STMicroelectronics Switching Regulators & Controllers 1,352

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Part RoHS Manufacturer Other IC type Temperature Grade No. of Terminals Package Code Package Shape Surface Mount Total Dose (V) Maximum Switching Frequency Package Body Material Approvals (V) Maximum Supply Current (Isup) Maximum Output Current Trim or Adjustable Output (V) No. of Functions No. of Channels Technology Screening Level Nominal Bandwidth Terminal Form Main Out Ripple Voltage Control Technique Nominal Negative Supply Voltage (Vsup) Main Output Efficiency Nominal Supply Voltage (Vsup) Maximum Voltage Tolerance Power Supplies (V) Switcher Config Package Style (Meter) Package Equivalence Code Sub-Category Terminal Pitch Maximum Operating Temperature Minimum Output Voltage Control Mode Protection(s) Maximum Line Regulation Maximum Total Power Output Minimum Operating Temperature Terminal Finish Maximum Output Voltage Terminal Position JESD-30 Code Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) Maximum Supply Voltage (Vsup) Maximum Seated Height Height Width (mm) Qualification Maximum Load Regulation Minimum Supply Voltage (Vsup) Nominal Input Voltage Warm-Up Time Additional Features Minimum Input Voltage Maximum Negative Input Voltage JESD-609 Code Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s) No. of Outputs Peak Reflow Temperature (C) Nominal Threshold Voltage (V) Length Adjustable Threshold Nominal Output Voltage Maximum Input Voltage

VIPER100

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

5

ZIP

RECTANGULAR

NO

200 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

5.3 A

1

MOS

THROUGH-HOLE

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

SINGLE

FLANGE MOUNT

ZIP5,.3,.12,100TB

Switching Regulator or Controllers

2.54 mm

CURRENT-MODE

MATTE TIN

ZIG-ZAG

R-PZFM-T5

Not Qualified

13 V

9 V

e3

15 V

E-L6911E

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING CONTROLLER

20

SOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

1000 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1.3 A

1

GULL WING

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

PUSH-PULL

SMALL OUTLINE

1.27 mm

VOLTAGE-MODE

DUAL

R-PDSO-G20

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

Not Qualified

12 V

5 V

12.8 mm

12 V

A6984TR

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

3

L6590AN

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

NO

74 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

.7 A

1

THROUGH-HOLE

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

BOOST

IN-LINE

2.54 mm

VOLTAGE-MODE

DUAL

R-PDIP-T8

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

10 V

7.2 V

15 V

L4985BTR

STMicroelectronics

POWER FACTOR CONTROLLER

ST1S03PU

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

6

HVSON

SQUARE

YES

1800 kHz

UNSPECIFIED

1

NO LEAD

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

BUCK

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

.95 mm

CURRENT-MODE

DUAL

S-XDSO-N6

1 mm

3 mm

Not Qualified

5 V

3 V

3 mm

16 V

VIPER20A-22-E

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

5

ZIP

RECTANGULAR

NO

200 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

.9 A

1

MOS

THROUGH-HOLE

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

SINGLE

FLANGE MOUNT

ZIP5,.1,.12,100TB

Switching Regulator or Controllers

2.54 mm

CURRENT-MODE

MATTE TIN

ZIG-ZAG

R-PZFM-T5

Not Qualified

13 V

9 V

e3

15 V

ST1CC40PUR

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

8

HVSON

SQUARE

YES

1000 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

3 A

1

NO LEAD

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

BUCK

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

SOLCC8,.16SQ,31

.8 mm

150 Cel

CURRENT-MODE

-40 Cel

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

DUAL

S-PDSO-N8

1

1 mm

4 mm

12 V

3 V

40

260

4 mm

18 V

VIPER100A-22-E

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

5

ZIP

RECTANGULAR

NO

200 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

5.3 A

1

MOS

THROUGH-HOLE

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

SINGLE

FLANGE MOUNT

ZIP5,.1,.12,100TB

Switching Regulator or Controllers

2.54 mm

CURRENT-MODE

MATTE TIN

ZIG-ZAG

R-PZFM-T5

Not Qualified

13 V

9 V

e3

15 V

VIPER114XSTR

STMicroelectronics

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

MC3463ABN

STMicroelectronics

INDUSTRIAL

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

NO

42 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1.5 A

BIPOLAR

THROUGH-HOLE

IN-LINE

DIP8,.3

Switching Regulator or Controllers

2.54 mm

85 Cel

VOLTAGE-MODE

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDIP-T8

Not Qualified

e3

STBB1-APUR25

STMicroelectronics

DUAL SWITCHING CONTROLLER

INDUSTRIAL

10

HVSON

SQUARE

YES

1750 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

2.6 A

1

NO LEAD

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

PUSH-PULL

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

.5 mm

85 Cel

CURRENT-MODE

-40 Cel

DUAL

S-PDSO-N10

1 mm

3 mm

3.6 V

2 V

3 mm

2.5 V

5.5 V

A6986H5V

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

VIPER20SPTR

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

10

SOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

200 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

.9 A

1

GULL WING

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

SINGLE

SMALL OUTLINE

1.27 mm

CURRENT-MODE

DUAL

R-PDSO-G10

3.75 mm

7.5 mm

Not Qualified

13 V

9 V

9.4 mm

15 V

ST1S03APMR

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

OTHER

6

HVSON

SQUARE

YES

1800 kHz

UNSPECIFIED

2.5 A

1

NO LEAD

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

BUCK

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

.95 mm

125 Cel

CURRENT-MODE

0 Cel

DUAL

S-XDSO-N6

1 mm

3 mm

Not Qualified

5 V

2.7 V

40

260

3 mm

5.5 V

ST1S15-28TPUR

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

INDUSTRIAL

6

HVSON

SQUARE

YES

6600 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1.2 A

1

NO LEAD

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

BUCK

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

.5 mm

85 Cel

VOLTAGE-MODE

-40 Cel

DUAL

S-PDSO-N6

.6 mm

2 mm

3.6 V

ALSO OPERATES IN PFM CONTOL TECHNIQUE

2.3 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

2 mm

2.8 V

5.5 V

VIPER100B

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

5

ZIP

RECTANGULAR

NO

200 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

11 A

1

MOS

THROUGH-HOLE

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

SINGLE

FLANGE MOUNT

ZIP5,.3,.12,100TB

Switching Regulator or Controllers

2.54 mm

CURRENT-MODE

TIN LEAD

ZIG-ZAG

R-PZFM-T5

Not Qualified

13 V

AUTOMATIC BURST MODE OPERATION IN STAND-BY CONDITION

9 V

e0

15 V

VIPER50ASP13TR

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

10

SOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

200 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

2.7 A

1

MOS

GULL WING

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

SINGLE

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP10,.55FL

Switching Regulator or Controllers

1.27 mm

CURRENT-MODE

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G10

1

3.75 mm

7.5 mm

Not Qualified

13 V

9 V

e3

9.4 mm

15 V

ST1S50PUR

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

MC3463EBD-TR

STMicroelectronics

AUTOMOTIVE

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

42 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1.5 A

BIPOLAR

GULL WING

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

Switching Regulator or Controllers

1.27 mm

125 Cel

VOLTAGE-MODE

-40 Cel

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

Not Qualified

e4

VIPER53EDIP

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

NO

300 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

2.3 A

1

THROUGH-HOLE

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

SINGLE

IN-LINE

DIP8,.3

Switching Regulator or Controllers

2.54 mm

CURRENT-MODE

DUAL

R-PDIP-T8

5.33 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

13 V

9.27 mm

L6563TR

STMicroelectronics

POWER FACTOR CONTROLLER WITH POST REGULATOR

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

PLASTIC/EPOXY

5.5 mA

.003 A

1

GULL WING

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

12 V

12

BOOST

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.25

Switching Regulator or Controllers

1.27 mm

CURRENT-MODE

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

DUAL

R-PDSO-G14

1

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

Not Qualified

12 V

10.3 V

e4

40

260

8.65 mm

22 V

UC3845TN

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING CONTROLLER

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

NO

500 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1 A

1

THROUGH-HOLE

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

SINGLE

IN-LINE

2.54 mm

CURRENT-MODE

DUAL

R-PDIP-T8

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

15 V

12 V

30 V

L4977HT

STMicroelectronics

15

ZIP

RECTANGULAR

NO

500 kHz

CERAMIC

THROUGH-HOLE

IN-LINE

ZIP15H,.1,.8TB

Switching Regulator or Controllers

1.27 mm

VOLTAGE-MODE

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

ZIG-ZAG

R-XZIP-T15

Not Qualified

e0

VIPER28LE

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING CONTROLLER

10

SDIP

RECTANGULAR

NO

66 kHz

UNSPECIFIED

.85 A

1

THROUGH-HOLE

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

SINGLE

IN-LINE

SDIP10,.3

Switching Regulator or Controllers

1.778 mm

CURRENT-MODE

DUAL

R-XDIP-T10

5.33 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

14 V

8.5 V

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

9.59 mm

23.5 V

MC3463ECD-TR

STMicroelectronics

COMMERCIAL

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

42 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1.5 A

BIPOLAR

GULL WING

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

Switching Regulator or Controllers

1.27 mm

70 Cel

VOLTAGE-MODE

0 Cel

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

Not Qualified

e4

L6986H3V3

STMicroelectronics

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

VIPER53EDIP-E

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

NO

300 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

2.3 A

1

THROUGH-HOLE

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

SINGLE

IN-LINE

DIP8,.3

Switching Regulator or Controllers

2.54 mm

CURRENT-MODE

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDIP-T8

1

5.33 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

13 V

9.3 V

e3

9.27 mm

17 V

VIPER20BSP

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

10

SOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

200 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

2.3 A

1

MOS

GULL WING

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

SINGLE

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP10,.55FL

Switching Regulator or Controllers

1.27 mm

CURRENT-MODE

TIN LEAD

DUAL

R-PDSO-G10

3.75 mm

7.5 mm

Not Qualified

13 V

9 V

e0

9.4 mm

15 V

L4985D

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

20

SOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

83 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

7 mA

1.5 A

1

BCDMOS

GULL WING

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

BUCK

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP20,.4

Switching Regulator or Controllers

1.27 mm

VOLTAGE-MODE

TIN LEAD

DUAL

R-PDSO-G20

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

Not Qualified

12 V

4.5 V

e0

12.8 mm

1.28 V

20 V

L6590N

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

NO

74 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

.7 A

1

BCDMOS

THROUGH-HOLE

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

BOOST

IN-LINE

2.54 mm

VOLTAGE-MODE

DUAL

R-PDIP-T8

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

10 V

UC3842TN

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING CONTROLLER

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

NO

500 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1 A

1

THROUGH-HOLE

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

SINGLE

IN-LINE

2.54 mm

CURRENT-MODE

DUAL

R-PDIP-T8

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

15 V

12 V

30 V

L5993D

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

1000 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1.5 A

1

BCDMOS

GULL WING

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

SINGLE

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.25

Switching Regulator or Controllers

1.27 mm

CURRENT-MODE

TIN LEAD

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

Not Qualified

15 V

11 V

e0

9.9 mm

21 V

A6986FF5VTR

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

L6986FTR

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

16

HTSSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

2200 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

2 A

1

GULL WING

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

BUCK

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, THIN PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

.65 mm

CURRENT-MODE

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

3

1.2 mm

4.4 mm

12 V

OUTPUT VOLTAGE RANGE FROM 0.85 V TO 38 V

4 V

5 mm

38 V

VIPER28HD

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING CONTROLLER

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

127 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

.85 A

1

GULL WING

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

SINGLE

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.25

Switching Regulator or Controllers

1.27 mm

CURRENT-MODE

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

3

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

Not Qualified

14 V

8.5 V

e4

30

260

9.9 mm

23.5 V

VIPER53ESP

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

10

SOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

300 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

2.3 A

1

GULL WING

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

SINGLE

SMALL OUTLINE

1.27 mm

CURRENT-MODE

DUAL

R-PDSO-G10

3.65 mm

7.5 mm

Not Qualified

13 V

9.4 mm

MC3463EBN

STMicroelectronics

AUTOMOTIVE

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

NO

42 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1.5 A

BIPOLAR

THROUGH-HOLE

IN-LINE

DIP8,.3

Switching Regulator or Controllers

2.54 mm

125 Cel

VOLTAGE-MODE

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDIP-T8

Not Qualified

e3

ST1S31PUR

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

AUTOMOTIVE

8

HVSON

SQUARE

YES

1900 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1

NO LEAD

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

BUCK

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

SOLCC8,.11,25

Switching Regulator or Controllers

.65 mm

125 Cel

CURRENT-MODE

-40 Cel

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

DUAL

S-PDSO-N8

1

1 mm

3 mm

Not Qualified

5 V

OUTPUT VOLTAGE IN ADJUSTABLE MODE FROM 0.8

2.8 V

e4

40

260

3 mm

5.5 V

SG2527AP

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING CONTROLLER

OTHER

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

500 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

.1 A

1

BIPOLAR

GULL WING

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

PUSH-PULL

SMALL OUTLINE

SO16(UNSPEC)

Switching Regulator or Controllers

1.27 mm

85 Cel

VOLTAGE-MODE

-25 Cel

TIN LEAD

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

Not Qualified

8 V

e0

9.9 mm

35 V

E-L6911C

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING CONTROLLER

20

SOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

1000 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1.3 A

1

GULL WING

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

PUSH-PULL

SMALL OUTLINE

1.27 mm

VOLTAGE-MODE

DUAL

R-PDSO-G20

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

Not Qualified

12 V

5 V

12.8 mm

12 V

UC3845AD1013TR

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING CONTROLLER

COMMERCIAL

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

500 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1 A

1

GULL WING

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

SINGLE

SMALL OUTLINE

1.27 mm

70 Cel

CURRENT-MODE

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

Not Qualified

15 V

8.2 V

4.9 mm

30 V

A6986FTR

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

16

TSSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

2200 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1.5 A

GULL WING

SMALL OUTLINE, THIN PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

TSSOP16,.25

Switching Regulator or Controllers

.635 mm

CURRENT-MODE

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

Not Qualified

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

VIPER50BSP

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

10

HSOP

RECTANGULAR

YES

200 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

5.4 A

1

MOS

GULL WING

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

SINGLE

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG

SOP10,.55FL

Switching Regulator or Controllers

1.27 mm

CURRENT-MODE

Matte Tin (Sn)

DUAL

R-PDSO-G10

3.75 mm

7.5 mm

Not Qualified

13 V

AUTOMATIC BURST MODE OPERATION IN STAND-BY CONDITION

5 V

e3

9.4 mm

14 V

L6926Q1

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

AUTOMOTIVE

8

HVSON

SQUARE

YES

800 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1.65 A

1

CMOS

NO LEAD

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

BUCK

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

SOLCC8,.11,20

Switching Regulator or Controllers

.5 mm

125 Cel

CURRENT-MODE

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

S-PDSO-N8

1

1 mm

3 mm

Not Qualified

3.6 V

2 V

e3

30

260

3 mm

5.5 V

STBB1-APUR33

STMicroelectronics

DUAL SWITCHING CONTROLLER

INDUSTRIAL

10

HVSON

SQUARE

YES

1750 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

2.6 A

1

NO LEAD

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

PUSH-PULL

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

.5 mm

85 Cel

CURRENT-MODE

-40 Cel

DUAL

S-PDSO-N10

1 mm

3 mm

3.6 V

2 V

3 mm

3.3 V

5.5 V

L5994

STMicroelectronics

DUAL SWITCHING CONTROLLER

32

LQFP

SQUARE

YES

345 kHz

PLASTIC/EPOXY

1 A

1

GULL WING

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

PUSH-PULL

FLATPACK, LOW PROFILE

QFP32,.35SQ,32

Switching Regulator or Controllers

.8 mm

CURRENT-MODE

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

QUAD

S-PQFP-G32

1.6 mm

7 mm

Not Qualified

12 V

4.75 V

e4

7 mm

25 V

ST1S03APUR

STMicroelectronics

SWITCHING REGULATOR

OTHER

6

HVSON

SQUARE

YES

1800 kHz

UNSPECIFIED

2.5 A

1

NO LEAD

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

BUCK

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

SOLCC6,.11,37

Switching Regulator or Controllers

.95 mm

125 Cel

CURRENT-MODE

0 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

S-XDSO-N6

1

1 mm

3 mm

Not Qualified

5 V

2.7 V

e3

30

260

3 mm

5.5 V

Switching Regulators & Controllers

Switching regulators and controllers are electronic devices used to regulate the output voltage and current of power supplies. They operate by rapidly switching a power supply circuit between on and off states, resulting in a high-frequency waveform that can be filtered and smoothed to produce a stable output voltage.

Switching regulators and controllers offer several advantages over traditional linear regulators, including higher efficiency and the ability to handle a wider range of input voltages. They are commonly used in applications such as power supplies for computers, LED lighting, and motor control.

Switching regulators and controllers come in a variety of forms, including step-up (boost), step-down (buck), and step-up/down (buck-boost) configurations. They may be designed as integrated circuits (ICs) or as standalone modules.

Switching regulators and controllers typically include feedback control circuits to adjust the output voltage and current, as well as protection circuits to prevent overvoltage, overcurrent, and overtemperature conditions. They may also include features such as soft-start to reduce inrush currents and synchronization with external clock signals.