Part | RoHS | Manufacturer | Oscillator Type | Mounting Feature | No. of Terminals | Frequency Stability | Frequency Adjustment (Mechanical) | Aging | Package Body Material | Maximum Supply Voltage | Technology | Screening Level | Output Load | Maximum Supply Current | Nominal Supply Voltage | Power Supplies (V) | Package Equivalence Code | Maximum Rise Time | Sub-Category | Physical Dimension | Minimum Supply Voltage | Maximum Operating Temperature | Minimum Operating Temperature | Terminal Finish | Nominal Operating Frequency | Maximum Fall Time | Maximum Symmetry (%) | Manufacturer Series | Qualification | Maximum Output Low Current | Additional Features | JESD-609 Code | Minimum Operating Frequency | Maximum Operating Frequency |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Diodes Incorporated |
LVCMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
25 % |
NO |
CERAMIC |
3.465 V |
CMOS |
15 pF |
10 mA |
3.3 V |
3.3 |
LCC4,.09X.12,86/63 |
5 ms |
Other Oscillators |
3.2mm x 2.5mm x 1.0mm |
3.135 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
24 MHz |
5 ns |
45/55 |
Not Qualified |
4 Amp |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; TR, 7 INCH |
1.8432 MHz |
106.25 MHz |
||||||
|
Diodes Incorporated |
CMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
NO |
2.75 V |
15 pF |
2.5 V |
5 ms |
3.2mm x 2.5mm x 1.0mm |
2.25 V |
25 MHz |
5 ns |
55/45 |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; TR |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Diodes Incorporated |
CMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
NO |
CERAMIC |
2.75 V |
CMOS |
15 pF |
10 mA |
2.5 V |
3.3 |
LCC4,.09X.12,86/63 |
5 ms |
Other Oscillators |
3.2mm x 2.5mm x 1.0mm |
2.25 V |
70 Cel |
-20 Cel |
40 MHz |
5 ns |
55/45 |
Not Qualified |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; TR |
1 MHz |
106.25 MHz |
||||||||
|
Diodes Incorporated |
CMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
NO |
CERAMIC |
3.63 V |
10 LS TTL, 15 pF |
20 mA |
3.3 V |
1.8 |
DILCC4,.2,200 |
5 ms |
Other Oscillators |
7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.8mm |
2.97 V |
70 Cel |
-20 Cel |
75 MHz |
5 ns |
Not Qualified |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; TR |
1 MHz |
166 MHz |
||||||||||
|
Renesas Electronics |
HCMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
25 % |
NO |
3.465 V |
15 pF |
3.3 V |
3 ms |
5.15mm x 3.35mm x 1.4mm |
3.135 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
Gold (Au) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
48 MHz |
3 ns |
55/45 |
TRI-STATE; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; TAPE AND REEL |
e4 |
||||||||||||||
Analog Devices |
CMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
NO |
3.6 V |
5 pF |
25 ms |
2.9mm x 1.75mm x 1.0mm |
2.25 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
TIN LEAD |
25 ns |
55/45 |
TAPE AND REEL |
e0 |
.01 MHz |
1 MHz |
||||||||||||||||
|
Diodes Incorporated |
LVCMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
25 % |
NO |
3.465 V |
15 pF |
3.3 V |
3 ms |
5.0mm x 3.2mm x 1.2mm |
3.135 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
50 MHz |
3 ns |
45/55 |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; TR, 7 INCH |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Sitime |
LVDS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
10 % |
NO |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
3.63 V |
100 OHM |
SOLCC6,.1,43 |
.7 ms |
3.2mm x 2.5mm x 0.75mm |
2.25 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
Nickel/Palladium/Gold (Ni/Pd/Au) |
100 MHz |
.7 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; COMPLEMENTARY OUTPUT |
e4 |
|||||||||||||
|
Seiko Epson |
CMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
50 % |
NO |
3.6 V |
15 pF |
3.5 ms |
2.5mm x 2.0mm x 0.8mm |
1.6 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
GOLD |
25 MHz |
3.5 ns |
55/45 |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; TR, 7 INCH |
e4 |
||||||||||||||||
|
Renesas Electronics |
LVCMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
50 % |
NO |
3.465 V |
15 pF |
3.3 V |
3 ms |
7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.3mm |
3.135 V |
70 Cel |
-20 Cel |
GOLD OVER NICKEL |
1 MHz |
3 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; ALSO COMPATIBLE WITH LVCMOS OUTPUT |
e4 |
||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
HCMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
50 % |
NO |
3.465 V |
15 pF |
3.3 V |
3 ms |
7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.3mm |
3.135 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
25 MHz |
3 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; ALSO COMPATIBLE WITH LVCMOS OUTPUT |
|||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
LVDS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
25 % |
NO |
3.465 V |
100 OHM |
3.3 V |
.4 ms |
5.0mm x 3.2mm x 1.1mm |
3.135 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
160 MHz |
.4 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; COMPLEMENTARY OUTPUT |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Abracon |
CMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
25 % |
NO |
3.63 V |
10 pF |
2 ms |
2.5mm x 2.0mm x 0.84mm |
1.71 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
NICKEL GOLD |
25 MHz |
2 ns |
55/45 |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; TR, 7 INCH |
e4 |
|||||||||||||||
|
Abracon |
CMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
50 % |
NO |
15 pF |
3.3 V |
2 ms |
2.5mm x 2.0mm x 0.85mm |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD |
30 MHz |
2 ns |
55/45 |
TRI-STATE; STANDBY; TAPE AND REEL; SUPPLY VOLTAGE 1.8V AND 2.5V ALSO AVAILLABLE |
e4 |
||||||||||||||||
|
Abracon |
CMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
CMOS |
2.5/3.3 |
SOLCC6,.12 |
XO, Clock |
5.0mm x 3.2mm x 0.85mm |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD |
25 MHz |
Not Qualified |
6 Amp |
e4 |
10 MHz |
170 MHz |
|||||||||||||||
|
Abracon |
LVDS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
25 % |
NO |
2.62 V |
100 OHM |
2.5 V |
LCC6,.1X.13,59/47 |
.4 ms |
3.2mm x 2.5mm x 1.0mm |
2.37 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
125 MHz |
.4 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; COMPLEMENTARY OUTPUT |
|||||||||||||||
|
Citizen Finedevice |
CMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
100 % |
NO |
3.6 V |
30 pF |
3.3 V |
8 ms |
7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.6mm |
3 V |
70 Cel |
-20 Cel |
7.3728 MHz |
8 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; TAPE AND REEL |
||||||||||||||||
|
Microchip Technology |
CMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
10 % |
NO |
AEC-Q100 |
10 KOHM, 15 pF |
3.3 V |
2 ms |
2.5mm x 2.0mm x 0.85mm |
105 Cel |
-40 Cel |
NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD |
32 MHz |
2 ns |
55/45 |
AEC-Q100; STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; NOMINAL SUPPLY VOLTAGE IS FROM 1.8 TO 3.3V; TUBE |
e4 |
|||||||||||||||
|
Ecs International |
HCMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
50 % |
NO |
CERAMIC |
5.5 V |
30 pF |
20 mA |
5 V |
5 |
DILCC4,.2,200 |
5 ms |
Other Oscillators |
7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.7mm |
4.5 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
GOLD OVER NICKEL |
20 MHz |
5 ns |
40/60 |
Not Qualified |
TAPE AND REEL |
e4 |
1.8 MHz |
125 MHz |
||||||
|
Kyocera |
CMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
50 % |
NO |
3.63 V |
15 pF |
6.5 ms |
2.5mm x 2.0mm x 0.7mm |
1.6 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
Gold (Au) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
25 MHz |
6.5 ns |
45/55 |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; TR |
e4 |
|||||||||||||||
|
Analog Devices |
CMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
40 % |
NO |
5.5 V |
5 pF |
11 ms |
2.9mm x 1.5mm x 1.0mm |
2.7 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed |
9 ns |
55/45 |
TAPE AND REEL |
e3 |
.05 MHz |
10 MHz |
|||||||||||||||
|
Sitime |
LVCMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
100 % |
NO |
1.98 V |
15 pF |
1.8 V |
8 ms |
1.54mm x 0.84mm x 0.6mm |
1.62 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
16 MHz |
8 ns |
55/45 |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; TR |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Sitime |
LVCMOS/LVTTL |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
20 % |
NO |
3.63 V |
MIL-STD-883F |
15 pF |
SOLCC4,.1,43 |
3 ms |
2.5mm x 2.0mm x 0.75mm |
2.25 V |
125 Cel |
-55 Cel |
25 MHz |
3 ns |
55/45 |
STANDBY FUNCTION |
|||||||||||||||
|
Sitime |
LVDS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
25 % |
NO |
3.63 V |
MIL-STD-883F |
100 OHM |
79 mA |
3.3 V |
SOLCC6,.1,43 |
.47 ms |
3.2mm x 2.5mm x 0.9mm |
2.97 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD |
125 MHz |
.47 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; COMPLEMENTARY OUTPUT; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT |
e4 |
|||||||||||
|
Seiko Epson |
LVCMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
420 % |
NO |
5.5 V |
15 pF |
.065 mA |
LCC4,.06X.12,93/35 |
200 ms |
3.2mm x 1.5mm x 0.9mm |
1.2 V |
105 Cel |
-40 Cel |
.032768 MHz |
200 ns |
55/45 |
.4 Amp |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION |
||||||||||||||
|
Seiko Epson |
CMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
50 % |
NO |
3.6 V |
15 pF |
3.5 ms |
2.5mm x 2.0mm x 0.8mm |
1.6 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
Gold (Au) |
38.4 MHz |
3.5 ns |
55/45 |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; TR, 7 INCH |
e4 |
||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
HCMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
50 % |
NO |
3.465 V |
15 pF |
3.3 V |
3 ms |
3.2mm x 2.5mm x 0.9mm |
3.135 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
40 MHz |
3 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; ALSO COMPATIBLE WITH LVCMOS OUTPUT |
|||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
HCMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
25 % |
NO |
3.465 V |
15 pF |
3.3 V |
3 ms |
7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.3mm |
3.135 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
50.022 MHz |
3 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; ALSO COMPATIBLE WITH LVCMOS OUTPUT |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Silicon Labs |
CMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
150 % |
NO |
3.63 V |
15 pF |
3.3 V |
2 ms |
4.0mm x 3.2mm x 0.9mm |
2.97 V |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
3.58 MHz |
2 ns |
54/46 |
OUTPUT ENABLE FUNCTION; TAPE AND REEL |
||||||||||||||||
|
Silicon Labs |
CMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
8 |
20 % |
NO |
2.75 V |
MIL-STD-883 |
15 pF |
88 mA |
2.5 V |
LCC8,.2X.28,100 |
7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.8mm |
2.25 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
Gold (Au) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
55/45 |
32 Amp |
TRI-STATE; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; SELECTABLE O/P FREQ |
e4 |
10 MHz |
160 MHz |
|||||||||||
|
Silicon Labs |
LVDS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
20 % |
NO |
3.465 V |
MIL-STD-883 |
111 mA |
3.3 V |
SOLCC6,.12 |
.35 ms |
5.0mm x 3.2mm x 1.33mm |
3.135 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
Gold (Au) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
150 MHz |
.35 ns |
55/45 |
SUPPLY VOLTAGE 1.8V & 2.5V ALSO AVAILABLE; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION |
e4 |
||||||||||||
|
Abracon |
CMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
50 % |
NO |
15 pF |
3.3 V |
2 ms |
2.5mm x 2.0mm x 0.85mm |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD |
26 MHz |
2 ns |
55/45 |
TRI-STATE; STAND-BY; SUPPLY VOLTAGE 1.8 AND 2.5 ALSO AVAILABLE; TAPE AND REEL |
e4 |
||||||||||||||||
|
Abracon |
CMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
CMOS |
15 mA |
3.3 V |
1.8/3.3 |
DILCC4,.1,86 |
XO, Clock |
3.2mm x 2.5mm x 0.85mm |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
Nickel/Palladium/Gold (Ni/Pd/Au) |
50 MHz |
Not Qualified |
e4 |
1 MHz |
150 MHz |
||||||||||||||
|
Abracon |
LVDS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
35 % |
NO |
2.625 V |
100 OHM, 10 pF |
2.5 V |
.6 ms |
2.5mm x 2.0mm x 1.0mm |
2.375 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
100 MHz |
.6 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; COMPLEMENTARY OUTPUT; BULK |
||||||||||||||||
|
Abracon |
LVDS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
35 % |
NO |
2.625 V |
100 OHM, 10 pF |
2.5 V |
.6 ms |
2.5mm x 2.0mm x 1.0mm |
2.375 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
100 MHz |
.6 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; COMPLEMENTARY OUTPUT; TR, 7 INCH |
||||||||||||||||
|
Abracon |
CMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
10 % |
NO |
CERAMIC |
CMOS |
15 pF |
.0015 mA |
1.8 V |
1.8 |
DILCC4,.1,86 |
200 ms |
Other Oscillators |
3.2mm x 2.5mm x 0.9mm |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
.032768 MHz |
200 ns |
40/60 |
Not Qualified |
TRI-STATE; TAPE AND REEL |
|||||||||||
|
Abracon |
LVCMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
75 % |
NO |
3.63 V |
15 pF |
200 ms |
1.54mm x 0.84mm x 0.6mm |
1.2 V |
70 Cel |
-10 Cel |
.032768 MHz |
200 ns |
52/48 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; TR, 7 INCH |
||||||||||||||||||
|
Abracon |
HCMOS/TTL |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
20 % |
NO |
3.63 V |
10 TTL, 15 pF |
3.3 V |
4 ms |
7.0mm x 5.08mm x 1.8mm |
2.97 V |
70 Cel |
-20 Cel |
GOLD OVER NICKEL |
27 MHz |
4 ns |
40/60 |
TRI-STATE; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; TAPE AND REEL |
e4 |
||||||||||||||
|
Abracon |
LVDS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
25 % |
NO |
3.63 V |
100 OHM |
3.3 V |
LCC6,.1X.13,59/47 |
.4 ms |
3.2mm x 2.5mm x 1.0mm |
2.97 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
125 MHz |
.4 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; COMPLEMENTARY OUTPUT |
|||||||||||||||
|
Microchip Technology |
CMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
25 % |
NO |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
3.6 V |
AEC-Q100 |
10 KOHM, 15 pF |
12.2 mA |
3.3 V |
SOLCC4,.12,100 |
2 ms |
5.0mm x 3.2mm x 0.9mm |
1.7 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD |
12.5 MHz |
2 ns |
55/45 |
ALSO OPERATES AT 2.5V AND 1.8V SUPPLY VOLTAGE |
e4 |
||||||||||
|
Microchip Technology |
CMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
50 % |
NO |
3.6 V |
15 pF |
2 ms |
7.0mm x 5.0mm x 0.9mm |
2.25 V |
125 Cel |
-55 Cel |
NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD |
160 MHz |
2 ns |
55/45 |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; TUBE |
e4 |
|||||||||||||||
|
Microchip Technology |
LVDS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
25 % |
NO |
3.63 V |
100 OHM |
3.2mm x 2.5mm x 0.9mm |
2.25 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD |
150 MHz |
52/48 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT; TR |
e4 |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Ecs International |
HCMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
10 % |
NO |
CERAMIC |
3.63 V |
15 pF |
7 mA |
3.3 V |
LCC4,.08X.1,68/52 |
5 ms |
2.5mm x 2.0mm x 0.9mm |
2.97 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
Gold (Au) |
25 MHz |
5 ns |
45/55 |
TRI-STATE; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION |
e4 |
|||||||||||
|
Ecs International |
HCMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
100 % |
NO |
5.5 V |
30 pF |
20 mA |
5 V |
5 |
DILCC4,.12 |
5 ms |
Other Oscillators |
5mm x 3.2mm x1.3mm |
4.5 V |
125 Cel |
-55 Cel |
GOLD OVER NICKEL |
20 MHz |
5 ns |
40/60 |
Not Qualified |
TRI-STATE; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION |
e4 |
|||||||||
|
Diodes Incorporated |
CMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
25 % |
NO |
2.625 V |
15 pF |
2.5 V |
5 ms |
7.0mm x 5.0mm x 1.4mm |
2.375 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
25.000625 MHz |
5 ns |
45/55 |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; TR, 7 INCH |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Abracon |
HCMOS/TTL |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
25 % |
NO |
3.465 V |
10 TTL, 15 pF |
3.3 V |
5 ms |
5.0mm x 3.2mm x 1.6mm |
3.135 V |
70 Cel |
-20 Cel |
GOLD OVER NICKEL |
14.7456 MHz |
5 ns |
45/55 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; TR, 7/10 INCH |
e4 |
||||||||||||||
|
Iqd Frequency Products |
HCMOS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
4 |
25 % |
NO |
CERAMIC/METAL |
1.89 V |
MIL-STD-202; MIL-STD-883 |
15 pF |
10 mA |
1.8 V |
LCC4,.08X.1,64/48 |
10 ms |
2.5mm x 2.0mm x 1.0mm |
1.71 V |
70 Cel |
-20 Cel |
26 MHz |
10 ns |
40/60 |
STANDBY; ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION |
||||||||||||
|
Texas Instruments |
LVDS |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6 |
50 % |
NO |
3.465 V |
LVDS |
125 OHM |
196 mA |
3.3 V |
.25 ms |
7.1mm x 5.1mm x 1.15mm |
3.135 V |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
NICKEL GOLD |
156.25 MHz |
.25 ns |
55/45 |
ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION; DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT |
e4 |
156.25 MHz |
Crystal Oscillator (XO) Clock Oscillators are electronic devices that generate a stable clock signal with a fixed frequency. They use a quartz crystal resonator as the frequency-determining element, which provides a stable and accurate frequency over a wide temperature range.
One of the main advantages of XO Clock Oscillators is their ability to generate a stable and precise clock signal with a fixed frequency. This makes them ideal for use in applications that require precise timing, such as in digital signal processing, telecommunications, and scientific research.
XO Clock Oscillators offer a low phase noise, which is important in applications that require a clean and stable clock signal. They are capable of generating frequencies ranging from a few kilohertz to several hundred megahertz, making them suitable for use in various electronic circuits.
Additionally, XO Clock Oscillators have a relatively simple design and are easy to integrate into electronic systems. They are available in a range of package sizes and configurations, allowing them to be used in various applications, including in communication systems, network equipment, and instrumentation.