.25 W Fixed Resistors 2,400+

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Part	Manufacturer	Resistor Type	Mounting Type	Resistance	Rated Power Dissipation (P)	Maximum Operating Temperature	Tolerance	Diameter (Lead)	Rated Temperature	Technology	Shape (Package)	Construction	Packing Method	Size Code	No. of Terminals	Package Style (Meter)	Terminal Shape	Sub-Category	Dimensions	Minimum Operating Temperature	Temperature Coef (ppm/Cel)	Terminal Finish	Length (Lead)	Height (Package)	Manufacturer Series	Operating Voltage	Additional Features	Length (Package)	JESD-609 Code	Series	Diameter (Package)	Reference Standard	Width (Package)
MF1/4DCT52R1651F	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	1650 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	.6 mm	70 Cel	METAL FILM		Tubular	TR		2	Axial	WIRE			-55 Cel	100	TIN COPPER				250 V	SEMI PRECISION	6.3 mm	e2		2.3 mm	AEC-Q200
MFR-25FRF52-100K	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	100000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	.55 mm	70 Cel	METAL FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE	Tubular	TR, 12 INCH		2	Axial	WIRE	Fixed Resistors		-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN				250 V		6.3 mm	e3		2.4 mm	AEC-Q200
RC1206FR-07180R	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	180 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	Fixed Resistors		-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm		200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	3.1 mm	e3				1.6 mm
RC1206FR-07180RP	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	180 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.55 mm		200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	3.1 mm	e3				1.6 mm
RC1206FR-07274RL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	274 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm		200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	3.1 mm	e3				1.6 mm
RC1206FR-10309KL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	309000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 10 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm		200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	3.1 mm	e3				1.6 mm
RC1206FR-132R2L	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2.2 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 13 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	200	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm		200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	3.1 mm	e3				1.6 mm
RG3216N-8200-B-T1	Susumu	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	820 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	.1 %		85 Cel	METAL FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		TR	1206	2		WRAPAROUND	Fixed Resistors		-55 Cel	10	Matte Tin (Sn)			RG	150 V	ULTRA PRECISION		e3
RG3216P-1003-B-T5	Susumu	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	.1 %		85 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, EMBOSSED, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	25	MATTE TIN		.4 mm		200 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	3.2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
RMCF1206FT2K21	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2210 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.55 mm		200 V		3.2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
RMCF1206FTR500	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	.5 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		TR	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	200			.55 mm		200 V		3.2 mm				AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
RMCF1206JT22K0	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	22000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	200	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.55 mm		200 V		3.2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
RN732ETTD2490B25	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	249 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	.1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	1210	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	25	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.6 mm		200 V		3.2 mm	e3				2.5 mm
RNC65H1621FMB14	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	1620 ohm	.25 W	175 Cel	1 %	.64 mm	125 Cel	METAL FILM		Tubular	BULK		2	Axial	WIRE			-65 Cel	50	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)	38.1 mm			300 V	PRECISION	14.27 mm	e0		4.57 mm	MIL-PRF-55182
RNCF0805BTE25K9	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	25900 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	.1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		TR	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	25	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm		100 V	PRECISION	2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
RNCF0805BTE2K23	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2230 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	.1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	25	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm		150 V		2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
RP73D2B453KBTG	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	453000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	.1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TAPE	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		3.05mm x 1.55mm x .55mm	-55 Cel	15	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.55 mm		200 V	PRECISION	3.05 mm	e3				1.55 mm
RPC0805JT10K0	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.5 mm		150 V		2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
RS73G2ATTD1070F	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	107 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		85 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	50	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.5 mm		150 V	HIGH PRECISION, IEC60115-8	2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
RT1206BRE0750KL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	50000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	.1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2		WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	50	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier				200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE		e3
RT1206DRD07100KL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	.5 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	25	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm		200 V	HIGH PRECISION, LASER TRIMMABLE	3.1 mm	e3				1.6 mm
RT1206FRE1310KL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 13 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	50	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm		200 V	HIGH PRECISION, LASER TRIMMABLE	3.1 mm	e3				1.6 mm
SMM02040C1803FB000	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	180000 ohm	.25 W	125 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM	CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE	Cylindrical	TR, BLISTER, 13 INCH	1406	2	MELF	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	50	MATTE TIN				200 V	ANTI-SULFUR, LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 200	3.6 mm	e3		1.4 mm	AEC-Q200
SMM02040C6819FB300	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	68.1 ohm	.25 W	125 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM	CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE	Cylindrical	TR, BLISTER, 7 INCH	1406	2	MELF	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	50	MATTE TIN				200 V	ANTI-SULFUR, LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 200	3.6 mm	e3		1.4 mm	AEC-Q200
TNPW1206470KBETA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	470000 ohm	.25 W	125 Cel	.1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, CARDBOARD, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	25	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm		200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 200	3.2 mm	e0				1.6 mm
VR25000002005JR500	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	20000000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	5 %	.58 mm	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Tubular	TR		2	Axial	WIRE			-55 Cel	200	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier				1600 V		6.5 mm	e3		2.5 mm	AEC-Q200
WCR1206-2K2FI	Tt Electronics Plc	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2200 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.55 mm		200 V		3.1 mm	e3				1.55 mm
WINT0805LF031002B	Tt Electronics Plc	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.25 W	150 Cel	.1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, EMBOSSED PLASTIC, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT				-65 Cel	25	MATTE TIN		.45 mm		100 V	ANTI-SULFUR; PRECISION; RATED AC VOLTAGE(V): 100	2.02 mm	e3				1.28 mm
YR1B33K2CC	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	33200 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	.1 %	.6 mm		THIN FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE	Tubular	AMMO PACK		2	Axial	WIRE	FIXED RESISTOR	6.3mm x 2.3mm	-65 Cel	15		25 mm			250 V	PRECISION	6.3 mm			2.3 mm
1-2176091-4	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	78.7 ohm	.25 W		.1 %			THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		TR	0805	2		WRAPAROUND		2mm x 1.25mm x .55mm		25	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL				150 V	PRECISION		e3
AC1206FR-07274RL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	274 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm		200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	3.1 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
AC1206FR-072R2L	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2.2 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	200	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm		200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	3.1 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
AC1206FR-0730RL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	30 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm		200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	3.1 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
AT1206BRD072KL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	.1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	25	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm		200 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	3.1 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
CBT25J100R	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	100 ohm	.25 W	125 Cel	5 %	.6 mm	70 Cel	CARBON COMPOSITION	TUBULAR PACKAGE	Cylindrical	AMMO PACK		2	Axial	WIRE	Fixed Resistors	6.3mm x 2.4mm	-55 Cel	-700,400		27 mm			250 V		6.3 mm			2.4 mm
CMP0603-FX-1002ELF	Bourns	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm		75 V		1.6 mm	e3				.8 mm
CR1206AF/-2R20EAS	Bourns	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2.2 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	400	TIN OVER NICKEL		.55 mm		200 V	ANTI-SULFUR	3.1 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.55 mm
CRCW12060000ZSTC	Vishay Intertechnology	JUMPER	SURFACE MOUNT	0 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 13 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel		Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)		.55 mm			LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED CURRENT: 3.5A	3.2 mm	e0			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
CRCW120610R0FKTA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)		.55 mm		200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V) : 200	3.2 mm	e0			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
CRCW1206110KFKEA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	110000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.55 mm		200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 200	3.2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
CRCW1206150RJNEAIF	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	150 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	200	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.55 mm		200 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 200	3.2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
CRCW120620K0FKEB	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	20000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 11.25 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.55 mm		200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 200	3.2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
CRCW120620K0FKEBC	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	20000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 10 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm		200 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE (V) : 200	3.05 mm	e3				1.55 mm
CRCW120620K0FKEC	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	20000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 13 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.55 mm		200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 200	3.2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
CRCW1206680RJNEA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	680 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	200	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.55 mm		200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 200	3.2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
CRCW1206715RFKEA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	715 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.55 mm		200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 200	3.2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
CRCW120682K5FKTA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	82500 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm		200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V) : 200	3.2 mm	e0			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
CRCW120682K5FKTABC	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	82500 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	Fixed Resistors		-55 Cel	100	TIN		.55 mm	CRCW1206BCE3	200 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 200	3.2 mm	e3	CRCW-BCE3			1.6 mm

Fixed Resistors

Fixed resistors are passive electronic components that are used to resist the flow of electric current in a circuit. They have a fixed value of resistance, meaning their resistance cannot be adjusted once they are manufactured. They are commonly used to set the bias of transistors, control the gain of amplifiers, or limit the current flowing through an LED. Fixed resistors come in various sizes, power ratings, and tolerances.

There are two types of fixed resistors: through-hole and surface mount. Through-hole resistors have leads that are inserted into holes on the printed circuit board (PCB), while surface mount resistors have terminals that are soldered directly to the surface of the PCB. Through-hole resistors are larger and easier to work with, but surface mount resistors are smaller and more suitable for miniaturized electronic devices.

Fixed resistors can be made from a variety of materials, including carbon, metal, and wire-wound. Carbon resistors are inexpensive and widely used, but they have a lower tolerance and are more susceptible to noise than other types. Metal film resistors have a higher tolerance and better stability, making them ideal for use in precision circuits. Wire-wound resistors have a higher power rating and are used in high power applications, such as power supplies and amplifiers.