DIE Switching Regulators & Controllers 559

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Part	Manufacturer	Other IC type	Temperature Grade	No. of Terminals	Package Code	Package Shape	Surface Mount	Maximum Switching Frequency	Package Body Material	Maximum Supply Current (Isup)	Maximum Output Current	No. of Functions	Technology	Terminal Form	Control Technique	Nominal Supply Voltage (Vsup)	Power Supplies (V)	Switcher Config	Package Style (Meter)	Package Equivalence Code	Sub-Category	Maximum Operating Temperature	Control Mode	Terminal Finish	Terminal Position	JESD-30 Code	Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL)	Qualification	Nominal Input Voltage	Additional Features	Minimum Input Voltage	JESD-609 Code	Nominal Output Voltage	Maximum Input Voltage
MAX635AC/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	8	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	50 kHz	UNSPECIFIED	.5 mA	.525 A	1	CMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			BUCK-BOOST	UNCASED CHIP	DIE OR CHIP	Switching Regulator or Controllers	70 Cel	VOLTAGE-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N8	1	Not Qualified			2.6 V	e0	-5 V	16.5 V
MAX738C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	14	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	160 kHz	UNSPECIFIED	3 mA	2 A	1	CMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			BUCK	UNCASED CHIP	DIE OR CHIP	Switching Regulator or Controllers	70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N14		Not Qualified			6 V	e0	5 V	16 V
MAX849C/D-T	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	16	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	300 kHz	UNSPECIFIED		1 A	1	CMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			BOOST	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel	VOLTAGE-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N16		Not Qualified			.8 V	e0	3.3 V	5 V
MAX651C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING CONTROLLER	COMMERCIAL	9	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	300 kHz	UNSPECIFIED	.1 mA	1.5 A	1	BICMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE FREQUENCY MODULATION			BUCK	UNCASED CHIP	DIE OR CHIP	Switching Regulator or Controllers	70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N9	1	Not Qualified			4 V	e0	3.3 V	16.5 V
MAX765C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	10	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	300 kHz	UNSPECIFIED	.12 mA	1.5 A	1	BICMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE FREQUENCY MODULATION			BUCK-BOOST	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N10	1	Not Qualified			3 V	e0	-12 V	16 V
MAX770C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING CONTROLLER	COMMERCIAL	8	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	300 kHz	UNSPECIFIED	.11 mA		1	BICMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE FREQUENCY MODULATION			BOOST	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N8	1	Not Qualified	5 V		2 V	e0	5 V	16.5 V
MAX891LC/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	8	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES		UNSPECIFIED	.02 mA		1		NO LEAD	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			BUCK	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N8	1	Not Qualified			3 V	e0		5.5 V
MAX730C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	14	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	170 kHz	UNSPECIFIED	3 mA	2 A	1	CMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			BUCK	UNCASED CHIP	DIE OR CHIP	Switching Regulator or Controllers	70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N14		Not Qualified			5.2 V	e0	5 V	11 V
MAX799C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING CONTROLLER	COMMERCIAL	16	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	330 kHz	UNSPECIFIED			1	BICMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			PUSH-PULL	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N16	1	Not Qualified	15 V		4.5 V	e0	5 V	30 V
MAX662AC/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHED CAPACITOR REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	9	DIE	SQUARE	YES	500 kHz	UNSPECIFIED	.5 mA		1	CMOS	NO LEAD				DOUBLER INVERTER	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel		TIN LEAD	UPPER	S-XUUC-N9	1	Not Qualified			4.75 V	e0	12 V	5.5 V
MAX748AC/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	14	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	212.5 kHz	UNSPECIFIED	3 mA	2 A	1	CMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			BUCK	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N14	1	Not Qualified	5 V		3.3 V	e0	3.3 V	16 V
MAX848C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	16	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	300 kHz	UNSPECIFIED		.5 A	1	CMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			BOOST	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel	VOLTAGE-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N16		Not Qualified			.8 V	e0	3.3 V	5 V
MAX1682C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHED CAPACITOR CONVERTER	COMMERCIAL	5	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	15.6 kHz	UNSPECIFIED			1	CMOS	NO LEAD				DOUBLER INVERTER	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel		TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N5		Not Qualified	5 V		2 V	e0		5.5 V
MAX629C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	8	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	300 kHz	UNSPECIFIED		.39 A	1		NO LEAD	PULSE FREQUENCY MODULATION			BOOST	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N8	1	Not Qualified	5 V		2.7 V	e0	28 V	5.5 V
MAX685C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	16	DIE	UNSPECIFIED	YES	480 kHz	UNSPECIFIED		.44 A	1		NO LEAD	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			BOOST	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	X-XUUC-N	1	Not Qualified	5 V		2.7 V	e0		5.5 V
MAX771C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING CONTROLLER	COMMERCIAL	8	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	300 kHz	UNSPECIFIED	.11 mA		1	BICMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE FREQUENCY MODULATION			BOOST	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N8	1	Not Qualified	5 V		2 V	e0	12 V	16.5 V
MAX636AC/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	8	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	50 kHz	UNSPECIFIED	.5 mA	.525 A	1	CMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			BUCK-BOOST	UNCASED CHIP	DIE OR CHIP	Switching Regulator or Controllers	70 Cel	VOLTAGE-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N8	1	Not Qualified			2.6 V	e0	-12 V	16.5 V
MAX650AC/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	14	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	25 kHz	UNSPECIFIED		.25 A	1		NO LEAD					UNCASED CHIP	DIE OR CHIP	Switching Regulator or Controllers	70 Cel	VOLTAGE-MODE		UPPER	R-XUUC-N14	1	Not Qualified					5 V
MAX641BCA+T	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	9	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	45 kHz	UNSPECIFIED		.45 A	1	CMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			BOOST	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel	VOLTAGE-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N9		Not Qualified			2 V	e0		16.5 V
MAX639C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	11	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES		UNSPECIFIED	.02 mA	1 A	1	CMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE FREQUENCY MODULATION			BUCK	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N11	1	Not Qualified	9 V		4 V	e0	5 V	11.5 V
MAX871C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHED CAPACITOR CONVERTER	COMMERCIAL	5	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	775 kHz	UNSPECIFIED			1	CMOS	NO LEAD				DOUBLER INVERTER	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel		TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N5		Not Qualified	5 V		1.4 V	e0		5.5 V
MAX741UC/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING CONTROLLER	COMMERCIAL	22	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	160 kHz	UNSPECIFIED	3.5 mA	1 A	1	CMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			PUSH-PULL	UNCASED CHIP	DIE OR CHIP	Switching Regulator or Controllers	70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N22		Not Qualified			2.7 V	e0		15.5 V
MAX762C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	11	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	300 kHz	UNSPECIFIED	.11 mA	1.5 A	1	BICMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE FREQUENCY MODULATION			BOOST	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N11	1	Not Qualified			3 V	e0	15 V	16.5 V
MAX718C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	16	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	500 kHz	UNSPECIFIED		.5 A	1	CMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE FREQUENCY MODULATION			BOOST	UNCASED CHIP	DIE OR CHIP	Switching Regulator or Controllers	70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N16	1	Not Qualified		ALSO CONTAINS AN ADDITIONAL CONTROLLER	7 V	e0		20 V
MAX894LC/D	Maxim Integrated	DUAL SWITCHING CONTROLLER	COMMERCIAL	8	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES		UNSPECIFIED		.75 A	1		NO LEAD				SINGLE	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel		TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N	1	Not Qualified	3 V		2.7 V	e0	5 V	5.5 V
MAX679C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHED CAPACITOR REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	8	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	1000 kHz	UNSPECIFIED	.02 mA		1		NO LEAD				DOUBLER INVERTER	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel		TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N8		Not Qualified			1.8 V	e0	3.3 V	3.6 V
MAX881RC/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHED CAPACITOR REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	9	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES		UNSPECIFIED			1		NO LEAD				DOUBLER INVERTER	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel		TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N9		Not Qualified			2.5 V	e0		5.5 V
MAX849C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	16	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	300 kHz	UNSPECIFIED		1 A	1	CMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			BOOST	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel	VOLTAGE-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N16		Not Qualified			.8 V	e0	3.3 V	5 V
MAX729C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	5	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	100 kHz	UNSPECIFIED	11 mA	2 A	1	BIPOLAR	NO LEAD	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			BUCK	UNCASED CHIP	DIE OR CHIP	Switching Regulator or Controllers	70 Cel	VOLTAGE-MODE		UPPER	R-XUUC-N5	1	Not Qualified			8 V		3 V	40 V
MAX787C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	7	DIE	UNSPECIFIED	YES	120 kHz	UNSPECIFIED	11 mA	5.5 A	1	BIPOLAR	NO LEAD	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			BUCK	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel	VOLTAGE-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	X-XUUC-N7		Not Qualified			8 V	e0	5 V	40 V
MAX723C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	18	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	500 kHz	UNSPECIFIED	.06 mA	1 A	1	CMOS	NO LEAD	CONSTANT OFF TIME			BOOST	UNCASED CHIP	DIE OR CHIP	Switching Regulator or Controllers	70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N18	2	Not Qualified		ALSO CONTAINS AN ADDITIONAL CONTROLLER	.9 V	e0	5 V	5.5 V
MAX730AC/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	14	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	210 kHz	UNSPECIFIED	1.7 mA	2 A	1	CMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			BUCK	UNCASED CHIP	DIE OR CHIP	Switching Regulator or Controllers	70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N14		Not Qualified	9 V		5.2 V	e0	5 V	11 V
MAX649C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING CONTROLLER	COMMERCIAL	9	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	300 kHz	UNSPECIFIED	.1 mA	1.5 A	1	BICMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE FREQUENCY MODULATION			BUCK	UNCASED CHIP	DIE OR CHIP	Switching Regulator or Controllers	70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N9	1	Not Qualified			6 V	e0	5 V	16.5 V
MAX728HC/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	5	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	100 kHz	UNSPECIFIED	12 mA	2 A	1	BIPOLAR	NO LEAD	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			BUCK	UNCASED CHIP	DIE OR CHIP	Switching Regulator or Controllers	70 Cel	VOLTAGE-MODE		UPPER	R-XUUC-N5	1	Not Qualified			8 V		3.3 V	60 V
MAX796C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING CONTROLLER	COMMERCIAL	16	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	330 kHz	UNSPECIFIED			1	BICMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			PUSH-PULL	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N16	1	Not Qualified	15 V		4.5 V	e0	5 V	30 V
MAX857C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	9	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	500 kHz	UNSPECIFIED	.06 mA	.5 A	1	CMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE FREQUENCY MODULATION			BOOST	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N9		Not Qualified	2.5 V		.8 V	e0	1.25 V	6 V
MAX757C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	9	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	500 kHz	UNSPECIFIED		1 A	1	CMOS	NO LEAD	CONSTANT OFF TIME			BOOST	UNCASED CHIP	DIE OR CHIP	Switching Regulator or Controllers	70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N9	1	Not Qualified	2.5 V	ALSO ADJUSTABLE OUTPUT FROM 2.7 TO 5.5V; ALSO 5 VOLT OUTPUT AVAILABLE	1.1 V	e0	3.3 V	6 V
MAX856C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	9	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	500 kHz	UNSPECIFIED	.06 mA	.5 A	1	CMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE FREQUENCY MODULATION			BOOST	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N9		Not Qualified	2.5 V		.8 V	e0	5 V	6 V
MAX772C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING CONTROLLER	COMMERCIAL	8	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	300 kHz	UNSPECIFIED	.11 mA		1	BICMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE FREQUENCY MODULATION			BOOST	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N8	1	Not Qualified	5 V		2 V	e0	15 V	16.5 V
MAX759C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	13	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	185 kHz	UNSPECIFIED	4 mA	2.5 A	1	CMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			BUCK-BOOST	UNCASED CHIP	DIE OR CHIP	Switching Regulator or Controllers	70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N13	1	Not Qualified		ALSO OPERATES IN ADJUSTABLE MODE FROM -4.775V TO -5.225V	4 V	e0		11 V
MAX657C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	15	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	18 kHz	UNSPECIFIED		1.6 A	1	CMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			BOOST	UNCASED CHIP	DIE OR CHIP	Other Analog ICs	70 Cel	VOLTAGE-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N15		Not Qualified			1 V	e0	3 V	3.6 V
MAX1643C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	8	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES		UNSPECIFIED		1 A	1		NO LEAD	PULSE FREQUENCY MODULATION			BOOST	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel	VOLTAGE-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N8		Not Qualified	1.3 V	IT ALSO HAS CONTROL TECHNIQUE OF PFM, ALSO OPERATES IN ADJUSTABLE MODE FROM 2 TO 5.2V	.7 V	e0	3.3 V	1.65 V
MAX778C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	15	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	150 kHz	UNSPECIFIED	.31 mA	1 A	1	BIPOLAR	NO LEAD	PULSE FREQUENCY MODULATION			BOOST	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N15		Not Qualified			1 V	e0	3.3 V	6.2 V
LT1074HVC/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	4	DIE	UNSPECIFIED	YES	100 kHz	UNSPECIFIED	12 mA	5.5 A	1	BIPOLAR	NO LEAD	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			BUCK	UNCASED CHIP	DIE OR CHIP	Switching Regulator or Controllers	70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE		UPPER	X-XUUC-N4	1	Not Qualified			8 V			60 V
MAX653C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHING REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	11	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES		UNSPECIFIED	.02 mA	1 A	1	CMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE FREQUENCY MODULATION			BUCK	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N11	1	Not Qualified	5 V		4 V	e0	3 V	11.5 V
MAX712C/D	Maxim Integrated	BATTERY CHARGE CONTROLLER	COMMERCIAL	18	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES		UNSPECIFIED	10 mA	.1 A	1	CMOS	NO LEAD		5 V	5	SINGLE	UNCASED CHIP	DIE OR CHIP	Power Management Circuits	70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N18	1	Not Qualified	5 V		4.5 V	e0		5.5 V
MAX783C/D	Maxim Integrated	DUAL SWITCHING CONTROLLER	COMMERCIAL	36	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	330 kHz	UNSPECIFIED			1	CMOS	NO LEAD	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			PHASE-SHIFT	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N36		Not Qualified	15 V		5.5 V	e0	5.08 V	30 V
MAX768C/D	Maxim Integrated	SWITCHED CAPACITOR REGULATOR	COMMERCIAL	16	DIE	RECTANGULAR	YES	100 kHz	UNSPECIFIED			1	CMOS	NO LEAD				DOUBLER INVERTER	UNCASED CHIP			70 Cel	VOLTAGE-MODE	TIN LEAD	UPPER	R-XUUC-N16		Not Qualified			2.5 V	e0	5 V	5.5 V

Switching Regulators & Controllers

Switching regulators and controllers are electronic devices used to regulate the output voltage and current of power supplies. They operate by rapidly switching a power supply circuit between on and off states, resulting in a high-frequency waveform that can be filtered and smoothed to produce a stable output voltage.

Switching regulators and controllers offer several advantages over traditional linear regulators, including higher efficiency and the ability to handle a wider range of input voltages. They are commonly used in applications such as power supplies for computers, LED lighting, and motor control.

Switching regulators and controllers come in a variety of forms, including step-up (boost), step-down (buck), and step-up/down (buck-boost) configurations. They may be designed as integrated circuits (ICs) or as standalone modules.

Switching regulators and controllers typically include feedback control circuits to adjust the output voltage and current, as well as protection circuits to prevent overvoltage, overcurrent, and overtemperature conditions. They may also include features such as soft-start to reduce inrush currents and synchronization with external clock signals.