Bus Controllers

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Part	Manufacturer	Peripheral IC Type	Temperature Grade	Terminal Form	No. of Terminals	Package Code	Package Shape	Package Body Material	Surface Mount	Maximum Supply Voltage	Screening Level	Address Bus Width	Power Supplies (V)	Package Style (Meter)	Package Equivalence Code	Minimum Supply Voltage	Maximum Operating Temperature	Maximum Data Transfer Rate	Minimum Operating Temperature	Terminal Finish	Terminal Position	Maximum Seated Height	Width	External Data Bus Width	Maximum Clock Frequency	Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s)	Peak Reflow Temperature (C)	Length	Technology	Nominal Supply Voltage	Sub-Category	Bus Compatibility	Terminal Pitch	JESD-30 Code	Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL)	Qualification	Drive Interface Standard	JESD-609 Code
PI7C9X7958NBEX	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	INDUSTRIAL	BALL	160	LFBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2 V		0		GRID ARRAY, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH		1.6 V	85 Cel	1.875 MBps	-40 Cel		BOTTOM	1.58 mm	12 mm	0				12 mm	CMOS	1.8 V		UART	.8 mm	S-PBGA-B160
PI7C8148BNJE	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	OTHER	BALL	160	LBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	3.6 V		32	3.3	GRID ARRAY, LOW PROFILE	BGA160,14X14,40	3 V	85 Cel		0 Cel	TIN SILVER COPPER	BOTTOM	1.4 mm	15 mm	32				15 mm	CMOS	3.3 V	Bus Controllers	VGA	1 mm	S-PBGA-B160	3	Not Qualified		e1
PI7C9X7952XFD	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	INDUSTRIAL	GULL WING	128	LFQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2 V		0		FLATPACK, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH		1.6 V	85 Cel	312.5 MBps	-40 Cel		QUAD	1.6 mm	14 mm	0	60 MHz			14 mm	CMOS	1.8 V		UART; VGA	.4 mm	S-PQFP-G128			RS232; RS422; RS485
PI7C8958FHE	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	INDUSTRIAL	GULL WING	144	LFQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5 V		32		FLATPACK, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH	QFP144,.87SQ,20	1.8 V	85 Cel	1.875 MBps	-40 Cel		QUAD	1.6 mm	20 mm	32				20 mm	CMOS	3.3 V		UART	.5 mm	S-PQFP-G144			RS232; RS422; RS485
PI7C9X2G404SLFDEX	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	INDUSTRIAL	GULL WING	128	HLFQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1.1 V				FLATPACK, HEAT SINK/SLUG, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH	QFP128,.63SQ,16	.9 V	85 Cel	625 MBps	-40 Cel		QUAD	1.6 mm	14 mm			NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	14 mm	CMOS	1 V		I2C; SMBUS	.4 mm	S-PQFP-G128
PI7C8150ANDE	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	OTHER	BALL	256	BGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	3.6 V		32		GRID ARRAY		3 V	85 Cel		0 Cel	TIN SILVER COPPER	BOTTOM	1.76 mm	17 mm	32	66 MHz			17 mm	CMOS	3.3 V			1 mm	S-PBGA-B256	3	Not Qualified		e1
PI7C9X7954FDEX	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	INDUSTRIAL	GULL WING	128	LFQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2 V		0		FLATPACK, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH		1.6 V	85 Cel	1.875 MBps	-40 Cel		QUAD	1.6 mm	14 mm	0				14 mm	CMOS	1.8 V		UART	.4 mm	S-PQFP-G128
PI7C9X2G606PRBNJEX	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI
PI7C9X7952FDE	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	INDUSTRIAL	GULL WING	128	LFQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2 V		0		FLATPACK, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH		1.6 V	85 Cel		-40 Cel		QUAD	1.6 mm	14 mm	0	60 MHz			14 mm	CMOS	1.8 V		PCI	.4 mm	S-PQFP-G128
PI7C9X20505GPNDEX	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	INDUSTRIAL	BALL	256	BGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1.1 V				GRID ARRAY	BGA256,16X16,40	.9 V	85 Cel	312.5 MBps	-40 Cel		BOTTOM	1.76 mm	17 mm					17 mm	CMOS	1 V		SMBUS	1 mm	S-PBGA-B256
PI7C9X2G608ELCZXAEX	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI		NO LEAD	136	HVQCCN	SQUARE	UNSPECIFIED	YES	1.1 V		0		CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE	LCC136,.4SQ.20	.95 V	85 Cel	625 MBps	-40 Cel		QUAD	.85 mm	10 mm	0	100 MHz			10 mm	CMOS	1 V		I2C, SMBUS	.5 mm	S-XQCC-N136
PI7C9X7958NB	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	INDUSTRIAL	BALL	160	LFBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2 V		0		GRID ARRAY, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH		1.6 V	85 Cel	1.875 MBps	-40 Cel		BOTTOM	1.58 mm	12 mm	0	60 MHz			12 mm	CMOS	1.8 V		PCI; I2C	.8 mm	S-PBGA-B160		Not Qualified
PI7C9X7954XFD	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	INDUSTRIAL	GULL WING	128	LFQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2 V		0		FLATPACK, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH		1.6 V	85 Cel	1.875 MBps	-40 Cel		QUAD	1.6 mm	14 mm	0	60 MHz			14 mm	CMOS	1.8 V		UART	.4 mm	S-PQFP-G128			RS232; RS422; RS485
PI7C9X2G304SVAFDEEX	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI		GULL WING	128	HLFQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1.1 V		0		FLATPACK, HEAT SINK/SLUG, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH	HQFP128,.63SQ,16	.95 V	85 Cel	625 MBps	-40 Cel		QUAD	1.6 mm	14 mm	0	100 MHz			14 mm	CMOS	1 V		I2C; SMBUS; VGA	.4 mm	S-PQFP-G128
PI7C8150MAE	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	OTHER	GULL WING	208	QFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	3.6 V		32		FLATPACK		3 V	85 Cel		0 Cel	MATTE TIN	QUAD	1.76 mm	17 mm	32	66 MHz			17 mm	CMOS	3.3 V			1 mm	S-PQFP-G208	3	Not Qualified		e3
PI7C9X7958XNB	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	INDUSTRIAL	BALL	160	LFBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2 V		0		GRID ARRAY, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH		1.6 V	85 Cel	1.875 MBps	-40 Cel		BOTTOM	1.58 mm	12 mm	0	60 MHz			12 mm	CMOS	1.8 V		UART	.8 mm	S-PBGA-B160			RS232; RS422; RS485
PI7C8958FHEX	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	INDUSTRIAL	GULL WING	144	LFQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5 V		32		FLATPACK, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH	QFP144,.87SQ,20	1.8 V	85 Cel	1.875 MBps	-40 Cel		QUAD	1.6 mm	20 mm	32				20 mm	CMOS	3.3 V		UART	.5 mm	S-PQFP-G144			RS232; RS422; RS485
PI7C9X7954XFDE	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	INDUSTRIAL	GULL WING	128	LFQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2 V		0		FLATPACK, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH		1.6 V	85 Cel	1.875 MBps	-40 Cel		QUAD	1.6 mm	14 mm	0	60 MHz			14 mm	CMOS	1.8 V		UART	.4 mm	S-PQFP-G128			RS232; RS422; RS485
PI7C9X79581.4NBE	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	INDUSTRIAL	BALL	160	LFBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2 V		0		GRID ARRAY, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH		1.6 V	85 Cel	1.875 MBps	-40 Cel		BOTTOM	1.58 mm	12 mm	0	60 MHz			12 mm	CMOS	1.8 V		PCI; I2C	.8 mm	S-PBGA-B160		Not Qualified
PI7C8150AND-33E	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	OTHER	BALL	256	BGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	3.6 V		32		GRID ARRAY		3 V	85 Cel		0 Cel	TIN SILVER COPPER	BOTTOM	1.76 mm	17 mm	32	33 MHz			17 mm	CMOS	3.3 V			1 mm	S-PBGA-B256	3	Not Qualified		e1
PI7C9X44SLFDEX	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	INDUSTRIAL	GULL WING	128	HLFQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1.1 V				FLATPACK, HEAT SINK/SLUG, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH	QFP128,.63SQ,16	.9 V	85 Cel	60 MBps	-40 Cel		QUAD	1.6 mm	14 mm					14 mm	CMOS	1 V		SMBUS; VBUS; VGA; USB	.4 mm	S-PQFP-G128
PI7C9X20303SLFDX	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	INDUSTRIAL	GULL WING	128	LFQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1.1 V		0		FLATPACK, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH	QFP128,.63SQ,16	.9 V	85 Cel		-40 Cel		QUAD	1.6 mm	14 mm	0	100 MHz			14 mm	CMOS	1 V		PCI, SMBUS	.4 mm	S-PQFP-G128		Not Qualified
PI7C7300DNA	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	INDUSTRIAL	BALL	272	BGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	3.6 V		32		GRID ARRAY		3 V	85 Cel		-40 Cel		BOTTOM	3.5 mm	27 mm	32	66 MHz			27 mm	CMOS	3.3 V		PCI; ISA; VGA	1.27 mm	S-PBGA-B272			IEEE 1149.1
PI7C8150BMAE-33	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	OTHER	GULL WING	208	FQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	3.6 V		32		FLATPACK, FINE PITCH		3 V	85 Cel		0 Cel	MATTE TIN	QUAD	3.8 mm	28 mm	32	33 MHz			28 mm	CMOS	3.3 V			.5 mm	S-PQFP-G208	3	Not Qualified		e3
PI7C9X20404SLFDEX	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	INDUSTRIAL	GULL WING	128	HLFQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1.1 V				FLATPACK, HEAT SINK/SLUG, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH	QFP128,.63SQ,16	.9 V	85 Cel	312.5 MBps	-40 Cel		QUAD	1.6 mm	14 mm			NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	14 mm	CMOS	1 V		SMBUS	.4 mm	S-PQFP-G128
PI7C9X79581.4NB	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	INDUSTRIAL	BALL	160	LFBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2 V		0		GRID ARRAY, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH		1.6 V	85 Cel	1.875 MBps	-40 Cel		BOTTOM	1.58 mm	12 mm	0	60 MHz			12 mm	CMOS	1.8 V		PCI; I2C	.8 mm	S-PBGA-B160		Not Qualified
PI7C9X2G606PRDNJE	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	INDUSTRIAL	BALL	196	LBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES					GRID ARRAY, LOW PROFILE	BGA196,14X14,40		85 Cel		-40 Cel		BOTTOM	1.63 mm	15 mm					15 mm	CMOS				1 mm	S-PBGA-B196
PI7C8150AMAE	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	OTHER	GULL WING	208	FQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	3.6 V		32		FLATPACK, FINE PITCH		3 V	85 Cel		0 Cel	MATTE TIN	QUAD	3.8 mm	28 mm	32	66 MHz			28 mm	CMOS	3.3 V			.5 mm	S-PQFP-G208	3	Not Qualified		e3
PI7C9X111SLFDEX	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	INDUSTRIAL	GULL WING	128	HLFQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1.1 V		32		FLATPACK, HEAT SINK/SLUG, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH	QFP128,.63SQ,16	.9 V	85 Cel	312.5 MBps	-40 Cel		QUAD	1.6 mm	14 mm	32	100 MHz			14 mm	CMOS	1 V		I2C; PCI; SMBUS; USB	.4 mm	S-PQFP-G128
PI7C9X2G312GPCNJEX	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI		BALL	196	LBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1.1 V		0		GRID ARRAY, LOW PROFILE	BGA196,14X14,40	.95 V	85 Cel	625 MBps	-40 Cel		BOTTOM	1.5 mm	15 mm	0	100 MHz			15 mm	CMOS	1 V		I2C, SMBUS	1 mm	S-PBGA-B196
PI7C9X7954AFDE	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	INDUSTRIAL	GULL WING	128	LFQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2 V				FLATPACK, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH		1.6 V	85 Cel	2500 MBps	-40 Cel		QUAD	1.6 mm	14 mm		60 MHz			14 mm	CMOS	1.8 V		UART	.4 mm	S-PQFP-G128			RS232; RS422; RS485
PI7C8150AMA-33E	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	OTHER	GULL WING	208	FQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	3.6 V		32		FLATPACK, FINE PITCH		3 V	85 Cel		0 Cel	MATTE TIN	QUAD	3.8 mm	28 mm	32	33 MHz			28 mm	CMOS	3.3 V			.5 mm	S-PQFP-G208	3	Not Qualified		e3
PI7C9X118SLFDEX	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	COMMERCIAL EXTENDED	GULL WING	128	HLFQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1.2 V		32		FLATPACK, HEAT SINK/SLUG, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH	QFP128,.63SQ,16	1.1 V	75 Cel	312.5 MBps	0 Cel		QUAD	1.6 mm	14 mm	32	100 MHz	30	260	14 mm	CMOS	1.15 V		I2C; PCI; SMBUS; USB	.4 mm	S-PQFP-G128
PI7C9X2G304SLFDEX	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	INDUSTRIAL	GULL WING	128	HLFQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1.1 V		0		FLATPACK, HEAT SINK/SLUG, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH		.9 V	85 Cel	625 MBps	-40 Cel		QUAD	1.6 mm	14 mm	0		NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	14 mm	CMOS	1 V		I2C; ISA; SMBUS; VGA	.4 mm	S-PQFP-G128
PI7C8150NDE	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	OTHER	BALL	256	BGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	3.6 V		32		GRID ARRAY		3 V	85 Cel		0 Cel	TIN SILVER COPPER	BOTTOM	1.76 mm	17 mm	32	66 MHz			17 mm	CMOS	3.3 V			1 mm	S-PBGA-B256	3	Not Qualified		e1
PI7C9X7954FD	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	INDUSTRIAL	GULL WING	128	LFQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2 V		0		FLATPACK, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH		1.6 V	85 Cel		-40 Cel		QUAD	1.6 mm	14 mm	0	60 MHz			14 mm	CMOS	1.8 V		PCI	.4 mm	S-PQFP-G128
PI7C9X2G1616PRBHSBEX	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI		BALL	324	HBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1.1 V		0		GRID ARRAY, HEAT SINK/SLUG	BGA324,18X18,40	1 V	85 Cel	625 MBps	-40 Cel		BOTTOM	1.9 mm	19 mm	0	100 MHz			19 mm	CMOS			I2C, PCI, SMBUS	1 mm	S-PBGA-B324
PI7C9X2G912GPANJEX	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI		BALL	196	LBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1.1 V	AEC-Q100			GRID ARRAY, LOW PROFILE	BGA196,14X14,40	1 V	85 Cel	625 MBps	-40 Cel		BOTTOM	1.5 mm	15 mm		100 MHz			15 mm	CMOS			I2C; SMBUS; SPI	1 mm	S-PBGA-B196
PI7C9X130NDEX	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI		BALL	256	BGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2 V		64		GRID ARRAY	BGA256,16X16,40	1.6 V	85 Cel	312.5 MBps	-40 Cel		BOTTOM	1.76 mm	17 mm	64	133 MHz			17 mm	CMOS	1.8 V		I2C; PCI; SMBUS; VGA	1 mm	S-PBGA-B256
PI7C9X112SLFDEX	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI		GULL WING	128	HLFQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1.1 V		32		FLATPACK, HEAT SINK/SLUG, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH	QFP128,.63SQ,16	.9 V	85 Cel	312.5 MBps	-40 Cel		QUAD	1.6 mm	14 mm	32	100 MHz			14 mm	CMOS	1 V		I2C; PCI; SMBUS; USB	.4 mm	S-PQFP-G128
PI7C9X20508GPNDEX	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI
PI7C9X20508GPNDX	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI
PI7C9X20303ULZPE	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI	INDUSTRIAL	BUTT	132	HVQCCN	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1.1 V		0		CHIP CARRIER		.9 V	85 Cel		-40 Cel		BOTTOM	1 mm	10 mm	0	100 MHz			10 mm	CMOS	1 V		PCI	.5 mm	S-PBCC-B132		Not Qualified	IEEE 1149.6; IEEE 1149.1
PI7C8140AMA	Diodes Incorporated	BUS CONTROLLER, PCI		GULL WING	128	FQFP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	3.6 V		32		FLATPACK, FINE PITCH	QFP128,.67X.91,20	3 V	85 Cel		0 Cel		QUAD	3.4 mm	14 mm	32	66 MHz			20 mm	CMOS	3.3 V		PCI	.5 mm	R-PQFP-G128
DS2490X/T&R	Maxim Integrated	BUS CONTROLLER, UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS	COMMERCIAL	BALL	26	BGA	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.5 V		0		GRID ARRAY		4.4 V	70 Cel	1.5 MBps	0 Cel	TIN LEAD	BOTTOM			0	12 MHz				CMOS	5 V				R-PBGA-B26	1	Not Qualified		e0
DS2490S/T&R	Maxim Integrated	BUS CONTROLLER, UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	24	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.5 V		0	3.3,5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP24,.4	4.4 V	70 Cel	1.5 MBps	0 Cel	TIN LEAD	DUAL	2.65 mm	7.5 mm	0	12 MHz			15.4 mm	CMOS	5 V	Bus Controllers		1.27 mm	R-PDSO-G24	1	Not Qualified		e0
DS2490X	Maxim Integrated	BUS CONTROLLER, UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS	COMMERCIAL	BALL	26	BGA	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.5 V		0	3.3,5	GRID ARRAY	FLIP CHIP	4.4 V	70 Cel	1.5 MBps	0 Cel	TIN LEAD	BOTTOM			0	12 MHz				CMOS	5 V	Bus Controllers			R-PBGA-B26		Not Qualified		e0
DS2490S	Maxim Integrated	BUS CONTROLLER, UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	24	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	5.5 V		0	3.3,5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP16,.4	4.4 V	70 Cel	1.5 MBps	0 Cel	TIN LEAD	DUAL	2.65 mm	7.5 mm	0	12 MHz		245	15.4 mm	CMOS	5 V	Bus Controllers		1.27 mm	R-PDSO-G24		Not Qualified		e0

Bus Controllers

Bus controllers are integrated circuits that are used to manage and control the flow of data and control signals between different devices in a computer system. They are commonly used in systems that have multiple buses, such as a memory bus and an I/O bus. Bus controllers ensure that data is transferred efficiently and correctly between different devices in the system.

One of the primary functions of a bus controller is to manage bus arbitration. Bus arbitration is the process of resolving conflicts that occur when two or more devices on the bus attempt to access the bus at the same time. Bus controllers use various algorithms to determine which device has priority access to the bus and when other devices can access it.

Another important function of bus controllers is to manage the transfer of data and control signals between devices on the bus. This involves controlling the timing and synchronization of signals, as well as error detection and correction. Bus controllers also manage other aspects of the bus, such as interrupt handling and power management.