Onsemi Switching Regulators & Controllers 2,400+

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Part	Manufacturer	Other IC type	Temperature Grade	No. of Terminals	Package Code	Package Shape	Surface Mount	Maximum Switching Frequency	Package Body Material	Maximum Supply Current (Isup)	Maximum Output Current	No. of Functions	Technology	Screening Level	Terminal Form	Control Technique	Nominal Supply Voltage (Vsup)	Power Supplies (V)	Switcher Config	Package Style (Meter)	Package Equivalence Code	Sub-Category	Terminal Pitch	Maximum Operating Temperature	Control Mode	Minimum Operating Temperature	Terminal Finish	Terminal Position	JESD-30 Code	Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL)	Maximum Seated Height	Width (mm)	Qualification	Nominal Input Voltage	Additional Features	Minimum Input Voltage	JESD-609 Code	Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s)	Peak Reflow Temperature (C)	Length	Nominal Output Voltage	Maximum Input Voltage
CS5307GDW24	Onsemi	SWITCHING CONTROLLER	COMMERCIAL	24	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	1000 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY		.1 A	1			GULL WING	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			PHASE-SHIFT	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP24,.4	Switching Regulator or Controllers	1.27 mm	70 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	0 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn80Pb20)	DUAL	R-PDSO-G24		2.65 mm	7.5 mm	Not Qualified	10 V		9.5 V	e0			15.395 mm		14 V
FSBH0270NY-F116	Onsemi	SWITCHING CONTROLLER	INDUSTRIAL	8	DIP	RECTANGULAR	NO	106 kHz	UNSPECIFIED		1.1 A	1	BICMOS		THROUGH-HOLE	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			SINGLE	IN-LINE			2.54 mm	105 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	-40 Cel	MATTE TIN	DUAL	R-XDIP-T8		5.334 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	15 V		11 V	e3			9.5885 mm		22 V
UA78S40PV	Onsemi	SWITCHING REGULATOR	INDUSTRIAL	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	NO		PLASTIC/EPOXY		1.5 A	1	BIPOLAR		THROUGH-HOLE	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			BOOST	IN-LINE	DIP16,.3	Switching Regulator or Controllers	2.54 mm	85 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	-40 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn80Pb20)	DUAL	R-PDIP-T16		4.44 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	5 V	CAN BE USED AS BUCK OR INVERTING REGULATOR ALSO	2.5 V	e0			19.175 mm		40 V
MC44603DWR2G	Onsemi	SWITCHING CONTROLLER	OTHER	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	250 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY		.75 A	1	BIPOLAR		GULL WING	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			SINGLE	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP16,.4	Switching Regulator or Controllers	1.27 mm	85 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	-25 Cel	TIN	DUAL	R-PDSO-G16	3	2.65 mm	7.5 mm	Not Qualified	12 V	ALSO CONFIGURABLE IN CURRENT MODE	10 V	e3		260	10.3 mm		15 V
SG6846BCSZ	Onsemi	SWITCHING CONTROLLER	INDUSTRIAL	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	136 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY			1			GULL WING	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			SINGLE	SMALL OUTLINE			1.27 mm	105 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	-40 Cel	Nickel/Palladium/Gold/Silver (Ni/Pd/Au/Ag)	DUAL	R-PDSO-G8	1	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	15 V		11.5 V	e4	30	260	4.9 mm		20 V
LA5771MP	Onsemi	SWITCHING REGULATOR	OTHER	5		RECTANGULAR	YES	192 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY		3 A	1			GULL WING	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			BUCK	SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG			1.7 mm	125 Cel		-30 Cel		SINGLE	R-PSSO-G5		4.7 mm	8.8 mm		15 V		5.5 V				10 mm	3.3 V	28 V
CS5305GDW28	Onsemi	SWITCHING CONTROLLER	COMMERCIAL	28	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	1000 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY		.1 A	1			GULL WING	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			PHASE-SHIFT	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP28,.4	Switching Regulator or Controllers	1.27 mm	70 Cel	CURRENT/VOLTAGE-MODE	0 Cel	TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G28	1	2.65 mm	7.5 mm	Not Qualified	10 V		9.5 V	e0		235	17.925 mm		14 V
LA5771MP-DL-E	Onsemi		OTHER	5			YES	192 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY												SMSIP5H,.6,67TB	Switching Regulator or Controllers	1.7 mm	125 Cel	VOLTAGE-MODE	-30 Cel	TIN BISMUTH	SINGLE		1			Not Qualified				e6	30	260
FDMF6821B	Onsemi	SWITCHING REGULATOR	AUTOMOTIVE	43	QCCN	SQUARE	YES	1000 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY		55 A	1			NO LEAD	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			BUCK	SPECIAL SHAPE	LCC40,.24SQ,20	Switching Regulator or Controllers	.5 mm	125 Cel	VOLTAGE-MODE	-40 Cel	Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed	UNSPECIFIED	S-PXSS-N43	1	1.1 mm	6 mm	Not Qualified	5 V		4.5 V	e3	30	260	6 mm		5.5 V
LA5744TP	Onsemi	SWITCHING REGULATOR	OTHER	4		RECTANGULAR	YES	360 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY		2 A	1			GULL WING				BUCK	SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG			.65 mm	125 Cel		-30 Cel		SINGLE	R-PSSO-G4		2.5 mm	5.5 mm		15 V		4.5 V				6.5 mm	5 V	28 V
CS2844LDWR16	Onsemi	SWITCHING CONTROLLER	OTHER	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES		PLASTIC/EPOXY		1 A	1	BIPOLAR		GULL WING	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			SINGLE	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP16,.4	Switching Regulator or Controllers	1.27 mm	85 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	-25 Cel	TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G16		2.65 mm	7.5 mm	Not Qualified	15 V		11 V	e0			10.3 mm		25 V
LV5771QA-NH	Onsemi	SWITCHING REGULATOR	INDUSTRIAL	16	HVQCCN	SQUARE	YES	1130 kHz	UNSPECIFIED			1	BICMOS		NO LEAD	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			BUCK	CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE	LCC16,.12SQ,20	Switching Regulator or Controllers	.5 mm	85 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	-40 Cel		QUAD	S-XQCC-N16		.8 mm	3 mm	Not Qualified	12 V		8 V				3 mm		42 V
TN5D61A-HB11-E	Onsemi		OTHER	5	ZIP	RECTANGULAR	NO	180 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY		5 A				THROUGH-HOLE					IN-LINE	ZIP5,.15,.1,100/50TB	Switching Regulator or Controllers	1.27 mm	85 Cel	VOLTAGE-MODE	-10 Cel	Tin/Bismuth (Sn/Bi)	ZIG-ZAG	R-PZIP-T5				Not Qualified				e6
CS5661EDW16	Onsemi	DUAL SWITCHING CONTROLLER	INDUSTRIAL	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	500 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY		.4 A	1	BIPOLAR		GULL WING	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			SINGLE	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP16,.4	Switching Regulator or Controllers	1.27 mm	85 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	-40 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn80Pb20)	DUAL	R-PDSO-G16	1	2.65 mm	7.5 mm	Not Qualified	15 V		8.8 V	e0			10.3 mm		15 V
CS5422GDR16	Onsemi	SWITCHING CONTROLLER	COMMERCIAL	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	750 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1.5 A	1			GULL WING	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			PHASE-SHIFT	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP16,.25	Switching Regulator or Controllers	1.27 mm	70 Cel	CURRENT/VOLTAGE-MODE	0 Cel	TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G16	1	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	12 V		10.8 V	e0		235	9.9 mm		13.2 V
CS-2843AJ	Onsemi	SWITCHING CONTROLLER	OTHER	8	DIP	RECTANGULAR	NO		CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED		1 A	1			THROUGH-HOLE	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			SINGLE	IN-LINE				85 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	-25 Cel	TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-GDIP-T8				Not Qualified	15 V		12 V	e0					25 V
FSD176MRTUDTU	Onsemi	SWITCHING CONTROLLER	AUTOMOTIVE	6	ZIP	RECTANGULAR	NO	73 kHz	UNSPECIFIED		3.85 A	1			THROUGH-HOLE	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			SINGLE	FLANGE MOUNT	ZIP6,.28,.11,85/68/50TB	Switching Regulator or Controllers	1.27 mm	125 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	-40 Cel	TIN	ZIG-ZAG	R-XZFM-T6				Not Qualified	11 V		8 V	e3
NCP81105HMNTXG	Onsemi	SWITCHING CONTROLLER																									TIN			1							e3	30	260
LA5774MP-E	Onsemi		OTHER	5			YES	192 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY												SMSIP5H,.6,67TB	Switching Regulator or Controllers	1.7 mm	125 Cel	VOLTAGE-MODE	-30 Cel	TIN BISMUTH	SINGLE		1			Not Qualified				e6	30	260
LV8747TA	Onsemi	SWITCHING CONTROLLER	OTHER	64	QFP	SQUARE	YES	800 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY	8 mA	1.75 A	1	BICMOS		GULL WING	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION	24 V		BOOST	FLATPACK	TQFP64,.35SQ,16		.4 mm	85 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	-20 Cel		QUAD	S-PQFP-G64		1.2 mm	7 mm				0 V				7 mm		5 V
CAT3200EMS6-TE7	Onsemi	SWITCHED CAPACITOR REGULATOR	INDUSTRIAL	8	TSSOP	SQUARE	YES	2600 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY			1			GULL WING				DOUBLER INVERTER	SMALL OUTLINE, THIN PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH			.65 mm	85 Cel		-40 Cel		DUAL	S-PDSO-G8		1.1 mm	3 mm	Not Qualified	3.6 V		2.7 V				3 mm		4.5 V
LA5744-HK-E	Onsemi		OTHER	5	ZIP	RECTANGULAR	NO	360 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY						THROUGH-HOLE					IN-LINE	ZIP5,.15,.17,67TB	Switching Regulator or Controllers	1.7 mm	125 Cel	VOLTAGE-MODE	-30 Cel	Tin/Bismuth (Sn/Bi)	ZIG-ZAG	R-PZIP-T5				Not Qualified				e6
CS-2844DW16	Onsemi		OTHER	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	500 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY		.2 A		BIPOLAR		GULL WING					SMALL OUTLINE	SOP16,.4	Switching Regulator or Controllers	1.27 mm	85 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	-25 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)	DUAL	R-PDSO-G16				Not Qualified				e0
CS-52843D8	Onsemi		INDUSTRIAL	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	500 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY		.2 A		BIPOLAR		GULL WING					SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	Switching Regulator or Controllers	1.27 mm	85 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	-40 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)	DUAL	R-PDSO-G8				Not Qualified				e0
LV5762LF-MPB-H	Onsemi																										Nickel/Palladium/Gold (Ni/Pd/Au)			3							e4
LV5072M-TLM-H	Onsemi		OTHER	12	SSOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	2700 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY				BICMOS		GULL WING					SMALL OUTLINE, SHRINK PITCH	SOP12,.25,32	Switching Regulator or Controllers	.8 mm	85 Cel	VOLTAGE-MODE	-20 Cel	Tin/Bismuth (Sn/Bi)	DUAL	R-PDSO-G12	3			Not Qualified				e6
FAM65CR51DZ1	Onsemi	SWITCHING REGULATOR	AUTOMOTIVE	12		RECTANGULAR	NO		UNSPECIFIED			1	HYBRID	AEC-Q101	THROUGH-HOLE				BOOST	FLANGE MOUNT				125 Cel		-40 Cel		ZIG-ZAG	R-XZFM-T12									NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
TND506MD	Onsemi		AUTOMOTIVE	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES		PLASTIC/EPOXY						GULL WING		15 V	15		SMALL OUTLINE	SOP16,.25	Switching Regulator or Controllers	1.27 mm	125 Cel		-40 Cel		DUAL	R-PDSO-G16				Not Qualified
SG6846BLSY	Onsemi	SWITCHING CONTROLLER	INDUSTRIAL	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	65 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY			1			GULL WING	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			SINGLE	SMALL OUTLINE			1.27 mm	105 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	-40 Cel		DUAL	R-PDSO-G8		1.75 mm	3.9 mm		15 V		11.5 V				4.9 mm		20 V
NCP81149MNTXG	Onsemi	SWITCHING REGULATOR	AUTOMOTIVE	51	HVBCC	SQUARE	YES	1200 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY			1			BUTT	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			BUCK	CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE				125 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	-40 Cel	MATTE TIN	BOTTOM	S-PBCC-B51	3	1 mm	6 mm			ALSO OPERATES IN PFM MODE		e3	30	260	6 mm	1.8 V
NCV3020BDR2G	Onsemi	SWITCHING CONTROLLER	AUTOMOTIVE	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	670 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY			1			GULL WING	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			PUSH-PULL	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	Switching Regulator or Controllers	1.27 mm	125 Cel	VOLTAGE-MODE	-40 Cel	MATTE TIN	DUAL	R-PDSO-G8	3	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	12 V		4.7 V	e3	30	260	4.9 mm		28 V
CS2842ALN8	Onsemi	SWITCHING CONTROLLER	OTHER	8	DIP	RECTANGULAR	NO	57 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1 A	1	BIPOLAR		THROUGH-HOLE	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			SINGLE	IN-LINE	DIP8,.3	Switching Regulator or Controllers	2.54 mm	85 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	-25 Cel	TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDIP-T8		4.45 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	15 V		11 V	e0		235	9.78 mm		25 V
NCL30161AMNT2G	Onsemi	SWITCHING REGULATOR																																				NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
NCP81228FHMNTXG	Onsemi	DUAL SWITCHING CONTROLLER	OTHER	52	HVQCCN	SQUARE	YES	1170 kHz	UNSPECIFIED			1			NO LEAD	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION	5 V		BUCK	CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE	LCC52,.24SQ,16		.4 mm	100 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	-10 Cel	MATTE TIN	QUAD	S-XQCC-N52	1	1 mm	6 mm				4.5 V	e3	30	260	6 mm		21 V
CAT3200ERD2	Onsemi	SWITCHED CAPACITOR REGULATOR	INDUSTRIAL	8	VSON	RECTANGULAR	YES	2600 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY			1			NO LEAD				DOUBLER INVERTER	SMALL OUTLINE, VERY THIN PROFILE			.65 mm	85 Cel		-40 Cel	TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-N8	1	.8 mm	3 mm	Not Qualified	3.6 V		2.7 V	e0			4.9 mm		4.5 V
SG1577SY	Onsemi	DUAL SWITCHING CONTROLLER	INDUSTRIAL	20	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	352 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY			1			GULL WING	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			PHASE-SHIFT	SMALL OUTLINE			1.27 mm	85 Cel	VOLTAGE-MODE	-40 Cel	Tin (Sn)	DUAL	R-PDSO-G20	3	2.65 mm	7.5 mm	Not Qualified	12 V	ALSO OPERATES IN THE ADJUSTABLE MODE AS LOW AS 0.7V	8 V	e3	30	260	12.8 mm	5 V	15 V
FSDL321	Onsemi	SWITCHING REGULATOR	OTHER	8	DIP	RECTANGULAR	NO	55 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY		.8 A	1			THROUGH-HOLE	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			SINGLE	IN-LINE	DIP8,.3		2.54 mm	85 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	-25 Cel	MATTE TIN	DUAL	R-PDIP-T8		5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified				e3			9.415 mm
CS-2843AN	Onsemi	SWITCHING CONTROLLER	OTHER	8	DIP	RECTANGULAR	NO		PLASTIC/EPOXY		1 A	1			THROUGH-HOLE	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			SINGLE	IN-LINE			2.54 mm	85 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	-25 Cel	TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDIP-T8		4.45 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	15 V		12 V	e0			9.78 mm		25 V
LA5774	Onsemi	SWITCHING REGULATOR	OTHER	5		RECTANGULAR	NO	192 kHz	UNSPECIFIED		3 A	1			THROUGH-HOLE	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			BUCK	FLANGE MOUNT				125 Cel		-30 Cel		ZIG-ZAG	R-XZFM-T5					15 V		4.5 V					3.3 V	28 V
LA5779	Onsemi	SWITCHING REGULATOR	OTHER	5		RECTANGULAR	NO	192 kHz	UNSPECIFIED		3 A	1			THROUGH-HOLE				BUCK	FLANGE MOUNT				125 Cel		-30 Cel		ZIG-ZAG	R-XZFM-T5					15 V		4.5 V					3.3 V	28 V
CS-2844N8	Onsemi		OTHER	8	DIP	RECTANGULAR	NO	500 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY		.2 A		BIPOLAR		THROUGH-HOLE					IN-LINE	DIP8,.3	Switching Regulator or Controllers	2.54 mm	85 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	-25 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)	DUAL	R-PDIP-T8				Not Qualified				e0
CS2842ALDR14	Onsemi	SWITCHING CONTROLLER	OTHER	14	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	57 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY		1 A	1	BIPOLAR		GULL WING	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			SINGLE	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP14,.25	Switching Regulator or Controllers	1.27 mm	85 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	-25 Cel	TIN LEAD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G14	1	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	15 V		11 V	e0		235	8.65 mm		25 V
CAT660EVA-GT3	Onsemi	SWITCHED CAPACITOR CONVERTER	INDUSTRIAL	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES		PLASTIC/EPOXY				CMOS		GULL WING					SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	Other Analog ICs	1.27 mm	85 Cel		-40 Cel	NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	R-PDSO-G8	1			Not Qualified			1.5 V	e4	30	260		-5.5 V	5.5 V
LV5768M	Onsemi	SWITCHING REGULATOR	INDUSTRIAL	14	LSSOP	RECTANGULAR	YES		PLASTIC/EPOXY			1	BICMOS		GULL WING	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION			BUCK	SMALL OUTLINE, LOW PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH			1 mm	85 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	-40 Cel		DUAL	R-PDSO-G14		1.7 mm	4.4 mm		12 V		8.5 V				8 mm		42 V
CS3972YT5	Onsemi	SWITCHING CONTROLLER	AUTOMOTIVE	5	TO-220	RECTANGULAR	NO	47 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY		3 A	1	BIPOLAR		THROUGH-HOLE				BUCK-BOOST	FLANGE MOUNT	SIP5,.1,67TB	Switching Regulator or Controllers	1.7 mm	125 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	-40 Cel	TIN LEAD	SINGLE	R-PSFM-T5				Not Qualified			3 V	e0					60 V
NPC1580DR2	Onsemi		OTHER	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	412 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY						GULL WING					SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	Switching Regulator or Controllers	1.27 mm	85 Cel	VOLTAGE-MODE	0 Cel		DUAL	R-PDSO-G8				Not Qualified
FAM65CR51DZ2	Onsemi	SWITCHING REGULATOR
FSDL0365RL	Onsemi	SWITCHING REGULATOR	OTHER	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	YES	55 kHz	PLASTIC/EPOXY		2.41 A	1			GULL WING	PULSE WIDTH MODULATION				SMALL OUTLINE			2.54 mm	85 Cel	CURRENT-MODE	-25 Cel		DUAL	R-PDSO-G8		3.7 mm	6.4 mm		14 V		9 V				9.2 mm

Switching Regulators & Controllers

Switching regulators and controllers are electronic devices used to regulate the output voltage and current of power supplies. They operate by rapidly switching a power supply circuit between on and off states, resulting in a high-frequency waveform that can be filtered and smoothed to produce a stable output voltage.

Switching regulators and controllers offer several advantages over traditional linear regulators, including higher efficiency and the ability to handle a wider range of input voltages. They are commonly used in applications such as power supplies for computers, LED lighting, and motor control.

Switching regulators and controllers come in a variety of forms, including step-up (boost), step-down (buck), and step-up/down (buck-boost) configurations. They may be designed as integrated circuits (ICs) or as standalone modules.

Switching regulators and controllers typically include feedback control circuits to adjust the output voltage and current, as well as protection circuits to prevent overvoltage, overcurrent, and overtemperature conditions. They may also include features such as soft-start to reduce inrush currents and synchronization with external clock signals.