Part | RoHS | Manufacturer | Peripheral IC Type | Temperature Grade | Terminal Form | No. of Terminals | Package Code | Package Shape | Package Body Material | Surface Mount | Maximum Supply Voltage | Screening Level | Address Bus Width | No. of Bits | DAC Channels | Bit Size | Power Supplies (V) | Package Style (Meter) | Package Equivalence Code | Minimum Supply Voltage | Maximum Operating Temperature | CPU Family | Maximum Data Transfer Rate | Minimum Operating Temperature | Terminal Finish | ADC Channels | Terminal Position | DMA Channels | Maximum Seated Height | ROM Words | Width | Data EEPROM Size | Additional Features | Peripherals | External Data Bus Width | Maximum Clock Frequency | Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s) | Peak Reflow Temperature (C) | Length | RAM Bytes | Technology | Maximum Supply Current | Nominal Supply Voltage | PWM Channels | Sub-Category | Connectivity | ROM Programmability | Bus Compatibility | Terminal Pitch | JESD-30 Code | Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) | Qualification | Speed | Drive Interface Standard | JESD-609 Code | On Chip Program ROM Width | No. of I/O Lines |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Texas Instruments |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
128 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
1.8,3,3.3,3.3/5 |
FLATPACK |
TQFP128,.63SQ,16 |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
QUAD |
CMOS |
Bus Controllers |
.4 mm |
S-PQFP-G128 |
Not Qualified |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Texas Instruments |
BUS CONTROLLER, UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
52 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.6 V |
FLATPACK |
3 V |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
QUAD |
1.2 mm |
10 mm |
ALSO HAVING SECONDARY DIGITAL SUPPLY 5V(TYP), 6 MHZ CRYSTAL INPUT. |
10 mm |
CMOS |
3.3 V |
.65 mm |
S-PQFP-G52 |
Not Qualified |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Texas Instruments |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
32 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.3 |
FLATPACK |
QFP32,.35SQ,32 |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
QUAD |
CMOS |
100 mA |
3.3 V |
Bus Controllers |
.8 mm |
S-PQFP-G32 |
Not Qualified |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Onsemi |
OTHER |
GULL WING |
48 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
5 |
FLATPACK |
QFP48,.79SQ,40 |
70 Cel |
-30 Cel |
QUAD |
CMOS |
5 V |
Bus Controllers |
1 mm |
S-PQFP-G48 |
Not Qualified |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
STMicroelectronics |
INDUSTRIAL |
GULL WING |
100 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.3 |
FLATPACK |
QFP100,.63SQ,20 |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
QUAD |
3.3 V |
Bus Controllers |
.5 mm |
S-PQFP-G100 |
Not Qualified |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
NXP Semiconductors |
INDUSTRIAL |
GULL WING |
128 |
QFP |
RECTANGULAR |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
1.8/3.3,3.3/5 |
FLATPACK |
QFP128,.63X.87,20 |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
QUAD |
Bus Controllers |
.5 mm |
R-PQFP-G128 |
Not Qualified |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
NXP Semiconductors |
BUS CONTROLLER, UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS |
INDUSTRIAL |
GULL WING |
128 |
QFP |
RECTANGULAR |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
1.8/3.3,3.3/5 |
FLATPACK |
QFP128,.63X.87,20 |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
QUAD |
CMOS |
Bus Controllers |
.5 mm |
R-PQFP-G128 |
Not Qualified |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
NXP Semiconductors |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
64 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.3 |
FLATPACK |
QFP64,.47SQ,20 |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
QUAD |
CMOS |
3.3 V |
Bus Controllers |
.5 mm |
S-PQFP-G64 |
Not Qualified |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
NXP Semiconductors |
INDUSTRIAL |
GULL WING |
64 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.3 |
FLATPACK |
QFP64,.47SQ,20 |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
QUAD |
3.3 V |
Bus Controllers |
.5 mm |
S-PQFP-G64 |
Not Qualified |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
NXP Semiconductors |
INDUSTRIAL |
GULL WING |
64 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.3 |
FLATPACK |
QFP64,.47SQ,20 |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
QUAD |
3.3 V |
Bus Controllers |
.5 mm |
S-PQFP-G64 |
Not Qualified |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
NXP Semiconductors |
BUS CONTROLLER, UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS |
INDUSTRIAL |
GULL WING |
128 |
QFP |
RECTANGULAR |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
1.8/3.3,3.3/5 |
FLATPACK |
QFP128,.63X.87,20 |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
QUAD |
CMOS |
Bus Controllers |
.5 mm |
R-PQFP-G128 |
Not Qualified |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
NXP Semiconductors |
INDUSTRIAL |
GULL WING |
128 |
QFP |
RECTANGULAR |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
1.8/3.3,3.3/5 |
FLATPACK |
QFP128,.63X.87,20 |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
QUAD |
Bus Controllers |
.5 mm |
R-PQFP-G128 |
Not Qualified |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Infineon Technologies |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
100 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.3,5 |
FLATPACK |
QFP100,.63SQ,20 |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
QUAD |
150 mA |
Bus Controllers |
.5 mm |
S-PQFP-G100 |
Not Qualified |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Diodes Incorporated |
BUS CONTROLLER, PCI |
OTHER |
GULL WING |
208 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.6 V |
32 |
FLATPACK |
3 V |
85 Cel |
0 Cel |
MATTE TIN |
QUAD |
1.76 mm |
17 mm |
32 |
33 MHz |
17 mm |
CMOS |
3.3 V |
1 mm |
S-PQFP-G208 |
3 |
Not Qualified |
e3 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Diodes Incorporated |
BUS CONTROLLER, PCI |
OTHER |
GULL WING |
208 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.6 V |
32 |
FLATPACK |
3 V |
85 Cel |
0 Cel |
MATTE TIN |
QUAD |
1.76 mm |
17 mm |
32 |
33 MHz |
17 mm |
CMOS |
3.3 V |
1 mm |
S-PQFP-G208 |
3 |
Not Qualified |
e3 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Diodes Incorporated |
BUS CONTROLLER, PCI |
OTHER |
GULL WING |
160 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.6 V |
32 |
FLATPACK |
3 V |
85 Cel |
0 Cel |
MATTE TIN |
QUAD |
4.1 mm |
28 mm |
32 |
66 MHz |
28 mm |
CMOS |
3.3 V |
.65 mm |
S-PQFP-G160 |
3 |
Not Qualified |
e3 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Diodes Incorporated |
BUS CONTROLLER, PCI |
OTHER |
GULL WING |
160 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.6 V |
32 |
FLATPACK |
3 V |
85 Cel |
0 Cel |
MATTE TIN |
QUAD |
4.1 mm |
28 mm |
32 |
66 MHz |
28 mm |
CMOS |
3.3 V |
.65 mm |
S-PQFP-G160 |
3 |
Not Qualified |
e3 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Diodes Incorporated |
INDUSTRIAL |
GULL WING |
128 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.3 |
FLATPACK |
QFP128,.64SQ,16 |
85 Cel |
-40 Cel |
QUAD |
3.3 V |
Bus Controllers |
.4 mm |
S-PQFP-G128 |
Not Qualified |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Diodes Incorporated |
BUS CONTROLLER, PCI |
OTHER |
GULL WING |
208 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.6 V |
32 |
FLATPACK |
3 V |
85 Cel |
0 Cel |
MATTE TIN |
QUAD |
1.76 mm |
17 mm |
32 |
66 MHz |
17 mm |
CMOS |
3.3 V |
1 mm |
S-PQFP-G208 |
3 |
Not Qualified |
e3 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
BUS CONTROLLER, UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS |
OTHER |
GULL WING |
64 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
1.65 V |
6 |
1.5,1.8/3.3 |
FLATPACK |
QFP64,.47SQ,20 |
1.35 V |
85 Cel |
-20 Cel |
QUAD |
16 |
48 MHz |
CMOS |
1.5 V |
Bus Controllers |
.5 mm |
S-PQFP-G64 |
Not Qualified |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
BUS CONTROLLER, UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS |
OTHER |
GULL WING |
80 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.6 V |
7 |
FLATPACK |
3 V |
85 Cel |
-20 Cel |
QUAD |
16 |
48 MHz |
CMOS |
3.3 V |
S-PQFP-G80 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
BUS CONTROLLER, UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS |
OTHER |
GULL WING |
80 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.6 V |
15 |
3.3 |
FLATPACK |
QFP80,.47SQ,16 |
3 V |
85 Cel |
40 MBps |
-20 Cel |
QUAD |
16 |
48 MHz |
CMOS |
3.3 V |
Bus Controllers |
.4 mm |
S-PQFP-G80 |
Not Qualified |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
BUS CONTROLLER, UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS |
OTHER |
GULL WING |
80 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.6 V |
7 |
FLATPACK |
3 V |
85 Cel |
-20 Cel |
QUAD |
16 |
CMOS |
3.3 V |
USB |
S-PQFP-G80 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
144 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.3 |
FLATPACK |
QFP144,.87SQ,20 |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
QUAD |
CMOS |
3.3 V |
Bus Controllers |
.5 mm |
S-PQFP-G144 |
Not Qualified |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
BUS CONTROLLER, PCI |
OTHER |
GULL WING |
160 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.6 V |
32 |
FLATPACK |
3 V |
85 Cel |
0 Cel |
TIN LEAD |
QUAD |
4.1 mm |
28 mm |
32 |
66 MHz |
28 mm |
CMOS |
650 mA |
3.3 V |
PCI |
.65 mm |
S-PQFP-G160 |
e0 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
120 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.3 |
FLATPACK |
TQFP120,.64SQ,16 |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
QUAD |
CMOS |
3.3 V |
Bus Controllers |
.4 mm |
S-PQFP-G120 |
Not Qualified |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
160 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.3,3.3/5 |
FLATPACK |
QFP160,1.0SQ,20 |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb) |
QUAD |
CMOS |
Bus Controllers |
.5 mm |
S-PQFP-G160 |
Not Qualified |
e0 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
100 |
QFP |
RECTANGULAR |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
5 |
FLATPACK |
QFP100,.7X.9 |
70 Cel |
-10 Cel |
Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb) |
QUAD |
CMOS |
120 mA |
5 V |
Bus Controllers |
.635 mm |
R-PQFP-G100 |
Not Qualified |
e0 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
208 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
5 |
FLATPACK |
QFP208,1.2SQ,20 |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
QUAD |
CMOS |
130 mA |
5 V |
Bus Controllers |
.5 mm |
S-PQFP-G208 |
Not Qualified |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
160 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.3 |
FLATPACK |
QFP160,1.0SQ,20 |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb) |
QUAD |
CMOS |
280 mA |
3.3 V |
Bus Controllers |
.5 mm |
S-PQFP-G160 |
Not Qualified |
e0 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
BUS CONTROLLER, UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
48 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.6 V |
6 |
FLATPACK |
3 V |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
QUAD |
16 |
48 MHz |
CMOS |
3.3 V |
S-PQFP-G48 |
Not Qualified |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
100 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.3 |
FLATPACK |
QFP100,.63SQ,20 |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
QUAD |
3.3 V |
Bus Controllers |
.5 mm |
S-PQFP-G100 |
Not Qualified |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Renesas Electronics |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
120 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.3 |
FLATPACK |
TQFP120,.64SQ,16 |
70 Cel |
-20 Cel |
QUAD |
CMOS |
3.3 V |
Bus Controllers |
.4 mm |
S-PQFP-G120 |
Not Qualified |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
100 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.3 |
FLATPACK |
TQFP100,.63SQ |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
QUAD |
CMOS |
3.3 V |
Bus Controllers |
.5 mm |
S-PQFP-G100 |
Not Qualified |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
100 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.3 |
FLATPACK |
QFP100,.63SQ,20 |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
QUAD |
CMOS |
3.3 V |
Bus Controllers |
.5 mm |
S-PQFP-G100 |
Not Qualified |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
64 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
2.5,3.3 |
FLATPACK |
TQFP64,.47SQ |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
QUAD |
CMOS |
Bus Controllers |
.5 mm |
S-PQFP-G64 |
Not Qualified |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
160 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
YES |
3.3,3.3/5 |
FLATPACK |
QFP160,1.0SQ,20 |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb) |
QUAD |
CMOS |
Bus Controllers |
.5 mm |
S-XQFP-G160 |
Not Qualified |
e0 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
120 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.3 |
FLATPACK |
TQFP120,.64SQ,16 |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
QUAD |
CMOS |
3.3 V |
Bus Controllers |
.4 mm |
S-PQFP-G120 |
Not Qualified |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
74 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
5 |
FLATPACK |
QFP74,.9SQ,40 |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb) |
QUAD |
CMOS |
100 mA |
5 V |
Bus Controllers |
1 mm |
S-PQFP-G74 |
Not Qualified |
e0 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
44 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.3 |
FLATPACK |
QFP44,.5SQ,32 |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb) |
QUAD |
CMOS |
40 mA |
3.3 V |
Bus Controllers |
.8 mm |
S-PQFP-G44 |
Not Qualified |
e0 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
80 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
2.5,3.3 |
FLATPACK |
TQFP80,.55SQ |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
QUAD |
CMOS |
Bus Controllers |
.5 mm |
S-PQFP-G80 |
Not Qualified |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
64 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
2.5,3.3 |
FLATPACK |
TQFP64,.47SQ |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
QUAD |
CMOS |
Bus Controllers |
.5 mm |
S-PQFP-G64 |
Not Qualified |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Renesas Electronics |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
120 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.3 |
FLATPACK |
TQFP120,.64SQ,16 |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
TIN BISMUTH |
QUAD |
10 |
260 |
CMOS |
3.3 V |
Bus Controllers |
.4 mm |
S-PQFP-G120 |
3 |
Not Qualified |
e6 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
100 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.3 |
FLATPACK |
TQFP100,.63SQ |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb) |
QUAD |
CMOS |
3.3 V |
Bus Controllers |
.5 mm |
S-PQFP-G100 |
Not Qualified |
e0 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
100 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.3 |
FLATPACK |
QFP100,.63SQ,20 |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
QUAD |
3.3 V |
Bus Controllers |
.5 mm |
S-PQFP-G100 |
Not Qualified |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
120 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.3/5 |
FLATPACK |
TQFP120,.64SQ,16 |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
QUAD |
CMOS |
Bus Controllers |
.4 mm |
S-PQFP-G120 |
Not Qualified |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Renesas Electronics |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
120 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
3.3/5 |
FLATPACK |
TQFP120,.64SQ,16 |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
TIN BISMUTH |
QUAD |
10 |
260 |
CMOS |
Bus Controllers |
.4 mm |
S-PQFP-G120 |
3 |
Not Qualified |
e6 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renesas Electronics |
COMMERCIAL |
GULL WING |
80 |
QFP |
SQUARE |
PLASTIC/EPOXY |
YES |
2.5,3.3 |
FLATPACK |
TQFP80,.55SQ |
70 Cel |
0 Cel |
QUAD |
CMOS |
Bus Controllers |
.5 mm |
S-PQFP-G80 |
Not Qualified |
Bus controllers are integrated circuits that are used to manage and control the flow of data and control signals between different devices in a computer system. They are commonly used in systems that have multiple buses, such as a memory bus and an I/O bus. Bus controllers ensure that data is transferred efficiently and correctly between different devices in the system.
One of the primary functions of a bus controller is to manage bus arbitration. Bus arbitration is the process of resolving conflicts that occur when two or more devices on the bus attempt to access the bus at the same time. Bus controllers use various algorithms to determine which device has priority access to the bus and when other devices can access it.
Another important function of bus controllers is to manage the transfer of data and control signals between devices on the bus. This involves controlling the timing and synchronization of signals, as well as error detection and correction. Bus controllers also manage other aspects of the bus, such as interrupt handling and power management.