RECTANGULAR Serial Communication Controllers 964

Reset All
Part RoHS Manufacturer Peripheral IC Type Temperature Grade Terminal Form No. of Terminals Package Code Package Shape Package Body Material Integrated Cache Surface Mount Maximum Supply Voltage On Chip Data RAM Width Screening Level Address Bus Width DAC Channels Bit Size Power Supplies (V) Package Style (Meter) Package Equivalence Code Minimum Supply Voltage Maximum Operating Temperature CPU Family No. of External Interrupts Maximum Data Transfer Rate Minimum Operating Temperature Terminal Finish ADC Channels Terminal Position DMA Channels Maximum Seated Height ROM Words RAM Words Width Additional Features Boundary Scan Peripherals External Data Bus Width Data Encoding or Decoding Method Communication Protocol Maximum Clock Frequency Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s) Peak Reflow Temperature (C) Length Total Dose (V) No. of Timers RAM Bytes Technology Maximum Supply Current Nominal Supply Voltage No. of DMA Channels PWM Channels No. of Serial I/Os Sub-Category Connectivity ROM Programmability Bus Compatibility Terminal Pitch Format JESD-30 Code Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) Qualification Speed Drive Interface Standard Low Power Mode JESD-609 Code On Chip Program ROM Width No. of I/O Lines

5962-8688001QX

Renesas Electronics

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, SERIAL

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

40

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

5.25 V

0

IN-LINE

4.75 V

125 Cel

.01220703125 MBps

-55 Cel

TIN LEAD

DUAL

5.72 mm

15.24 mm

NO

16

NRZ

1 MHz

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

CMOS

5 V

1

2.54 mm

R-GDIP-T40

Qualified

YES

e0

UPD6708GS-E1-A

Renesas Electronics

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, MULTI PROTOCOL

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.3

85 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

CMOS

10 mA

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

1.27 mm

R-PDSO-G16

Not Qualified

MD82C50A/B

Renesas Electronics

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, SERIAL

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

40

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

MIL-STD-883 Class B (Modified)

5

IN-LINE

DIP40,.6

125 Cel

-55 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

CMOS

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-XDIP-T40

Not Qualified

e0

MD82C52

Renesas Electronics

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, SERIAL

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

28

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

5

IN-LINE

DIP28,.6

125 Cel

-55 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

CMOS

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-XDIP-T28

Not Qualified

e0

IM6402-IDL

Renesas Electronics

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, SERIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

40

RECTANGULAR

UNSPECIFIED

NO

5.5 V

4.5 V

DUAL

NO

1 MHz

CMOS

5 V

R-XDIP-T40

UPD71051GU

Renesas Electronics

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, SERIAL

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

28

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP28,.45

85 Cel

-40 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

CMOS

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

1.27 mm

R-PDSO-G28

Not Qualified

e0

UPD8251AC

Renesas Electronics

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

28

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

5

IN-LINE

DIP28,.6

70 Cel

0 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

MOS

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-PDIP-T28

Not Qualified

e0

UPD6708GS

Renesas Electronics

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, MULTI PROTOCOL

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.3

85 Cel

-40 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

CMOS

10 mA

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

1.27 mm

R-PDSO-G16

Not Qualified

e0

M66230P

Renesas Electronics

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, SERIAL

INDUSTRIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

24

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

5.5 V

0

IN-LINE

4.5 V

85 Cel

.06103515625 MBps

-40 Cel

DUAL

4.5 mm

7.62 mm

NO

8

NRZ

ASYNC, BIT

16 MHz

29.2 mm

CMOS

5 V

1

2.54 mm

R-PDIP-T24

Not Qualified

NO

UPD72851GT-E1

Renesas Electronics

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, SERIAL

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

48

SSOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

3.6 V

0

3.3

SMALL OUTLINE, SHRINK PITCH

SSOP48,.4

3 V

70 Cel

50 MBps

0 Cel

DUAL

2 mm

8 mm

ALSO OPERATES WITH 3 V SUPPLY

NO

8

ASYNC, BIT

24.576 MHz

MOS

3.3 V

Bus Controllers

.65 mm

R-PDSO-G48

1

Not Qualified

YES

8501501XX

Renesas Electronics

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, SERIAL

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

28

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

5.5 V

2

IN-LINE

4.5 V

125 Cel

.125 MBps

-55 Cel

TIN LEAD

DUAL

5.92 mm

15.24 mm

NO

8

ASYNC, BIT

16 MHz

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

CMOS

5 V

1

80C86; 80C88

2.54 mm

R-GDIP-T28

Qualified

YES

e0

HS1-82C52RH-8

Renesas Electronics

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, SERIAL

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

28

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

38535Q/M;38534H;883B

5

IN-LINE

DIP28,.6

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

CMOS

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-XDIP-T28

Not Qualified

MD82C52/B

Renesas Electronics

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, SERIAL

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

28

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

5.5 V

2

IN-LINE

DIP(UNSPEC)

4.5 V

125 Cel

1 MBps

-55 Cel

TIN LEAD

DUAL

NO

8

ASYNC, BIT

16 MHz

CMOS

4 mA

5 V

1

80C86; 80C88

R-CDIP-T28

YES

e0

UPD71051C

Renesas Electronics

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, SERIAL

INDUSTRIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

28

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

5

IN-LINE

DIP28,.6

85 Cel

-40 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

CMOS

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-PDIP-T28

Not Qualified

e0

HD1-6406-2

Renesas Electronics

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, SERIAL

MILITARY

THROUGH-HOLE

40

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

5

IN-LINE

DIP40,.6

125 Cel

-55 Cel

DUAL

CMOS

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-XDIP-T40

Not Qualified

UPD72107CW

Renesas Electronics

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, MULTI PROTOCOL

INDUSTRIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

64

SDIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

5

IN-LINE, SHRINK PITCH

SDIP64,.75

85 Cel

-40 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

CMOS

50 mA

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

1.78 mm

R-PDIP-T64

Not Qualified

e0

CP82C50X-5

Renesas Electronics

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, SERIAL

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

40

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

5

IN-LINE

DIP40,.6

70 Cel

0 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

CMOS

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-PDIP-T40

e0

M66014FP

Renesas Electronics

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, SERIAL

COMMERCIAL EXTENDED

GULL WING

24

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

0

SMALL OUTLINE

75 Cel

-20 Cel

DUAL

2.1 mm

5.3 mm

NO

8

NRZ

15.02 mm

CMOS

1

1.27 mm

R-PDSO-G24

Not Qualified

NO

UPD72042BGT

Renesas Electronics

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, SERIAL

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

0

5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

4.5 V

85 Cel

.00225 MBps

-40 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

2.9 mm

7.2 mm

NO

0

NRZ

ASYNC, BIT

6.38 MHz

10.2 mm

CMOS

10 mA

5 V

1

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

1.27 mm

R-PDSO-G16

Not Qualified

YES

e0

UPD8251C

Renesas Electronics

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

28

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

5

IN-LINE

DIP28,.6

70 Cel

0 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

MOS

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-PDIP-T28

Not Qualified

e0

VSB1400BP-45

Broadcom

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

24

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

5

IN-LINE

DIP24,.3

70 Cel

0 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

CMOS

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-PDIP-T24

Not Qualified

e0

PQ8003

Broadcom

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, LAN

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

40

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

5

IN-LINE

DIP40,.6

70 Cel

0 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

200 mA

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-PDIP-T40

Not Qualified

e0

VSB1400B-45

Broadcom

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

24

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

5

IN-LINE

DIP24,.3

70 Cel

0 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

CMOS

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-XDIP-T24

Not Qualified

e0

VSB1400A-25

Broadcom

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

24

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

5

IN-LINE

DIP24,.3

70 Cel

0 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

CMOS

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-XDIP-T24

Not Qualified

e0

BCM5020

Broadcom

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, LAN

GULL WING

144

QFP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5

FLATPACK

QUAD

YES

16

NRZ

CMOS

5 V

0

R-PQFP-G144

Not Qualified

NO

VSB1400B-35

Broadcom

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

24

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

5

IN-LINE

DIP24,.3

70 Cel

0 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

CMOS

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-XDIP-T24

Not Qualified

e0

QQ80C200

Broadcom

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, LAN

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

128

QFP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5

FLATPACK

QFP128,.67X.93,20

70 Cel

0 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

QUAD

CMOS

130 mA

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

.5 mm

R-PQFP-G128

Not Qualified

e0

DQ80C03

Broadcom

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, LAN

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

40

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED

NO

5.25 V

3

5

IN-LINE

DIP40,.6

4.75 V

70 Cel

2.5 MBps

0 Cel

TIN LEAD

DUAL

5.72 mm

15.24 mm

NO

8

BIPH-LEVEL(MANCHESTER)

52.325 mm

CMOS

40 mA

5 V

1

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-GDIP-T40

Not Qualified

NO

e0

QQ81400

Broadcom

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, LAN

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

128

QFP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

3.3/5

FLATPACK

QFP128,.67X.93,20

70 Cel

0 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

QUAD

CMOS

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

.5 mm

R-PQFP-G128

Not Qualified

e0

VSB1400AP-25

Broadcom

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

24

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

5

IN-LINE

DIP24,.3

70 Cel

0 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

CMOS

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-PDIP-T24

Not Qualified

e0

VSB1400B-25

Broadcom

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

24

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

5

IN-LINE

DIP24,.3

70 Cel

0 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

CMOS

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-XDIP-T24

Not Qualified

e0

PQ80C03

Broadcom

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, LAN

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

40

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

5

IN-LINE

DIP40,.6

70 Cel

0 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

CMOS

40 mA

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-PDIP-T40

Not Qualified

e0

VSB1400AP-45

Broadcom

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

24

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

5

IN-LINE

DIP24,.3

70 Cel

0 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

CMOS

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-PDIP-T24

Not Qualified

e0

VSB1400A-45

Broadcom

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

24

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

5

IN-LINE

DIP24,.3

70 Cel

0 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

CMOS

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-XDIP-T24

Not Qualified

e0

DQ8003

Broadcom

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, LAN

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

40

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

5

IN-LINE

DIP40,.6

70 Cel

0 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

200 mA

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-XDIP-T40

Not Qualified

e0

VSB1400A-35

Broadcom

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

24

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

5

IN-LINE

DIP24,.3

70 Cel

0 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

CMOS

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-XDIP-T24

Not Qualified

e0

QQ80C300

Broadcom

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, LAN

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

128

QFP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5

FLATPACK

TQFP128,.63X.87

70 Cel

0 Cel

QUAD

CMOS

130 mA

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

.5 mm

R-PQFP-G128

Not Qualified

VSB1400BP-35

Broadcom

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

24

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

5

IN-LINE

DIP24,.3

70 Cel

0 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

CMOS

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-PDIP-T24

Not Qualified

e0

VSB1400AP-35

Broadcom

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

24

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

5

IN-LINE

DIP24,.3

70 Cel

0 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

CMOS

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-PDIP-T24

Not Qualified

e0

VSB1400BP-25

Broadcom

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

24

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

5

IN-LINE

DIP24,.3

70 Cel

0 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

CMOS

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-PDIP-T24

Not Qualified

e0

KS82C50A-8CP

Samsung

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, SERIAL

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

40

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

5.5 V

0

3

IN-LINE

4.5 V

70 Cel

.0762939453125 MBps

0 Cel

DUAL

0

15.24 mm

NO

8

NRZ

ASYNC, BIT

52.07 mm

CMOS

6 mA

5 V

0

1

2.54 mm

R-PDIP-T40

Not Qualified

YES

0

KS5812N

Samsung

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, SERIAL

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

40

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

5

IN-LINE

DIP40,.6

70 Cel

-20 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

CMOS

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-PDIP-T40

Not Qualified

e0

KS82C50A-8IP

Samsung

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, SERIAL

INDUSTRIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

40

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

5.5 V

0

3

IN-LINE

4.5 V

85 Cel

.0762939453125 MBps

-40 Cel

DUAL

0

15.24 mm

NO

8

NRZ

ASYNC, BIT

52.07 mm

CMOS

6 mA

5 V

0

1

2.54 mm

R-PDIP-T40

Not Qualified

YES

0

KS82C450-IP

Samsung

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, SERIAL

INDUSTRIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

40

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

5

IN-LINE

DIP40,.6

85 Cel

-40 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

CMOS

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-PDIP-T40

Not Qualified

e0

KS5824N

Samsung

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

24

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

5

IN-LINE

DIP24,.6

70 Cel

-20 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

CMOS

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-PDIP-T24

Not Qualified

e0

KS82C52-16CP

Samsung

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, SERIAL

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

28

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

6 V

2

IN-LINE

DIP28,.6

4 V

70 Cel

0 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

6.096 mm

15.24 mm

8

ASYNC, BIT

16 MHz

36.322 mm

CMOS

3 mA

5 V

8080; 8085; 8086; 8088; 80186; 80286; 80386

2.54 mm

R-PDIP-T28

Not Qualified

YES

e0

KS82C50A-10CP

Samsung

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, SERIAL

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

40

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

5.5 V

0

3

5

IN-LINE

DIP40,.6

4.5 V

70 Cel

.0762939453125 MBps

0 Cel

TIN LEAD

DUAL

0

15.24 mm

NO

8

NRZ

ASYNC, BIT

52.07 mm

CMOS

6 mA

5 V

0

1

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-PDIP-T40

Not Qualified

YES

e0

0

KS82C50ACP

Samsung

SERIAL IO/COMMUNICATION CONTROLLER, SERIAL

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

40

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

5

IN-LINE

DIP40,.6

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

CMOS

5 V

Serial IO/Communication Controllers

2.54 mm

R-PDIP-T40

Not Qualified

Serial Communication Controllers

Serial communication controllers are electronic devices that manage the input/output operations between a computer or microcontroller and other devices through serial communication protocols such as UART, SPI, I2C, and USB. These controllers provide an interface that allows the computer or microcontroller to send and receive data over a serial connection and manage the communication operations.

Serial communication controllers can be integrated into the computer or microcontroller's chipset or added as an external module. They typically include a serial interface that connects to the device and a host interface that connects to the computer or microcontroller's bus system. The serial interface can be based on various standards such as UART, SPI, or I2C, while the host interface can be based on various standards such as PCI, PCIe, or USB.

Serial communication controllers offer various benefits such as increased data transfer rates, improved reliability, and increased compatibility with a wide range of devices. They also provide advanced features such as error checking, flow control, and clock synchronization that can improve the accuracy and reliability of the communication.