008G18I-DT50	RAM Module		8 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard	288-pin		0.315 "		RoHS	Yes	Lifetime	Unbuffered		8.0 mm	CL18			DIMM	40 mm	SPECTRIX D50 AX4U36008G18I-DT50 8GB DDR4 SDRAM Memory Module		1.57 "	1.5 V		133.35 mm	2.875 lb	3600 MHz	5.25 "	Taiwan	DDR4-3600/PC4-28800
AX4U413338G19J-DT50	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	SPECTRIX D50		RAM Module		16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard	288-pin		0.7 "		RoHS	Yes	Lifetime			8 mm	CL19			DIMM	40 mm	SPECTRIX D50 16GB (2 x 8GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit	Yes	6.5 "	1.4 V	2 x 8GB	133.35 mm	0.2 lb	4133 MHz	6.6 "		DDR4-4133/PC4-33000
AX4U300038G16A-DGZ	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG			RAM Module		16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Desktop PC	288-pin		0.7 "		RoHS	Yes	Lifetime	Unbuffered		7.5 mm	CL16	Z1		DIMM	42.65 mm	Z1 16GB (2 x 8GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit		6.5 "	1.35 V	2 x 8GB	133.2 mm	0.2 lb	3000 MHz	6.6 "	Taiwan	DDR4-3000/PC4-24000
AX5U5200C3816G-DCLABK	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	LANCER		RAM Module		32 GB	DDR5 SDRAM	Desktop PC	288-pin	Single-rank	4.8 "	47 g	RoHS	Yes	Lifetime	Unbuffered	ECC	8 mm	CL38			DIMM	40 mm	LANCER 32GB (2 x 16GB) DDR5 SDRAM Memory Module		5.9 "	1.25 V	2 x 16GB	133.35 mm	0.31 lb	5200 MHz	0.6 "	Taiwan	DDR5 5200/PC5-41600
AX4U413338G19J-DW50	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	SPECTRIX D50		RAM Module		16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard	288-pin						Lifetime	Unbuffered			CL19			DIMM		SPECTRIX D50 16GB (2 x 8GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit			1.4 V	2 x 8GB			4133 MHz			DDR4-4133/PC4-33000
AX4U3200716G16A-DW50	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	SPECTRIX D50		RAM Module		32 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard	288-pin				RoHS	Yes	Lifetime	Unbuffered	Non-ECC	8 mm	CL16			DIMM	40 mm	SPECTRIX D50 32GB (2 x 16GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit			1.35 V	2 x 16GB	133.35 mm		3200 MHz			DDR4-3200/PC4-25600
AX4U360038G17-DR80	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	XPG SPECTRIX D80		RAM Module		16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Server, Desktop PC, Motherboard	288-pin			50 g				Unbuffered		8.8 mm	CL17			DIMM	46.65 mm	XPG SPECTRIX D80 16GB (2 x 8GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit			1.35 V	2 x 8GB	138 mm		3600 MHz			DDR4-3600/PC4-28800
AX4U3200716G16A-DT41	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	SPECTRIX D41		RAM Module		32 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard	288-pin		0.7 "		RoHS	Yes	Lifetime	Unbuffered		8.0 mm	CL16			DIMM	45.8 mm	SPECTRIX D41 32GB (2 x 16GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit		6.5 "	1.35 V	2 x 16GB	133.3 mm	0.2 lb	3200 MHz	6.6 "		DDR4-3200/PC4-25600
AX4U360038G18A-DR41	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	SPECTRIX D41		RAM Module		16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard	288-pin				RoHS	Yes	Lifetime	Unbuffered	Non-ECC	8 mm	CL18			DIMM	45.8 mm	SPECTRIX D41 16GB (2 x 8GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit			1.35 V	2 x 8GB	133.3 mm		3600 MHz			DDR4-3600/PC4-28800
AX3U3100W4G12-DGV	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG			RAM Module		8 GB	DDR3 SDRAM	Desktop PC	240-pin			42 g						7.5 mm	CL12	V2		DIMM	43.5 mm	V2 8GB (2 x 4GB) DDR3 SDRAM Memory Kit			1.65 V	2 x 4GB	133 mm		3100 MHz			DDR3-3100/PC3-24800
AX4U213338G15-SBF	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	Premier		RAM Module		8 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Desktop PC	288-pin						Lifetime	Unbuffered			CL15			DIMM		Premier 8GB DDR4 SDRAM Memory Module			1.2 V				2133 MHz			DDR4-2133/PC4-17000
AX4U300038G16A-DB30	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	GAMMIX D30		RAM Module		16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard	288-pin		0.98 "		RoHS, REACH	Yes	Lifetime			8.1 mm	CL16			DIMM	44.7 mm	GAMMIX D30 16GB (2 x 8GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit		5.65 "	1.35 V	2 x 8GB	133 mm	0.23 lb	3000 MHz	4.92 "	Taiwan	DDR4-3000/PC4-24000
AX4U360038G18A-DR80	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	SPECTRIX D80		RAM Module		16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard	288-pin		0.7 "				Lifetime	Unbuffered		8.8 mm	CL18			DIMM	46.65 mm	SPECTRIX D80 (2 x 8GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit		6.5 "	1.35 V	2 x 8GB	138 mm	0.2 lb	3600 MHz	6.6 "		DDR4-3600/PC4-28800
AX4U480038G19K-DGM50X	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	SPECTRIX D50 Xtreme		RAM Module		16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard	288-pin		0.7 "		RoHS	Yes	Lifetime	Unbuffered		8.0 mm	CL19			DIMM	40 mm	SPECTRIX D50 Xtreme 16GB (2 x 8GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit		6.5 "		2 x 8GB	133.35 mm	0.2 lb	4800 MHz	6.6 "		DDR4-4800/PC4-2133
AX3U1600C4G9-DR	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG			RAM Module		8 GB	DDR3 SDRAM	Desktop PC	240-pin								Non-ECC		CL9	XPG V1.0		DIMM		XPG V1.0 8GB (2 x 4GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit			1.5 V	2 x 4GB			1600 MHz			DDR3-1600/PC3-12800
AX4U32008G16A-DB41	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	SPECTRIX D41		RAM Module		16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard	288-pin		0.7 "		RoHS	Yes	Lifetime		Non-ECC	8.0 mm				DIMM	45.8 mm	SPECTRIX D41 16GB (2 x 8GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit		6.5 "	1.35 V	2 x 8GB	133.3 mm	0.2 lb	3200 MHz	6.6 "		DDR4-3200/PC4-25600
AX4U32008G16A-DR30	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	GAMMIX D30		RAM Module		16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard, Computer			0.319 "				Lifetime			8.1 mm	CL16				44.7 mm	GAMMIX D30 16GB (2 x 8GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit		1.76 "	1.35 V	2 x 8GB	133 mm	0.086 lb	3200 MHz	5.248 "	Taiwan	DDR4-3200/PC4-25600
AX5U6000C4016G-DCCARGY	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	CASTER RGB	AX5U6000C4016G-DCCARGY	RAM Module		32 GB	DDR5 SDRAM	Desktop PC, Motherboard, Notebook	288-pin	Single-rank		52.6 g	RoHS	Yes	Lifetime	Unbuffered	On-die ECC	8.44 mm	CL40		1	DIMM	43 mm	CASTER RGB AX5U6000C4016G-DCCARGY 32GB (2 x 16GB) DDR SDRAM Memory Kit			1.4 V	2 x 16GB	133.35 mm		6000 MHz		Taiwan	DDR5-6000/PC5-48000
AX4U3600716G18A-DW50	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	SPECTRIX D50		RAM Module		32 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard							Lifetime				CL18					SPECTRIX D50 32GB (2 x 16GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit	Yes		1.35 V	2 x 16GB			3600 MHz			DDR4-3600/PC4-28800
AX4U36008G18A-DT41	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	SPECTRIX D41		RAM Module		16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard			0.7 "		RoHS	Yes	Lifetime			8.0 mm					45.8 mm	SPECTRIX D41 16GB (2 x 8GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit		6.5 "	1.35 V	2 x 8GB	133.3 mm	0.2 lb	3600 MHz	6.6 "		DDR4-3600/PC4-28800
AX4U32008G16A-DW50	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	SPECTRIX D50		RAM Module		16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Desktop PC, Notebook, Motherboard	288-pin		0.31 "		RoHS	Yes	Lifetime	Unbuffered	Non-ECC	8.0 mm	CL16			DIMM	40 mm	SPECTRIX D50 16GB (2 x 8GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit		1.57 "	1.35 V	2 x 8GB	133.35 mm	0.42 lb	3200 MHz	5.25 "	Taiwan	DDR4-3200/PC4-25600
AX4U360016G18I-DW50	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	SPECTRIX D50	AX4U360016G18I-DW50	RAM Module		16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard	288-pin	Single-rank			RoHS	Yes	Lifetime	Unbuffered		8.0 mm	CL18			DIMM	40 mm	Spectrix D50 16GB (2 x 8GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit			1.5 V		133.35 mm		4133 MHz			DDR4-4133/PC4-33000
AX4S2666716G18-SBHT	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	Hunter	AX4S2666716G18-SBHT	RAM Module		16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Notebook	260-pin				RoHS	Yes	Lifetime			7.5 mm	CL18			SoDIMM	33 mm	Hunter AX4S2666716G18-SBHT 16GB DDR4 SDRAM Memory Module			1.2 V	1 x 16GB	69.5 mm		2666 MHz			DDR4-2666/PC4-21300
AX4U3200716G16A-DR30	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	GAMMIX D30		RAM Module		32 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard, Desktop PC	288-pin		0.7 "		RoHS, REACH	Yes	Lifetime	Unbuffered, Unregistered		8.1 mm	CL16			DIMM	44.7 mm	GAMMIX D30 DDR4 Memory Module		6.5 "	1.5 V	2 x 16GB	133 mm	0.2 lb	3200 MHz	6.6 "	Taiwan	DDR4-3200/PC4-25600
AX4U300038G16A-DBZ	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	Z1		RAM Module		16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Desktop PC	288-pin													DIMM		Z1 16GB (2x8GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit			1.35 V	2 x 8GB			3000 MHz			DDR4-3000/PC4-24000
AX4U3200316G16A-DT60	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	SPECTRIX D60G		RAM Module		32 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard, Desktop PC							Lifetime				CL16					SPECTRIX D60G 32GB (2 x 16GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit			1.35 V	2 x 16GB			3200 MHz			DDR4-3200/PC4-25600
AX4U3000716G16A-DR30	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	GAMMIX D30		RAM Module		32 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard, Desktop PC	288-pin		0.7 "		RoHS	Yes	Lifetime	Unbuffered		8.1 mm	CL16			DIMM	44.7 mm	GAMMIX D30 32GB (2 x 16GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit		6.5 "	1.35 V	2 x 16GB	133 mm	0.2 lb	3000 MHz	6.6 "	Taiwan	DDR4-3000/PC4-24000
AX4U266638G16-DB30	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	GAMMIX D30	AX4U266638G16-DB30	RAM Module	Retail	8 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard	288-pin				RoHS	Yes	Lifetime	Unbuffered		8.1 mm	CL16			DIMM	44.7 mm	GAMMIX D30 AX4U266638G16-DB30 8GB DDR4 SDRAM Memory Module					133.3 mm		2666 MHz			DDR4-2666/PC4-21300
AX4U320016G16A-DR41	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	SPECTRIX D41		RAM Module		32 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard	288-pin		0.7 "		RoHS	Yes	Lifetime			8.0 mm	CL16			DIMM	45.8 mm	SPECTRIX D41 32GB (2 x 16GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit		6.5 "		2 x 16GB	133.3 mm	0.2 lb	3200 GHz	6.6 "		DDR4-3200/PC4-25600
AX3U1600C4G11-RD	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG			RAM Module		4 GB	DDR3 SDRAM	Desktop PC	240-pin	Single-rank									CL11	V1.0		DIMM		V1.0 4GB DDR3 SDRAM Memory Module			1.5 V	1 x 4GB			1600 MHz			DDR3-1600/PC3-12800
AX4U320038G16-DR80	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	SPECTRIX D80		RAM Module	Retail	16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Desktop PC	288-pin							Unbuffered		8.8 mm	CL16			DIMM	46.65 mm	SPECTRIX D80 16GB (2 x 8GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit			1.35 V	2 x 8GB	138 mm		3200 MHz			DDR4-3200/PC4-25600
AX4U3000316G16A-SB30	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	GAMMIX D30	AX4U3000316G16A-SB30	RAM Module		16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard, Desktop PC	288-pin				RoHS	Yes	Lifetime	Unbuffered, Unregistered	Non-ECC	8.1 mm	CL19		1	DIMM	44.7 mm	GAMMIX D30 AX4U3000316G16A-SB30 16GB DDR4 SDRAM Memory Module			1.2 V	1 x 16GB	133.3 mm		3000 MHz			DDR4-3000/PC4-24000
AX4U3200316G16-SB30	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	GAMMIX D30	AX4U3200316G16-SB30	RAM Module	Retail	16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM		288-pin				RoHS	Yes	Lifetime	Unbuffered		8.1 mm	CL16			DIMM	44.7 mm	GAMMIX D30 AX4U3200316G16-SB30 16GB DDR4 SDRAM Memory Module			1.5 V	1 x 16GB	133.3 mm		3200 MHz			DDR4-3200/PC4-25600
AX4U320088G16A-DB30	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	GAMMIX D30		RAM Module		16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard							Lifetime			8.1 mm	CL16				44.7 mm	GAMMIX D30 16GB (2 x 8GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit			1.35 V	2 x 8GB	133 mm		3200 MHz			DDR4-3200/PC4-25600
AX4U36008G18I-DW50	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	SPECTRIX D50	AX4U36008G18I-DW50	RAM Module		8 GB		Motherboard	288-pin	Single-rank			RoHS	Yes	Lifetime	Unbuffered		8.0 mm	CL18			DIMM	40 mm	SPECTRIX D50 AX4U36008G18I-DW50 8GB DDR4 SDRAM Memory Module			1.5 V		133.35 mm		3600 MHz			DDR4-3600/PC4-28800
AX4U320038G16-DT60	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	SPECTRIX D60G	AX4U320038G16-DT60	RAM Module		8 GB	DDR4 SDRAM		288-pin				RoHS	Yes	Lifetime	Unbuffered	Non-ECC	8.4 mm	CL16			DIMM	45.93 mm	SPECTRIX D60G AX4U320038G16-DT60 8GB DDR4 SDRAM Memory Module			1.35 V		133.35 mm		3200 MHz			DDR4-3200/PC4-25600
AX5U6000C4016G-DCLARBK	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG		AX5U6000C4016G-DCLARBK	RAM Module	Retail	16 GB	DDR5 SDRAM	Desktop PC	288-pin	Single-rank	4.8 "	47 g	RoHS	Yes	Lifetime	Unbuffered, Unregistered	ECC	8 mm	CL40	LANCER RGB		DIMM	40 mm	LANCER RGB 16GB DDR5 SDRAM Memory Module		5.9 "	1.35 V	2 x 16GB	133.35 mm	0.31 lb	6000 MHz	0.6 "		DDR5-6000/PC5-48000
AX4U320038G16A-DGZ	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	XPG Z1		RAM Module		16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM				0.7 "		REACH, RoHS, China RoHS, Taiwan RoHS	Yes	Lifetime				CL16					XPG Z1 16GB (2 x 8GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit		6.5 "		2 x 8GB		0.2 lb	3200 MHz	6.6 "	Taiwan	DDR4-3200/PC4-25600
AX4U41338G19J-DT50	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	SPECTRIX D50		RAM Module		16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard			0.7 "				Lifetime				CL19					SPECTRIX D50 16GB (2 x 8GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit	Yes	6.5 "	1.4 V	2 x 8GB		0.2 lb	4133 MHz	6.6 "		DDR4-4133/PC4-33000
AX4U3000W8G16-QGZ	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	Z1		RAM Module		32 GB	DDR4 SDRAM		288-pin	Quadruple-rank		0.1 lb				Unbuffered	Non-ECC		CL16			DIMM		Z1 32GB (4 x 8GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit			1.35 V	4 x 8GB			3000 MHz			DDR4-3000/PC4-24000
AX4U3000716G16A-DT50	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	SPECTRIX D50		RAM Module		32 GB	DDR4 SDRAM				0.7 "		RoHS, REACH	Yes	Lifetime			8.0 mm	CL16				40 mm	SPECTRIX D50 32GB (2 x 16GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit		6.5 "	1.35 V	2 x 16GB	133.35 mm	0.2 lb	3000 MHz	6.6 "	Taiwan	DDR4-3000/PC4-24000
AX4U2666316G16-SB30	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	GAMMIX D30	AX4U2666316G16-SB30	RAM Module		16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard	288-pin				RoHS	Yes	Lifetime	Unbuffered		8.1 mm	CL16			DIMM	44.7 mm	GAMMIX D30 AX4U2666316G16-SB30 16GB DDR4 SDRAM Memory Module			1.2 V		133.3 mm		2666 MHz			DDR4-2666/PC4-21333
AX4U320088G16A-DT60	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	SPECTRIX D60G		RAM Module		16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Desktop PC	288-pin							Unbuffered			CL16			DIMM		SPECTRIX D60G 16GB (2 x 8GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit			1.35 V	2 x 8GB			3200 MHz			DDR4-3200/PC4-25600
AX4U300038G16A-DT41	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	SPECTRIX D41		RAM Module		16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard, Desktop PC	288-pin		0.98 "		RoHS, REACH	Yes	Lifetime				CL16			DIMM		SPECTRIX D41 DDR4 RGB Memory Kit		5.65 "	1.35 V	2 x 8GB		0.23 lb	3000 MHz	4.92 "	Taiwan	DDR4-3000/PC4-24000
AX4U413338G19J-DT60	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	SPECTRIX D60G		RAM Module		16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard, Desktop PC							Lifetime				CL19					SPECTRIX D60G 16GB (2 x 8GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit			1.4 V	2 x 8GB			4133 MHz		China	DDR4-4133/PC4-33000
AX4U50008G19M-DGM50X	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	SPECTRIX D50		RAM Module		16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM		288-pin		0.7 "								CL19			DIMM		SPECTRIX D50 16GB (2 x 8GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit		6.5 "	1.6 V	2 x 8GB		0.2 lb	5000 MHz	6.6 "
AX4U36008G18A-DW50	ADATA Technology Co., Ltd	XPG	SPECTRIX D50		RAM Module		16 GB	DDR4 SDRAM	Motherboard			0.7 "				Lifetime				CL18					SPECTRIX D50 16GB (2 x 8GB) DDR4 SDRAM Memory Kit	Yes	6.5 "	1.35 V	2 x 8GB		0.2 lb	3600 MHz	6.6 "		DDR4-3600/PC4-28800

RAM Modules

RAM (Random Access Memory) modules, also known as memory modules or memory sticks, are essential components of computer systems, providing temporary storage for data and program instructions that the CPU needs to access quickly. RAM modules are composed of semiconductor memory chips mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB). They come in various form factors, such as DIMM (Dual In-Line Memory Module) and SO-DIMM (Small Outline Dual In-Line Memory Module), and different types, including DDR (Double Data Rate), DDR2, DDR3, and DDR4, each offering different data transfer rates and capacities. RAM modules play a crucial role in system performance, affecting tasks such as multitasking, gaming, and multimedia editing.