8 Phase Locked Loops (PLL) & Frequency Synthesis Circuits 59

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Part	Manufacturer	Other IC type	Temperature Grade	No. of Terminals	Package Code	Package Shape	Surface Mount	Package Body Material	Maximum Supply Current (Isup)	No. of Functions	Technology	Screening Level	Terminal Form	Maximum Negative Supply Voltage (Vsup)	Nominal Negative Supply Voltage (Vsup)	Nominal Supply Voltage (Vsup)	Power Supplies (V)	Package Style (Meter)	Package Equivalence Code	Sub-Category	Terminal Pitch	Maximum Operating Temperature	Minimum Operating Temperature	Terminal Finish	Terminal Position	JESD-30 Code	Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL)	Maximum Supply Voltage (Vsup)	Maximum Seated Height	Width (mm)	Qualification	Minimum Supply Voltage (Vsup)	Additional Features	Minimum Negative Supply Voltage (Vsup)	JESD-609 Code	Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s)	Peak Reflow Temperature (C)	Length
MCH12140DG	Onsemi	PHASE DETECTOR	OTHER	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1	ECL10K		GULL WING		-5.2 V		-5.2	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	1.27 mm	70 Cel	-40 Cel	MATTE TIN	DUAL	R-PDSO-G8	1		1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified		IT REQUIRES A -4.75V TO -5.5V SUPPLY		e3	30	260	4.9 mm
MCK12140DG	Onsemi	PHASE DETECTOR	OTHER	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1	ECL100K		GULL WING		-4.5 V		-4.5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	1.27 mm	70 Cel	-40 Cel	MATTE TIN	DUAL	R-PDSO-G8	1		1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified		IT REQUIRES A -4.75V TO -5.5V SUPPLY		e3	30	260	4.9 mm
NE567N	NXP Semiconductors	PHASE LOCKED LOOP	COMMERCIAL	8	DIP	RECTANGULAR	NO	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1	BIPOLAR		THROUGH-HOLE			5 V	5	IN-LINE	DIP8,.3	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel	0 Cel		DUAL	R-PDIP-T8		9 V	4.2 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	4.75 V						9.5 mm
MC100EP140DG	Onsemi	PHASE DETECTOR	INDUSTRIAL	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1	ECL100K		GULL WING		-4.5 V	3.3 V	-4.5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	1.27 mm	85 Cel	-40 Cel	MATTE TIN	DUAL	R-PDSO-G8	1	3.6 V	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	3 V	NECL MODE : VCC = 0V WITH VEE = -3V TO -3.6V		e3	30	260	4.9 mm
NE567D	NXP Semiconductors	PHASE LOCKED LOOP	COMMERCIAL	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1	BIPOLAR		GULL WING			5 V	5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	1.27 mm	70 Cel	0 Cel		DUAL	R-PDSO-G8		9 V	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	4.75 V						4.9 mm
LM1391N	National Semiconductor	PHASE LOCKED LOOP	COMMERCIAL	8	DIP	RECTANGULAR	NO	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1	BIPOLAR		THROUGH-HOLE			8.6 V		IN-LINE	DIP8,.3	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	2.54 mm	70 Cel	0 Cel	TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDIP-T8		9.2 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	8 V			e0			9.817 mm
MCK12140DR2	Onsemi	PHASE DETECTOR	OTHER	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1	ECL100K		GULL WING		-4.5 V		-4.5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	1.27 mm	70 Cel	-40 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)	DUAL	R-PDSO-G8	1		1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified		IT REQUIRES A -4.75V TO -5.5V SUPPLY		e0	30	235	4.9 mm
LMC568CM/NOPB	Texas Instruments	PHASE LOCKED LOOP	OTHER	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1	CMOS		GULL WING			5 V	5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	1.27 mm	100 Cel	-25 Cel	MATTE TIN	DUAL	R-PDSO-G8	1	9 V	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	2 V			e3	30	260	4.9 mm
LMC568CM	Texas Instruments	PHASE LOCKED LOOP	OTHER	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1	CMOS		GULL WING			5 V	5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	1.27 mm	125 Cel	-25 Cel	TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G8	1	9 V	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	2 V			e0	20	235	4.9 mm
LMC568CMX	Texas Instruments	PHASE LOCKED LOOP	OTHER	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1	CMOS		GULL WING			5 V	5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	1.27 mm	125 Cel	-25 Cel	TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G8	1	9 V	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	2 V			e0	20	235	4.9 mm
LMC568CMX/NOPB	Texas Instruments	PHASE LOCKED LOOP	OTHER	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1	CMOS		GULL WING			5 V	5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	1.27 mm	100 Cel	-25 Cel	MATTE TIN	DUAL	R-PDSO-G8	1	9 V	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	2 V			e3	30	260	4.9 mm
LMC568CN	Texas Instruments	PHASE LOCKED LOOP	OTHER	8	DIP	RECTANGULAR	NO	PLASTIC/EPOXY	2.4 mA	1	CMOS		THROUGH-HOLE			5 V	5	IN-LINE	DIP8,.3	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	2.54 mm	125 Cel	-25 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)	DUAL	R-PDIP-T8		9 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	2 V			e0			9.817 mm
AD45030-REEL	Analog Devices	PHASE DETECTOR	INDUSTRIAL	8	SON	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY					NO LEAD				3/5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOLCC8,.08,20	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	.5 mm	85 Cel	-40 Cel		DUAL	R-PDSO-N8					Not Qualified
AD45030Z-REEL	Analog Devices	PHASE DETECTOR	INDUSTRIAL	8	SON	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY					NO LEAD				3/5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOLCC8,.08,20	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	.5 mm	85 Cel	-40 Cel		DUAL	R-PDSO-N8					Not Qualified
AD45030-REEL7	Analog Devices	PHASE DETECTOR	INDUSTRIAL	8	SON	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY					NO LEAD				3/5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOLCC8,.08,20	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	.5 mm	85 Cel	-40 Cel		DUAL	R-PDSO-N8					Not Qualified
AD45030Z-RL7	Analog Devices	PHASE DETECTOR	INDUSTRIAL	8	SON	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY					NO LEAD				3/5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOLCC8,.08,20	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	.5 mm	85 Cel	-40 Cel		DUAL	R-PDSO-N8					Not Qualified
MCH12140DR2G	Onsemi	PHASE DETECTOR	OTHER	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1	ECL10K		GULL WING		-5.2 V		-5.2	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	1.27 mm	70 Cel	-40 Cel	TIN	DUAL	R-PDSO-G8	1		1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified		IT REQUIRES A -4.75V TO -5.5V SUPPLY		e3	30	260	4.9 mm
MCK12140D	Onsemi	PHASE DETECTOR	OTHER	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1	ECL100K		GULL WING		-4.5 V		-4.5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	1.27 mm	70 Cel	-40 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)	DUAL	R-PDSO-G8	1		1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified		IT REQUIRES A -4.75V TO -5.5V SUPPLY		e0	30	235	4.9 mm
MCH12140DR2	Onsemi	PHASE DETECTOR	OTHER	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1	ECL10K		GULL WING		-5.2 V		-5.2	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	1.27 mm	70 Cel	-40 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)	DUAL	R-PDSO-G8	1		1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified		IT REQUIRES A -4.75V TO -5.5V SUPPLY		e0	30	235	4.9 mm
MCK12140DR2G	Onsemi	PHASE DETECTOR	OTHER	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1	ECL100K		GULL WING		-4.5 V		-4.5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	1.27 mm	70 Cel	-40 Cel	MATTE TIN	DUAL	R-PDSO-G8	1		1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified		IT REQUIRES A -4.75V TO -5.5V SUPPLY		e3	30	260	4.9 mm
MCH12140D	Onsemi	PHASE DETECTOR	OTHER	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1	ECL10K		GULL WING		-5.2 V		-5.2	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	1.27 mm	70 Cel	-40 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)	DUAL	R-PDSO-G8	1		1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified		IT REQUIRES A -4.75V TO -5.5V SUPPLY		e0	30	235	4.9 mm
MC100EP140D	Onsemi	PHASE DETECTOR	INDUSTRIAL	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1	ECL100K		GULL WING		-4.5 V	3.3 V	-4.5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	1.27 mm	85 Cel	-40 Cel	TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G8	1	3.6 V	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	3 V	NECL MODE : VCC = 0V WITH VEE = -3V TO -3.6V		e0		235	4.9 mm
MC100EP140DR2	Onsemi	PHASE DETECTOR	INDUSTRIAL	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1	ECL100K		GULL WING		-4.5 V	3.3 V	-4.5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	1.27 mm	85 Cel	-40 Cel	TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G8		3.6 V	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	3 V	NECL MODE : VCC = 0V WITH VEE = -3V TO -3.6V		e0		235	4.9 mm
MC100EP140DR2G	Onsemi	PHASE DETECTOR	INDUSTRIAL	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1	ECL100K		GULL WING		-4.5 V	3.3 V	-4.5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	1.27 mm	85 Cel	-40 Cel	MATTE TIN	DUAL	R-PDSO-G8	1	3.6 V	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	3 V	NECL MODE : VCC = 0V WITH VEE = -3V TO -3.6V		e3	30	260	4.9 mm
SE567FESIIB	NXP Semiconductors		MILITARY	8	DIP	RECTANGULAR	NO	CERAMIC			BIPOLAR		THROUGH-HOLE			5 V	5	IN-LINE	DIP8,.3	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	2.54 mm	125 Cel	-55 Cel		DUAL	R-XDIP-T8
SE567D-A	NXP Semiconductors		MILITARY	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY			BIPOLAR		GULL WING			5 V	5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	1.27 mm	125 Cel	-55 Cel		DUAL	R-PDSO-G8					Not Qualified
SE567D-T	NXP Semiconductors	PHASE LOCKED LOOP	MILITARY	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1	BIPOLAR		GULL WING			5 V	5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	1.27 mm	125 Cel	-55 Cel		DUAL	R-PDSO-G8		9 V	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	4.75 V						4.9 mm
NE567D-T	NXP Semiconductors	PHASE LOCKED LOOP	COMMERCIAL	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1	BIPOLAR		GULL WING			5 V		SMALL OUTLINE			1.27 mm	70 Cel	0 Cel		DUAL	R-PDSO-G8		9 V	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	4.75 V						4.9 mm
SE567N	NXP Semiconductors	PHASE LOCKED LOOP	MILITARY	8	DIP	RECTANGULAR	NO	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1	BIPOLAR		THROUGH-HOLE			5 V	5	IN-LINE	DIP8,.3	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	2.54 mm	125 Cel	-55 Cel		DUAL	R-PDIP-T8		9 V	4.2 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	4.75 V						9.5 mm
SE567DSIIA	NXP Semiconductors		MILITARY	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY			BIPOLAR		GULL WING			5 V	5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	1.27 mm	125 Cel	-55 Cel		DUAL	R-PDSO-G8					Not Qualified
SA567D-T	NXP Semiconductors	PHASE LOCKED LOOP		8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1			GULL WING					SMALL OUTLINE			1.27 mm				DUAL	R-PDSO-G8			1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified							4.9 mm
SE567FE-B	NXP Semiconductors		MILITARY	8	DIP	RECTANGULAR	NO	CERAMIC			BIPOLAR		THROUGH-HOLE			5 V	5	IN-LINE	DIP8,.3	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	2.54 mm	125 Cel	-55 Cel		DUAL	R-XDIP-T8
SE567D	NXP Semiconductors	PHASE LOCKED LOOP	MILITARY	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1	BIPOLAR		GULL WING			5 V	5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	1.27 mm	125 Cel	-55 Cel		DUAL	R-PDSO-G8		9 V	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	4.75 V						4.9 mm
SE567FE	NXP Semiconductors	PHASE LOCKED LOOP	MILITARY	8	DIP	RECTANGULAR	NO	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED		1	BIPOLAR		THROUGH-HOLE			5 V		IN-LINE			2.54 mm	125 Cel	-55 Cel		DUAL	R-GDIP-T8		9 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	4.75 V						9.955 mm
SA567N	NXP Semiconductors	PHASE LOCKED LOOP		8	DIP	RECTANGULAR	NO	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1			THROUGH-HOLE					IN-LINE			2.54 mm				DUAL	R-PDIP-T8			4.2 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified							9.5 mm
SE567FESIIA	NXP Semiconductors		MILITARY	8	DIP	RECTANGULAR	NO	CERAMIC			BIPOLAR		THROUGH-HOLE			5 V	5	IN-LINE	DIP8,.3	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	2.54 mm	125 Cel	-55 Cel		DUAL	R-XDIP-T8					Not Qualified
SE567DSIIB	NXP Semiconductors		MILITARY	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY			BIPOLAR		GULL WING			5 V	5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	1.27 mm	125 Cel	-55 Cel		DUAL	R-PDSO-G8
MCH1214OD	NXP Semiconductors	PHASE DETECTOR	OTHER	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY	52 mA	1			GULL WING	-5.5 V	-5.2 V			SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25		1.27 mm	70 Cel	-40 Cel		DUAL	R-PDSO-G8			1.75 mm	3.9 mm				-4.75 V				4.9 mm
SE567FE-A	NXP Semiconductors		MILITARY	8	DIP	RECTANGULAR	NO	CERAMIC			BIPOLAR		THROUGH-HOLE			5 V	5	IN-LINE	DIP8,.3	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	2.54 mm	125 Cel	-55 Cel		DUAL	R-XDIP-T8					Not Qualified
SA567FE	NXP Semiconductors	PHASE LOCKED LOOP		8	DIP	RECTANGULAR	NO	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED		1			THROUGH-HOLE					IN-LINE			2.54 mm				DUAL	R-GDIP-T8			5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified							9.955 mm
SE567FE/883C	NXP Semiconductors		MILITARY	8	DIP	RECTANGULAR	NO	CERAMIC			BIPOLAR	MIL-STD-883 Class C	THROUGH-HOLE			5 V	5	IN-LINE	DIP8,.3	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	2.54 mm	125 Cel	-55 Cel		DUAL	R-XDIP-T8					Not Qualified
SE567FE/883B	NXP Semiconductors		MILITARY	8	DIP	RECTANGULAR	NO	CERAMIC			BIPOLAR	MIL-STD-883 Class B (Modified)	THROUGH-HOLE			5 V	5	IN-LINE	DIP8,.3	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	2.54 mm	125 Cel	-55 Cel		DUAL	R-XDIP-T8					Not Qualified
SA567D	NXP Semiconductors	PHASE LOCKED LOOP		8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1			GULL WING					SMALL OUTLINE			1.27 mm				DUAL	R-PDSO-G8			1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified							4.9 mm
NE567FE	NXP Semiconductors	PHASE LOCKED LOOP	COMMERCIAL	8	DIP	RECTANGULAR	NO	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED		1	BIPOLAR		THROUGH-HOLE			5 V		IN-LINE			2.54 mm	70 Cel	0 Cel		DUAL	R-GDIP-T8		9 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	4.75 V						9.955 mm
MC12179D	NXP Semiconductors	PLL FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER	INDUSTRIAL	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY	5.6 mA	1	BIPOLAR		GULL WING			5 V		SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25		1.27 mm	85 Cel	-40 Cel		DUAL	R-PDSO-G8		5.5 V	1.75 mm	3.9 mm		4.5 V						4.9 mm
IMIS1141	Infineon Technologies		INDUSTRIAL	8	SSOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY			CMOS		GULL WING			3.6 V	3.6	SMALL OUTLINE, SHRINK PITCH	SSOP8,.3	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	.635 mm	85 Cel	-40 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)	DUAL	R-PDSO-G8					Not Qualified				e0
IMI4350PB	Infineon Technologies	PHASE DETECTOR	INDUSTRIAL	8	DIP	RECTANGULAR	NO	PLASTIC/EPOXY			CMOS		THROUGH-HOLE				3/5	IN-LINE	DIP8,.3	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	2.54 mm	85 Cel	-40 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)	DUAL	R-PDIP-T8					Not Qualified				e0
IMI4343YB	Infineon Technologies	PHASE DETECTOR	INDUSTRIAL	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	PLASTIC/EPOXY			CMOS		GULL WING				3/5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.3	PLL or Frequency Synthesis Circuits	1.27 mm	85 Cel	-40 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)	DUAL	R-PDSO-G8					Not Qualified				e0

Phase Locked Loops (PLL) & Frequency Synthesis Circuits

Phase Locked Loops (PLL) and Frequency Synthesis Circuits are electronic circuits used to generate and control stable and precise frequencies for use in various applications, such as communication systems, signal processing, and instrumentation.

A PLL is a feedback system that compares the phase of an input signal to the phase of a reference signal and adjusts the output frequency to match the reference frequency. The basic components of a PLL include a phase detector, a low-pass filter, a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), and a frequency divider. The phase detector compares the phase of the input and reference signals and generates an error signal that is filtered and used to adjust the frequency of the VCO. The output of the VCO is divided by a frequency divider to generate the output frequency. PLLs are commonly used for frequency synthesis, clock recovery, and phase modulation/demodulation.

Frequency synthesis circuits are electronic circuits used to generate precise and stable frequencies by combining multiple signals with different frequencies. These circuits use various techniques, such as direct digital synthesis (DDS), fractional-N synthesis, and frequency mixing to generate frequencies. DDS is a technique that uses a digital signal generator to generate a waveform with a specific frequency, phase, and amplitude. Fractional-N synthesis is a technique that uses a PLL to generate a frequency that is a fraction of the reference frequency. Frequency mixing is a technique that combines two signals with different frequencies to generate a signal with a frequency equal to the difference between the two frequencies.

PLLs and frequency synthesis circuits are critical components in many electronic systems that require precise and stable frequencies. These circuits are used in communication systems, signal processing, instrumentation, and other applications where accurate frequency generation and control is required.