Part | RoHS | Manufacturer | Oscillator Type | Mounting Feature | No. of Terminals | Package Body Material | Frequency Tolerance | Maximum Supply Voltage | Technology | Maximum Supply Current | Nominal Supply Voltage | Power Supplies (V) | Package Equivalence Code | Maximum Rise Time | Sub-Category | Physical Dimension | Minimum Supply Voltage | Maximum Operating Temperature | Minimum Operating Temperature | Terminal Finish | Nominal Operating Frequency | Maximum Fall Time | Maximum Symmetry (%) | Manufacturer Series | Qualification | Maximum Output Low Current | Additional Features | Output Compatibility | JESD-609 Code | Minimum Operating Frequency | Maximum Operating Frequency |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Seiko Epson |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
CERAMIC |
100 ppm |
3.6 V |
100 mA |
3.3 V |
3.3 |
DILCC6,.2 |
.4 ms |
Other Oscillators |
7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.2mm |
3 V |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
Nickel/Gold (Ni/Au) |
125 MHz |
.4 ns |
55/45 |
Not Qualified |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; TAPE AND REEL |
LVPECL |
e4 |
100 MHz |
700 MHz |
||||
|
Seiko Epson |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
CERAMIC |
100 ppm |
3.6 V |
100 mA |
3.3 V |
3.3 |
DILCC6,.2 |
.4 ms |
Other Oscillators |
7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.2mm |
3 V |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
Nickel/Gold (Ni/Au) |
125 MHz |
.4 ns |
55/45 |
Not Qualified |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; TAPE AND REEL |
LVPECL |
e4 |
100 MHz |
700 MHz |
||||
|
Seiko Epson |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
CERAMIC |
30 mA |
2.5 V |
2.5 |
DILCC6,.2 |
Other Oscillators |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
Gold (Au) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
125 MHz |
Not Qualified |
e4 |
53.125 MHz |
700 MHz |
|||||||||||||
|
Seiko Epson |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
CERAMIC |
100 ppm |
2.625 V |
30 mA |
2.5 V |
2.5 |
DILCC6,.2 |
.4 ms |
Other Oscillators |
7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.2mm |
2.375 V |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
Gold (Au) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
200 MHz |
.4 ns |
55/45 |
Not Qualified |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; TAPE AND REEL |
LVDS |
e4 |
53.125 MHz |
700 MHz |
||||
|
Txc |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Seiko Epson |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
CERAMIC |
HYBRID |
100 mA |
3.3 V |
3.3 |
DILCC6,.2 |
Other Oscillators |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
Gold (Au) |
125 MHz |
Not Qualified |
e4 |
100 MHz |
700 MHz |
||||||||||||
|
Seiko Epson |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
CERAMIC |
30 mA |
2.5 V |
2.5 |
DILCC6,.2 |
Other Oscillators |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
Gold (Au) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
200 MHz |
Not Qualified |
e4 |
53.125 MHz |
700 MHz |
|||||||||||||
|
Seiko Epson |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
CERAMIC |
50 ppm |
2.625 V |
30 mA |
2.5 V |
2.5 |
DILCC6,.2 |
.4 ms |
Other Oscillators |
7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.2mm |
2.375 V |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
Gold (Au) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
200 MHz |
.4 ns |
55/45 |
Not Qualified |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; TAPE AND REEL |
LVDS |
e4 |
53.125 MHz |
700 MHz |
||||
Txc |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Seiko Epson |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
CERAMIC |
80 mA |
2.5 V |
2.5 |
DILCC6,.2 |
Other Oscillators |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
Gold (Au) |
125 MHz |
Not Qualified |
e4 |
53.125 MHz |
500 MHz |
|||||||||||||
|
Seiko Epson |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
CERAMIC |
CMOS |
20 mA |
1.8 V |
1.8 |
DILCC4,.2,200 |
Other Oscillators |
70 Cel |
-10 Cel |
Gold (Au) |
100 MHz |
Not Qualified |
6 Amp |
e4 |
50 MHz |
170 MHz |
|||||||||||
|
Seiko Epson |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
CERAMIC |
CMOS |
20 mA |
1.8 V |
1.8 |
DILCC4,.2,200 |
Other Oscillators |
70 Cel |
-10 Cel |
Gold (Au) |
106.25 MHz |
Not Qualified |
6 Amp |
e4 |
50 MHz |
170 MHz |
|||||||||||
|
Seiko Epson |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
CERAMIC |
CMOS |
20 mA |
1.8 V |
1.8 |
DILCC4,.2,200 |
Other Oscillators |
70 Cel |
-10 Cel |
Gold (Au) |
150 MHz |
Not Qualified |
6 Amp |
e4 |
50 MHz |
170 MHz |
|||||||||||
|
Seiko Epson |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
CERAMIC |
30 mA |
3.3 V |
3.3 |
DILCC6,.2 |
Other Oscillators |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
GOLD |
100 MHz |
Not Qualified |
e4 |
100 MHz |
700 MHz |
|||||||||||||
|
Seiko Epson |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
CERAMIC |
30 mA |
3.3 V |
3.3 |
DILCC6,.2 |
Other Oscillators |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
GOLD |
100 MHz |
Not Qualified |
e4 |
100 MHz |
700 MHz |
|||||||||||||
|
Seiko Epson |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
GOLD |
e4 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Seiko Epson |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
CERAMIC |
100 ppm |
3.6 V |
50 mA |
3.3 V |
3.3 |
DILCC4,.2,200 |
2 ms |
Other Oscillators |
7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.2mm |
3 V |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
Gold (Au) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
125 MHz |
2 ns |
55/45 |
EG-2001CA |
Not Qualified |
8 Amp |
TRI-STATE; OUTPUT ENABLE FUNCTION; TAPE AND REEL |
CMOS |
e4 |
106.25 MHz |
170 MHz |
||
|
Seiko Epson |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
CERAMIC |
CMOS |
20 mA |
1.8 V |
1.8 |
DILCC4,.2,200 |
Other Oscillators |
70 Cel |
-10 Cel |
Gold (Au) |
125 MHz |
Not Qualified |
6 Amp |
e4 |
50 MHz |
170 MHz |
|||||||||||
|
Seiko Epson |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
CERAMIC |
CMOS |
20 mA |
1.8 V |
1.8 |
DILCC4,.2,200 |
Other Oscillators |
70 Cel |
-10 Cel |
Gold (Au) |
75 MHz |
Not Qualified |
6 Amp |
e4 |
50 MHz |
170 MHz |
|||||||||||
|
Seiko Epson |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
CERAMIC |
80 mA |
2.5 V |
2.5 |
DILCC6,.2 |
Other Oscillators |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
Gold (Au) |
200 MHz |
Not Qualified |
e4 |
53.125 MHz |
500 MHz |
|||||||||||||
|
Seiko Epson |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
CERAMIC |
50 ppm |
3.63 V |
60 mA |
3.3 V |
3.3 |
DILCC6,.2 |
.4 ms |
Other Oscillators |
7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.2mm |
2.97 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
Gold (Au) |
106.25 MHz |
.4 ns |
55/45 |
Not Qualified |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT |
LVPECL |
e4 |
||||||
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
3.465 V |
SOLCC6,.1,37 |
3.3mm x 2.6mm x 1.0mm |
2.375 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
55/45 |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; MIL-STD-883F |
HCSL |
1 MHz |
400 MHz |
|||||||||||||||
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
3.465 V |
DILCC4,.08,65 |
1 ms |
2.6mm x 2.1mm x 1.0mm |
2.375 V |
105 Cel |
-40 Cel |
1 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; MIL-STD-883F |
LVCMOS |
1 MHz |
200 MHz |
|||||||||||||
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
3.465 V |
DILCC4,.08,65 |
1 ms |
2.6mm x 2.1mm x 1.0mm |
2.375 V |
105 Cel |
-40 Cel |
1 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; MIL-STD-883F |
LVCMOS |
1 MHz |
200 MHz |
|||||||||||||
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
3.465 V |
DILCC4,.08,65 |
1 ms |
2.6mm x 2.1mm x 1.0mm |
2.375 V |
105 Cel |
-40 Cel |
1 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; MIL-STD-883F |
LVCMOS |
1 MHz |
200 MHz |
|||||||||||||
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
3.465 V |
DILCC4,.08,65 |
1 ms |
2.6mm x 2.1mm x 1.0mm |
2.375 V |
105 Cel |
-40 Cel |
1 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; MIL-STD-883F |
LVCMOS |
1 MHz |
200 MHz |
|||||||||||||
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
3.465 V |
DILCC4,.08,65 |
1 ms |
2.6mm x 2.1mm x 1.0mm |
2.375 V |
105 Cel |
-40 Cel |
1 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; MIL-STD-883F |
LVCMOS |
1 MHz |
200 MHz |
|||||||||||||
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
3.465 V |
DILCC4,.1,83 |
1 ms |
3.3mm x 2.6mm x 1.0mm |
2.375 V |
105 Cel |
-40 Cel |
1 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; MIL-STD-883F |
LVCMOS |
1 MHz |
200 MHz |
|||||||||||||
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
3.465 V |
DILCC4,.1,83 |
1 ms |
3.3mm x 2.6mm x 1.0mm |
2.375 V |
105 Cel |
-40 Cel |
1 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; MIL-STD-883F |
LVCMOS |
1 MHz |
200 MHz |
|||||||||||||
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
3.465 V |
DILCC4,.08,65 |
1 ms |
2.6mm x 2.1mm x 1.0mm |
2.375 V |
105 Cel |
-40 Cel |
1 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; MIL-STD-883F |
LVCMOS |
1 MHz |
200 MHz |
|||||||||||||
|
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
3.465 V |
SOLCC6,.1,37 |
.2 ms |
3.3mm x 2.6mm x 1.0mm |
2.375 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD |
.2 ns |
55/45 |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; MIL-STD-883F |
LVPECL |
e4 |
1 MHz |
400 MHz |
||||||||||
|
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
3.465 V |
SOLCC6,.1,37 |
.2 ms |
3.3mm x 2.6mm x 1.0mm |
2.375 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD |
.2 ns |
55/45 |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; MIL-STD-883F |
LVPECL |
e4 |
1 MHz |
400 MHz |
||||||||||
|
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
1.89 V |
1.8 V |
DILCC4,.08,65 |
1 ms |
2.6mm x 2.1mm x 1.0mm |
1.71 V |
105 Cel |
-40 Cel |
NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD |
1 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; MIL-STD-883F |
LVCMOS |
1 MHz |
200 MHz |
||||||||||
|
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
3.465 V |
DILCC4,.08,65 |
1 ms |
2.6mm x 2.1mm x 1.0mm |
2.375 V |
105 Cel |
-40 Cel |
NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD |
1 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; MIL-STD-883F |
LVCMOS |
1 MHz |
200 MHz |
|||||||||||
|
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
3.465 V |
DILCC4,.08,65 |
1 ms |
2.6mm x 2.1mm x 1.0mm |
2.375 V |
105 Cel |
-40 Cel |
NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD |
1 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; MIL-STD-883F |
LVCMOS |
1 MHz |
200 MHz |
|||||||||||
|
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
3.465 V |
SOLCC6,.08,32 |
2.6mm x 2.1mm x 1.0mm |
2.375 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD |
55/45 |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; MIL-STD-883F |
HCSL |
1 MHz |
400 MHz |
|||||||||||||
|
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
3.465 V |
SOLCC6,.08,32 |
2.6mm x 2.1mm x 1.0mm |
2.375 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD |
55/45 |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; MIL-STD-883F |
HCSL |
1 MHz |
400 MHz |
|||||||||||||
|
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
1.89 V |
1.8 V |
DILCC4,.08,65 |
1 ms |
2.6mm x 2.1mm x 1.0mm |
1.71 V |
105 Cel |
-40 Cel |
NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD |
1 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; MIL-STD-883F |
LVCMOS |
1 MHz |
200 MHz |
||||||||||
|
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
3.465 V |
SOLCC6,.08,32 |
.25 ms |
2.6mm x 2.1mm x 1.0mm |
2.375 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD |
.25 ns |
55/45 |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; MIL-STD-883F |
LVDS |
1 MHz |
400 MHz |
|||||||||||
|
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
3.465 V |
SOLCC6,.08,32 |
.25 ms |
2.6mm x 2.1mm x 1.0mm |
2.375 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD |
.25 ns |
55/45 |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; MIL-STD-883F |
LVDS |
1 MHz |
400 MHz |
|||||||||||
|
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
3.465 V |
SOLCC6,.08,32 |
.2 ms |
2.6mm x 2.1mm x 1.0mm |
2.375 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD |
.2 ns |
55/45 |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; MIL-STD-883F |
LVPECL |
1 MHz |
400 MHz |
|||||||||||
|
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
3.465 V |
SOLCC6,.08,32 |
.2 ms |
2.6mm x 2.1mm x 1.0mm |
2.375 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD |
.2 ns |
55/45 |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; MIL-STD-883F |
LVPECL |
1 MHz |
400 MHz |
|||||||||||
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
1.89 V |
1.8 V |
SOLCC6,.08,32 |
2.6mm x 2.1mm x 1.0mm |
1.71 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
55/45 |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; MIL-STD-883F |
HCSL |
1 MHz |
400 MHz |
||||||||||||||
|
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
3.465 V |
DILCC4,.1,83 |
1 ms |
3.3mm x 2.6mm x 1.0mm |
2.375 V |
105 Cel |
-40 Cel |
NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD |
1 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; MIL-STD-883F |
LVCMOS |
1 MHz |
200 MHz |
|||||||||||
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
3.465 V |
SOLCC6,.1,37 |
3.3mm x 2.6mm x 1.0mm |
2.375 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
55/45 |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; MIL-STD-883F |
HCSL |
1 MHz |
400 MHz |
|||||||||||||||
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
1.89 V |
1.8 V |
DILCC4,.08,65 |
1 ms |
2.6mm x 2.1mm x 1.0mm |
1.71 V |
105 Cel |
-40 Cel |
1 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; MIL-STD-883F |
LVCMOS |
1 MHz |
200 MHz |
||||||||||||
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
3.465 V |
SOLCC6,.1,37 |
.25 ms |
3.3mm x 2.6mm x 1.0mm |
2.375 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
.25 ns |
55/45 |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; MIL-STD-883F |
LVDS |
1 MHz |
400 MHz |
|||||||||||||
Texas Instruments |
SAW OSCILLATOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
25 ppm |
3.465 V |
SOLCC6,.1,37 |
.25 ms |
3.3mm x 2.6mm x 1.0mm |
2.375 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
.25 ns |
55/45 |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; MIL-STD-883F |
LVDS |
1 MHz |
400 MHz |
Fixed clock SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) oscillators are electronic devices that generate stable clock signals for use in a variety of applications, such as communication systems, data storage systems, and timing circuits. They consist of a SAW resonator, which is a device that uses acoustic waves to generate a stable frequency, and an amplifier, which amplifies the signal to a usable level.
The SAW resonator works by converting electrical signals into acoustic waves that propagate through a piezoelectric substrate. These waves bounce back and forth between the resonator's electrodes, generating a stable oscillation frequency. The frequency of the signal is determined by the physical characteristics of the resonator, such as the thickness of the substrate and the spacing between the electrodes.
One of the advantages of fixed clock SAW oscillators is their high stability and accuracy. They can generate clock signals with a very low frequency drift and jitter, making them ideal for use in applications that require precise timing.
Another advantage of fixed clock SAW oscillators is their low power consumption and small form factor. They consume less power and require less space than other types of clock oscillators, making them a popular choice in portable devices such as smartphones, laptops, and tablets.