6 VCXO Clock Oscillators 2,400+

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Part RoHS Manufacturer Oscillator Type Mounting Feature No. of Terminals Frequency Stability Frequency Adjustment (Mechanical) Package Body Material Maximum Supply Voltage Technology Output Load Maximum Supply Current Nominal Supply Voltage Power Supplies (V) Package Equivalence Code Maximum Rise Time Linearity Sub-Category Physical Dimension Minimum Supply Voltage Maximum Operating Temperature Minimum Control Voltage Minimum Operating Temperature Terminal Finish Frequency Deviation or Pullability Nominal Operating Frequency Maximum Control Voltage Maximum Fall Time Maximum Symmetry (%) Manufacturer Series Qualification Maximum Output Low Current Additional Features JESD-609 Code Minimum Operating Frequency Maximum Operating Frequency

8N4QV01LG-0053CD8

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

20 %

NO

CERAMIC

2.625 V

100 OHM

2.5 V

DILCC6,.2

.425 ms

10 %

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.55mm

2.375 V

70 Cel

0 V

0 Cel

754.5 ppm

160 MHz

2.5 V

.425 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ

XUQ71V155.520000X

Renesas Electronics

LVPECL

SURFACE MOUNT

6

NO

1.89 V

50 OHM

1.8 V

.35 ms

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.3mm

1.71 V

70 Cel

-20 Cel

50 ppm

155.52 MHz

.35 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; COMPLEMENTARY OUTPUT

XLH73V021.096100I

Renesas Electronics

HCMOS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

NO

3.465 V

15 pF

3.3 V

DILCC6,.2

3 ms

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.3mm

3.135 V

85 Cel

-40 Cel

50 ppm

21.0961 MHz

3 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; ALSO COMPATIBLE WITH LVCMOS O/P

XLH73V199.680000I

Renesas Electronics

HCMOS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

NO

3.465 V

15 pF

3.3 V

DILCC6,.2

3 ms

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.3mm

3.135 V

85 Cel

-40 Cel

50 ppm

199.68 MHz

3 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; ALSO COMPATIBLE WITH LVCMOS O/P

XLH73V134.400000I

Renesas Electronics

HCMOS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

NO

3.465 V

15 pF

3.3 V

DILCC6,.2

3 ms

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.3mm

3.135 V

85 Cel

-40 Cel

50 ppm

134.4 MHz

3 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; ALSO COMPATIBLE WITH LVCMOS O/P

8N4QV01KG-0074CD8

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

20 %

NO

CERAMIC

3.465 V

100 OHM

3.3 V

DILCC6,.2

.425 ms

10 %

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.55mm

3.135 V

70 Cel

0 V

0 Cel

754.5 ppm

106.25 MHz

3.3 V

.425 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ

XUO72V312.500000I

Renesas Electronics

HCSL

SURFACE MOUNT

6

100 %

NO

2.625 V

50 OHM

102 mA

2.5 V

DILCC6,.2

.315 ms

7mm x 5mm x 1.3mm

2.375 V

85 Cel

-40 Cel

50 ppm

312.5 MHz

.315 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; COMPLEMENTARY OUTPUT

8N4QV01FG-0099CD8

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

50 %

NO

CERAMIC

2.625 V

100 OHM

2.5 V

DILCC6,.2

.425 ms

10 %

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.55mm

2.375 V

70 Cel

0 V

0 Cel

754.5 ppm

312.5 MHz

2.5 V

.425 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ

8N4QV01FG-0070CDI8

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

50 %

NO

CERAMIC

2.625 V

100 OHM

155 mA

2.5 V

DILCC6,.2

.425 ms

10 %

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.55mm

2.375 V

85 Cel

0 V

-40 Cel

754.5 ppm

250 MHz

2.5 V

.425 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ

8N4QV01LG-0094CDI8

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

20 %

NO

CERAMIC

2.625 V

100 OHM

155 mA

2.5 V

DILCC6,.2

.425 ms

10 %

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.55mm

2.375 V

85 Cel

0 V

-40 Cel

754.5 ppm

125 MHz

2.5 V

.425 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ

8N4QV01BG-0167CDI8

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

100 %

NO

CERAMIC

2.625 V

100 OHM

155 mA

2.5 V

DILCC6,.2

.425 ms

10 %

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.55mm

2.375 V

85 Cel

0 V

-40 Cel

754.5 ppm

102 MHz

2.5 V

.425 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ

8N4QV01KG-0031CD8

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

20 %

NO

CERAMIC

3.465 V

100 OHM

3.3 V

DILCC6,.2

.425 ms

10 %

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.55mm

3.135 V

70 Cel

0 V

0 Cel

754.5 ppm

156.25 MHz

3.3 V

.425 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ

XLH73V024.000000X

Renesas Electronics

HCMOS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

100 %

NO

3.465 V

15 pF

3.3 V

3 ms

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.3mm

3.135 V

70 Cel

-20 Cel

50 ppm

24 MHz

3 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; ALSO COMPATIBLE WITH LVCMOS OUTPUT

8N4QV01EG-0001CD8

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

50 %

NO

CERAMIC

3.465 V

100 OHM

3.3 V

DILCC6,.2

.425 ms

10 %

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.55mm

3.135 V

70 Cel

0 V

0 Cel

754.5 ppm

156.25 MHz

3.3 V

.425 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ

8N4QV01AG-0108CDI

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

100 %

NO

CERAMIC

3.465 V

100 OHM

160 mA

3.3 V

DILCC6,.2

.425 ms

10 %

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.55mm

3.135 V

85 Cel

0 V

-40 Cel

754.5 ppm

100 MHz

3.3 V

.425 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ

8N4QV01LG-0140CDI

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

20 %

NO

CERAMIC

2.625 V

100 OHM

155 mA

2.5 V

DILCC6,.2

.425 ms

10 %

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.55mm

2.375 V

85 Cel

0 V

-40 Cel

754.5 ppm

153.333333 MHz

2.5 V

.425 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ

8N4QV01LG-0092CD

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

20 %

NO

CERAMIC

2.625 V

100 OHM

2.5 V

DILCC6,.2

.425 ms

10 %

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.55mm

2.375 V

70 Cel

0 V

0 Cel

754.5 ppm

148.351648 MHz

2.5 V

.425 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ

8N4QV01LG-0140CD8

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

20 %

NO

CERAMIC

2.625 V

100 OHM

2.5 V

DILCC6,.2

.425 ms

10 %

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.55mm

2.375 V

70 Cel

0 V

0 Cel

754.5 ppm

153.333333 MHz

2.5 V

.425 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ

XUQ72V400.000000I

Renesas Electronics

LVPECL

SURFACE MOUNT

6

NO

2.625 V

50 OHM

2.5 V

.63 ms

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.3mm

2.375 V

85 Cel

-40 Cel

50 ppm

400 MHz

.63 ns

60/40

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; COMPLEMENTARY OUTPUT

XLP73V042.240000I

Renesas Electronics

LVPECL

SURFACE MOUNT

6

100 %

NO

3.465 V

50 OHM

120 mA

3.3 V

DILCC6,.2

.4 ms

7mm x 5mm x 1.3mm

3.135 V

85 Cel

-40 Cel

50 ppm

42.24 MHz

.4 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; COMPLEMENTARY OUTPUT

XLP73V030.720000I

Renesas Electronics

LVPECL

SURFACE MOUNT

6

100 %

NO

3.465 V

50 OHM

120 mA

3.3 V

DILCC6,.2

.4 ms

7mm x 5mm x 1.3mm

3.135 V

85 Cel

-40 Cel

50 ppm

30.72 MHz

.4 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; COMPLEMENTARY OUTPUT

XUN71V150.000000I

Renesas Electronics

HCSL

SURFACE MOUNT

6

NO

1.89 V

50 OHM

1.8 V

.32 ms

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.3mm

1.71 V

85 Cel

-40 Cel

50 MHz

.32 ns

60/40

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; COMPLEMENTARY OUTPUT

8N4QV01FG-0118CD

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

50 %

NO

CERAMIC

2.625 V

100 OHM

2.5 V

DILCC6,.2

.425 ms

10 %

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.55mm

2.375 V

70 Cel

0 V

0 Cel

754.5 ppm

100 MHz

2.5 V

.425 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ

8N4QV01FG-0140CDI

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

50 %

NO

CERAMIC

2.625 V

100 OHM

155 mA

2.5 V

DILCC6,.2

.425 ms

10 %

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.55mm

2.375 V

85 Cel

0 V

-40 Cel

754.5 ppm

153.333333 MHz

2.5 V

.425 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ

8N3DV85KC-0156CDI8

Renesas Electronics

LVPECL

SURFACE MOUNT

6

20 %

NO

CERAMIC

3.465 V

50 OHM

160 mA

3.3 V

DILCC6,.2,105

.5 ms

5 %

7.15mm x 5.15mm x 1.65mm

3.135 V

85 Cel

0 V

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn)

787.5 ppm

3.3 V

.5 ns

55/45

e3

975 MHz

1300 MHz

XLH33V010.000000I

Renesas Electronics

HCMOS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

100 %

NO

3.465 V

15 pF

3.3 V

3 ms

3.2mm x 2.5mm x 0.9mm

3.135 V

85 Cel

-40 Cel

50 ppm

10 MHz

3 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; ALSO COMPATIBLE WITH LVCMOS OUTPUT

XLP72V200.000000X

Renesas Electronics

LVPECL

SURFACE MOUNT

6

100 %

NO

2.625 V

50 OHM

2.5 V

.4 ms

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.3mm

2.375 V

70 Cel

-20 Cel

50 ppm

200 MHz

.4 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; COMPLEMENTARY OUTPUT

8N4QV01FG-0020CD

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

50 %

NO

CERAMIC

2.625 V

100 OHM

2.5 V

DILCC6,.2

.425 ms

10 %

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.55mm

2.375 V

70 Cel

0 V

0 Cel

754.5 ppm

212.5 MHz

2.5 V

.425 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ

8N4QV01KG-0146CD

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

20 %

NO

CERAMIC

3.465 V

100 OHM

3.3 V

DILCC6,.2

.425 ms

10 %

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.55mm

3.135 V

70 Cel

0 V

0 Cel

754.5 ppm

125 MHz

3.3 V

.425 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ

8N4QV01AG-0060CD8

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

100 %

NO

CERAMIC

3.465 V

100 OHM

3.3 V

DILCC6,.2

.425 ms

10 %

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.55mm

3.135 V

70 Cel

0 V

0 Cel

754.5 ppm

622.08 MHz

3.3 V

.425 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ

XUL51V000.016000X

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

NO

1.89 V

100 OHM

1.8 V

.315 ms

5.0mm x 3.2mm x 1.1mm

1.71 V

70 Cel

-20 Cel

.016 MHz

.315 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; COMPLEMANTARY OUTPUT

XUH52V040.000000X

Renesas Electronics

HCMOS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

100 %

NO

2.625 V

10 pF

2.5 V

3 ms

5.0mm x 3.2mm x 1.1mm

2.375 V

70 Cel

.25 V

-20 Cel

50 ppm

40 MHz

2.25 V

3 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION

XLH72V012.000000X

Renesas Electronics

HCMOS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

100 %

NO

2.625 V

15 pF

2.5 V

3 ms

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.3mm

2.375 V

70 Cel

-20 Cel

50 ppm

12 MHz

3 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; ALSO COMPATIBLE WITH LVCMOS OUTPUT

8N4QV01FG-0063CDI

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

50 %

NO

CERAMIC

2.625 V

100 OHM

155 mA

2.5 V

DILCC6,.2

.425 ms

10 %

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.55mm

2.375 V

85 Cel

0 V

-40 Cel

754.5 ppm

64 MHz

2.5 V

.425 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ

8N4QV01BG-0130CDI8

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

100 %

NO

CERAMIC

2.625 V

100 OHM

155 mA

2.5 V

DILCC6,.2

.425 ms

10 %

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.55mm

2.375 V

85 Cel

0 V

-40 Cel

754.5 ppm

174.8 MHz

2.5 V

.425 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ

8N4QV01FG-0130CD

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

50 %

NO

CERAMIC

2.625 V

100 OHM

2.5 V

DILCC6,.2

.425 ms

10 %

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.55mm

2.375 V

70 Cel

0 V

0 Cel

754.5 ppm

174.8 MHz

2.5 V

.425 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ

XLL32V000.750000I

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

100 %

NO

2.625 V

100 OHM

2.5 V

.4 ms

3.2mm x 2.5mm x 0.9mm

2.375 V

85 Cel

-40 Cel

50 ppm

.75 MHz

.4 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; COMPLEMENTARY OUTPUT

XLL33V155.520000I

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

100 %

NO

3.465 V

100 OHM

3.3 V

.4 ms

3.2mm x 2.5mm x 0.9mm

3.135 V

85 Cel

-40 Cel

50 ppm

155.52 MHz

.4 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; COMPLEMENTARY OUTPUT

XLH73V074.250000X

Renesas Electronics

HCMOS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

NO

3.465 V

15 pF

3.3 V

DILCC6,.2

3 ms

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.3mm

3.135 V

70 Cel

-20 Cel

50 ppm

74.25 MHz

3 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; ALSO COMPATIBLE WITH LVCMOS O/P

8N4QV01AG-0036CDI8

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

100 %

NO

CERAMIC

3.465 V

100 OHM

160 mA

3.3 V

DILCC6,.2

.425 ms

10 %

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.55mm

3.135 V

85 Cel

0 V

-40 Cel

754.5 ppm

312.5 MHz

3.3 V

.425 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ

8N4QV01AG-0036CDI

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

100 %

NO

CERAMIC

3.465 V

100 OHM

160 mA

3.3 V

DILCC6,.2

.425 ms

10 %

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.55mm

3.135 V

85 Cel

0 V

-40 Cel

754.5 ppm

312.5 MHz

3.3 V

.425 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ

XUP51V212.000000I

Renesas Electronics

LVPECL

SURFACE MOUNT

6

100 %

NO

1.89 V

50 OHM

75 mA

1.8 V

SOLCC6,.12

.35 ms

5mm x 3.2mm x 1.1mm

1.71 V

85 Cel

-40 Cel

50 ppm

212 MHz

.35 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; COMPLEMENTARY OUTPUT

8N4QV01AG-0162CDI8

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

100 %

NO

CERAMIC

3.465 V

100 OHM

160 mA

3.3 V

DILCC6,.2

.425 ms

10 %

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.55mm

3.135 V

85 Cel

0 V

-40 Cel

754.5 ppm

102 MHz

3.3 V

.425 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ

8N4QV01EG-0161CD

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

50 %

NO

CERAMIC

3.465 V

100 OHM

3.3 V

DILCC6,.2

.425 ms

10 %

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.55mm

3.135 V

70 Cel

0 V

0 Cel

754.5 ppm

212 MHz

3.3 V

.425 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ

8N4QV01BG-0136CDI8

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

100 %

NO

CERAMIC

2.625 V

100 OHM

155 mA

2.5 V

DILCC6,.2

.425 ms

10 %

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.55mm

2.375 V

85 Cel

0 V

-40 Cel

754.5 ppm

312.5 MHz

2.5 V

.425 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ

8N4QV01AG-0054CDI

Renesas Electronics

LVDS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

100 %

NO

CERAMIC

3.465 V

100 OHM

160 mA

3.3 V

DILCC6,.2

.425 ms

10 %

7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.55mm

3.135 V

85 Cel

0 V

-40 Cel

754.5 ppm

62.5 MHz

3.3 V

.425 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ

XLP53VA60.000000I

Renesas Electronics

LVPECL

SURFACE MOUNT

6

100 %

NO

3.465 V

50 OHM

120 mA

3.3 V

DILCC6,.12

.4 ms

10 %

5.0mm x 3.2mm x 1.1mm

3.135 V

85 Cel

-40 Cel

50 ppm

1060 MHz

.4 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; COMPLEMENTARY OUTPUT

XUH53V024.000000X

Renesas Electronics

HCMOS

SURFACE MOUNT

6

100 %

NO

3.465 V

15 pF

3.3 V

3 ms

5.0mm x 3.2mm x 1.1mm

3.135 V

70 Cel

.33 V

-20 Cel

50 ppm

24 MHz

2.97 V

3 ns

55/45

ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION

VCXO Clock Oscillators

Voltage Controlled Crystal Oscillators (VCXOs) are electronic devices that generate a stable clock signal with a frequency that can be controlled using a voltage input. They use a crystal resonator as the frequency-determining element, which is voltage-tuned using a varactor diode or a voltage-controlled amplifier. VCXOs offer several advantages in electronic circuit design.

One of the main benefits of VCXOs is their ability to generate a stable and precise clock signal that can be adjusted in real-time using a control voltage. This makes them suitable for use in applications that require precise timing, such as in digital signal processing and telecommunications. VCXOs can generate frequencies ranging from a few megahertz to several hundred megahertz, making them suitable for various electronic circuits.

VCXOs also offer a low phase noise, which is important in applications that require a clean and stable clock signal. The low phase noise of VCXOs makes them ideal for use in communication systems, network equipment, and instrumentation.

Finally, VCXOs have a relatively simple design and are easy to integrate into electronic systems. They are available in a range of package sizes and configurations, allowing them to be used in various applications. This makes them a cost-effective solution for frequency generation in electronic circuits.