STMicroelectronics Power Management ICs 2,400+

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Part RoHS Manufacturer Other IC type Temperature Grade No. of Terminals Package Code Package Shape Surface Mount Total Dose (V) Maximum Switching Frequency Package Body Material Maximum Supply Current (Isup) Maximum Output Current Trim or Adjustable Output (V) No. of Functions No. of Channels Technology Screening Level Nominal Bandwidth Terminal Form Main Out Ripple Voltage Control Technique Nominal Negative Supply Voltage (Vsup) Nominal Supply Voltage (Vsup) Power Supplies (V) Switcher Config Package Style (Meter) Package Equivalence Code Sub-Category Terminal Pitch Maximum Operating Temperature Minimum Output Voltage Control Mode Protection(s) Maximum Total Power Output Minimum Operating Temperature Terminal Finish Maximum Output Voltage Terminal Position JESD-30 Code Output (V) Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) Maximum Supply Voltage (Vsup) Maximum Seated Height Width (mm) Qualification Normal Position (V) Minimum Supply Voltage (Vsup) Nominal Input Voltage Additional Features Minimum Input Voltage Maximum Negative Input Voltage JESD-609 Code Switching (V) Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s) No. of Outputs Peak Reflow Temperature (C) Maximum Switch-on Time Maximum On-state Resistance (Ron) Nominal Threshold Voltage (V) Length Adjustable Threshold Nominal Output Voltage Maximum Input Voltage

STM6778TGWY6F

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

5

LSSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1

1

GULL WING

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE, LOW PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

.95 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G5

5.5 V

1.45 mm

1.6 mm

.8 V

RESET THRESHOLD VOLTAGE ARE 3.075 AND 1.11 VOLTS

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

+3.075,1.11V

2.9 mm

NO

STM1001MWX6F

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

3

TSSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

.015 mA

1

1

GULL WING

1.5/5

SMALL OUTLINE, THIN PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

TO-236

Power Management Circuits

.96 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G3

1

5.5 V

1.12 mm

1.3 mm

Not Qualified

1.2 V

e3

30

260

+4.38V

2.92 mm

NO

STM6717SVWB6F

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

6

LSSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1

1

GULL WING

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE, LOW PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

.95 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G6

5.5 V

1.45 mm

1.6 mm

.8 V

RESET THRESHOLD VOLTAGE ARE 2.925 AND 1.575 VOLTS

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

2.9 mm

NO

STM6502LAAADG6F

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

STM6505RFABDG6F

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

STM6905SYFDS6E

STMicroelectronics

INDUSTRIAL

8

TSSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

.016 mA

GULL WING

0.8/5.5

SMALL OUTLINE, THIN PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

TSSOP8,.19

Power Management Circuits

.635 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1

Not Qualified

e3

STM6779VWB6F

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

6

LSSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

.035 mA

1

1

GULL WING

3.3 V

0.8/5.5

SMALL OUTLINE, LOW PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

TSOP6,.11,37

Power Management Circuits

.95 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G6

1

5.5 V

1.45 mm

1.6 mm

Not Qualified

.8 V

RESET THRESHOLD VOLTAGE IS 1.575V; MANUAL RESET INPUT

e3

30

260

2.9 mm

YES

STM6825RAWY6F

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

5

LSSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

.012 mA

1

1

GULL WING

1/5.5

SMALL OUTLINE, LOW PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

TSOP5/6,.11,37

Power Management Circuits

.95 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G5

1

5.5 V

1.45 mm

1.6 mm

Not Qualified

1.2 V

RESET THRESHOLD VOLTAGE IS 2.63V; MANUAL RESET INPUT

e3

+2.63V

2.9 mm

NO

STM6779YBWB6E

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

6

LSSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1

1

GULL WING

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE, LOW PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

.95 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G6

5.5 V

1.45 mm

1.6 mm

.8 V

RESET THRESHOLD VOLTAGE IS 2.188 VOLT

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

+2.188V

2.9 mm

YES

STM1404ASOCQ1F

STMicroelectronics

STM1404CTNBQ1F

STMicroelectronics

STM1404CROBQ1F

STMicroelectronics

STM1404ASMCQ1F

STMicroelectronics

STM6502VCABDG6F

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

STM1404ASODQ6F

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

16

HVQCCN

SQUARE

YES

UNSPECIFIED

.065 mA

1

1

NO LEAD

3 V

2.5/3.3

CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

LCC16,.12SQ,20

Power Management Circuits

.5 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

QUAD

S-XQCC-N16

3.6 V

1 mm

3 mm

Not Qualified

2.2 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

3 mm

NO

STM1404CTNHQ1F

STMicroelectronics

STM6720YVWB6F

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

6

LSSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

.035 mA

1

1

GULL WING

3.3 V

0.8/5.5

SMALL OUTLINE, LOW PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

TSOP6,.11,37

Power Management Circuits

.95 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn)

DUAL

R-PDSO-G6

1

5.5 V

1.45 mm

1.6 mm

Not Qualified

.8 V

RESET THRESHOLD VOLTAGES ARE 2.188V AND 1.575V; MANUAL RESET INPUT

e3

2.9 mm

NO

STM805RM6E

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

.06 mA

1

1

GULL WING

3.6 V

3/5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

Power Management Circuits

1.27 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

Nickel/Palladium/Gold (Ni/Pd/Au)

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1

5.5 V

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

Not Qualified

1.1 V

RESET THRESHOLD VOLTAGE IS 2.625V

e4

40

260

+2.625V

4.9 mm

NO

STM6717TWWY6E

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

5

LSSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

.035 mA

1

1

GULL WING

3.3 V

0.8/5.5

SMALL OUTLINE, LOW PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

TSOP5/6,.11,37

Power Management Circuits

.95 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G5

1

5.5 V

1.45 mm

1.6 mm

Not Qualified

.8 V

RESET THRESHOLD VOLTAGES ARE 3.075V AND 1.665V; MANUAL RESET INPUT

e3

+3.075,1.665V

2.9 mm

YES

STM1066C40F38F

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

OTHER

6

VFBGA

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

.015 mA

1

1

BALL

3/5

GRID ARRAY, VERY THIN PROFILE, FINE PITCH

BGA6,2X3,16

Power Management Circuits

.4 mm

85 Cel

-30 Cel

BOTTOM

R-PBGA-B6

5.5 V

.66 mm

.8 mm

Not Qualified

2.7 V

RESET THRESHOLD VOLTAGE IS 3.40V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

+3.4V

1.2 mm

YES

STM6779VWY6F

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

5

LSSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1

1

GULL WING

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE, LOW PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

.95 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G5

5.5 V

1.45 mm

1.6 mm

.8 V

RESET THRESHOLD VOLTAGE IS 1.575 VOLT

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

2.9 mm

YES

STM6524APDADL6F

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

6

VSON

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1

1

NO LEAD

3 V

SMALL OUTLINE, VERY THIN PROFILE

.4 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-N6

5.5 V

.6 mm

1.3 mm

1.65 V

1.6 mm

NO

STM6504VEABDG6F

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

STM6777LTGWB6E

STMicroelectronics

INDUSTRIAL

6

TSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

.035 mA

GULL WING

0.8/5.5

SMALL OUTLINE, THIN PROFILE

TSOP6,.11,37

Power Management Circuits

.95 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G6

1

Not Qualified

e3

STM6780TWY6F

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

5

LSSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1

1

GULL WING

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE, LOW PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

.95 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G5

5.5 V

1.45 mm

1.6 mm

.8 V

RESET THRESHOLD VOLTAGE 3.075 VOLT

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

+3.075V

2.9 mm

YES

STM6777SVWY6E

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

5

LSSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1

1

GULL WING

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE, LOW PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

.95 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G5

5.5 V

1.45 mm

1.6 mm

.8 V

RESET THRESHOLD VOLTAGE ARE 2.925 AND 1.575 VOLTS

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

2.9 mm

NO

STM1403CTO-Q1F

STMicroelectronics

STM1404ATODQ6F

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

16

HVQCCN

SQUARE

YES

UNSPECIFIED

.065 mA

1

1

NO LEAD

3 V

2.5/3.3

CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

LCC16,.12SQ,20

Power Management Circuits

.5 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

QUAD

S-XQCC-N16

3.6 V

1 mm

3 mm

Not Qualified

2.2 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

3 mm

NO

STM6780LWY6E

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

5

LSSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1

1

GULL WING

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE, LOW PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

.95 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G5

5.5 V

1.45 mm

1.6 mm

.8 V

RESET THRESHOLD VOLTAGE IS 4.625 VOLT

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

+4.625V

2.9 mm

YES

STM6824RJWY6E

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

5

LSSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

.012 mA

1

1

GULL WING

1/5.5

SMALL OUTLINE, LOW PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

TSOP5/6,.11,37

Power Management Circuits

.95 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G5

1

5.5 V

1.45 mm

1.6 mm

Not Qualified

1.2 V

RESET THRESHOLD VOLTAGE IS 2.63V

e3

+2.63V

2.9 mm

NO

STM6778TWWY6E

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

5

LSSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1

1

GULL WING

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE, LOW PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

.95 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G5

5.5 V

1.45 mm

1.6 mm

.8 V

RESET THRESHOLD VOLTAGE ARE 3.075 AND 1.665 VOLTS

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

+3.075,1.665V

2.9 mm

NO

STM1404CROIQ1F

STMicroelectronics

STM1404CRMDQ1F

STMicroelectronics

STM6777TZGWB6F

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

6

LSSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

.035 mA

1

1

GULL WING

3.3 V

0.8/5.5

SMALL OUTLINE, LOW PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

TSOP6,.11,37

Power Management Circuits

.95 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G6

1

5.5 V

1.45 mm

1.6 mm

Not Qualified

.8 V

e3

2.9 mm

YES

STM6321SJWY6F

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

5

LSSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

.012 mA

1

1

GULL WING

1/5.5

SMALL OUTLINE, LOW PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

TSOP5/6,.11,37

Power Management Circuits

.95 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G5

1

5.5 V

1.45 mm

1.6 mm

Not Qualified

1.2 V

RESET THRESHOLD VOLTAGE IS 2.93V

e3

+2.93V

2.9 mm

NO

STM6904SYEDS6E

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

8

TSSOP

SQUARE

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

.014 mA

1

4

GULL WING

0.8/5.5

SMALL OUTLINE, THIN PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

TSSOP8,.19

Power Management Circuits

.65 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

S-PDSO-G8

5.5 V

1.1 mm

3 mm

Not Qualified

.8 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

3 mm

YES

STM6720TZBWY6E

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

5

LSSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1

1

GULL WING

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE, LOW PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

.95 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G5

5.5 V

1.45 mm

1.6 mm

.8 V

RESET THRESHOLD VOLTAGE ARE 3.075 AND 2.313 VOLTS

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

+3.075,2.313V

2.9 mm

YES

STM6778TZGWY6E

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

5

LSSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1

1

GULL WING

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE, LOW PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

.95 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G5

5.5 V

1.45 mm

1.6 mm

.8 V

RESET THRESHOLD VOLTAGE ARE 3.075 AND 2.313 VOLTS

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

+3.075,2.313V

2.9 mm

NO

STM1404ARMCQ1F

STMicroelectronics

STM811LWX6F

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

4

TSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1

1

GULL WING

3.6 V

SMALL OUTLINE, THIN PROFILE

1.92 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G4

1

5.5 V

1.12 mm

1.3 mm

Not Qualified

1.2 V

RESET THRESHOLD VOLTAGE IS 4.63V

e3

+4.63V

2.92 mm

NO

STM6719TZGWB6E

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

6

LSSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

.035 mA

1

1

GULL WING

3.3 V

0.8/5.5

SMALL OUTLINE, LOW PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

TSOP6,.11,37

Power Management Circuits

.95 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G6

1

5.5 V

1.45 mm

1.6 mm

Not Qualified

.8 V

e3

2.9 mm

YES

STM6779YBWB6F

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

6

LSSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1

1

GULL WING

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE, LOW PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

.95 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G6

5.5 V

1.45 mm

1.6 mm

.8 V

RESET THRESHOLD VOLTAGE IS 2.188 VOLT

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

+2.188V

2.9 mm

YES

STM6778YHGWB6F

STMicroelectronics

INDUSTRIAL

6

TSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

.035 mA

GULL WING

0.8/5.5

SMALL OUTLINE, THIN PROFILE

TSOP6,.11,37

Power Management Circuits

.95 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G6

1

Not Qualified

e3

STM6778TIWB6E

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

6

LSSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

.035 mA

1

1

GULL WING

3.3 V

0.8/5.5

SMALL OUTLINE, LOW PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

TSOP6,.11,37

Power Management Circuits

.95 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn)

DUAL

R-PDSO-G6

1

5.5 V

1.45 mm

1.6 mm

Not Qualified

.8 V

RESET THRESHOLD VOLTAGES ARE 3.075V AND 1.388V; MANUAL RESET INPUT

e3

+3.075,1.388V

2.9 mm

NO

STM6822MAWY6F

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

5

LSSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

.017 mA

1

1

GULL WING

1/5.5

SMALL OUTLINE, LOW PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

TSOP5/6,.11,37

Power Management Circuits

.95 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G5

1

5.5 V

1.45 mm

1.6 mm

Not Qualified

1.2 V

RESET THRESHOLD VOLTAGE IS 4.39V; MANUAL RESET INPUT

e3

+4.39V

2.9 mm

NO

STM6519ALAFUC6F

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

STM1403CSOQ6F

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

16

HVQCCN

SQUARE

YES

UNSPECIFIED

.06 mA

1

1

NO LEAD

3.3 V

2.5/3.3

CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

LCC16,.12SQ,20

Power Management Circuits

.5 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

QUAD

S-XQCC-N16

3.6 V

1 mm

3 mm

Not Qualified

2.2 V

MANUAL RESET INPUT

40

260

3 mm

NO

STM6718TWGWY6E

STMicroelectronics

POWER SUPPLY SUPPORT CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

5

LSSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

.035 mA

1

1

GULL WING

3.3 V

0.8/5.5

SMALL OUTLINE, LOW PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

TSOP5/6,.11,37

Power Management Circuits

.95 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

DUAL

R-PDSO-G5

1

5.5 V

1.45 mm

1.6 mm

Not Qualified

.8 V

e4

2.9 mm

YES

Power Management ICs

Power Management ICs (PMICs) are electronic components that are used to regulate and manage the power supply in electronic systems. They are used to optimize power usage, reduce power consumption, and increase battery life in portable devices.

PMICs typically include a range of components such as voltage regulators, power switches, and battery management circuits. Voltage regulators are used to maintain a stable voltage output despite fluctuations in the input voltage or load. Power switches are used to control the flow of power in a circuit, and battery management circuits are used to monitor and manage the charging and discharging of batteries.

PMICs are used in a wide range of applications, including mobile phones, laptops, tablets, and other portable devices. They are also used in automotive electronics, power supplies, and industrial automation systems. PMICs play a critical role in managing power consumption in electronic systems, reducing energy waste and extending battery life.

One of the key advantages of PMICs is their ability to provide multiple functions in a single package, reducing the number of components needed in a system and simplifying design. They also help to improve system reliability by protecting against overvoltage, overcurrent, and overtemperature conditions.