1 W Fixed Resistors 2,400+

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Part RoHS Manufacturer Resistor Type Mounting Type Resistance Rated Power Dissipation (P) Maximum Operating Temperature Tolerance Diameter (Lead) Spacing (Lead) Rated Temperature No. of Functions Technology Shape (Package) No. of Elements Construction Packing Method Size Code Network Type No. of Terminals Package Style (Meter) Terminal Shape Sub-Category Dimensions First Element Resistance Minimum Operating Temperature Temperature Coef (ppm/Cel) Terminal Finish Length (Lead) Height (Package) Manufacturer Series Operating Voltage Additional Features Length (Package) JESD-609 Code Series Diameter (Package) Reference Standard Width (Package)

ERJ1TRQFR33U

Panasonic

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

.33 ohm

1 W

155 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM

RECTANGULAR PACKAGE

Rectangular

TR, EMBOSSED, 7 INCH

2512

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-55 Cel

0,200

MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL

.6 mm

.5745 V

IEC60115-8

6.4 mm

e3

AEC-Q200

3.2 mm

HVC2512-4M0FT18

Tt Electronics Plc

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

4000000 ohm

1 W

155 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM

Rectangular

TR, 7 INCH

2512

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-55 Cel

100

MATTE TIN

.8 mm

3000 V

RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 3000

6.5 mm

e3

3.2 mm

LVK24R100FER

Ohmite Manufacturing

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

.1 ohm

1 W

125 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL ALLOY

Rectangular

TR, 7 Inch

2412

4

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-40 Cel

50

MATTE TIN

.5 mm

6.4 mm

e3

3.2 mm

ULR1S-R001FT2

Tt Electronics Plc

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

.001 ohm

1 W

170 Cel

1 %

80 Cel

METAL STRIP

RECTANGULAR PACKAGE

Rectangular

TR, EMBOSSED PLASTIC, 7 INCH

1206

2

SMT

ONE SURFACE

-55 Cel

50

Matte Tin (Sn)

.6 mm

3.2 mm

e3

1.6 mm

WSL2010R0150FEA18

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

.015 ohm

1 W

170 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL STRIP

Rectangular

TR, EMBOSSED PLASTIC, 7 INCH

2010

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-65 Cel

75

Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier

.635 mm

.1225 V

ANTI-SULFUR

5.08 mm

e3

AEC-Q200

2.54 mm

WSL2010R1000FEA18

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

.1 ohm

1 W

170 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL STRIP

Rectangular

TR, EMBOSSED PLASTIC, 7 INCH

2010

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-65 Cel

75

MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL

.635 mm

.3162 V

ANTI-SULFUR

5.08 mm

e3

AEC-Q200

2.54 mm

WSL2512R0680FEA

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

.068 ohm

1 W

170 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL STRIP

RECTANGULAR PACKAGE

Rectangular

TR, EMBOSSED PLASTIC, 7 INCH

2512

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-65 Cel

75

Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier

.635 mm

.2608 V

ANTI-SULFUR

6.35 mm

e3

AEC-Q200

3.18 mm

CRCW25121R50FKEG

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

1.5 ohm

1 W

155 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM

Rectangular

TR, BLISTER, 7 INCH

2512

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-55 Cel

100

MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL

.6 mm

500 V

LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 500

6.3 mm

e3

AEC-Q200

3.15 mm

FC4L32R005FER

Ohmite Manufacturing

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

.005 ohm

1 W

155 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL FOIL

Rectangular

TR, 7 INCH

1206

4

SMT

ONE SURFACE

FIXED RESISTOR

-55 Cel

50

TIN OVER NICKEL

.5 mm

.0707 V

3.2 mm

e3

1.6 mm

PA1206FRF470R001Z

Yageo

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

.001 ohm

1 W

170 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM

Rectangular

TR, Paper, 7 Inch

1206

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-55 Cel

100

MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL

.65 mm

.001 V

3.2 mm

e3

AEC-Q200

1.6 mm

PMR25HZPFV3L00

ROHM

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

.003 ohm

1 W

155 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL PLATE

RECTANGULAR PACKAGE

Rectangular

TR, Embossed, 7 Inch

1210

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

FIXED RESISTOR

-55 Cel

100

TIN OVER NICKEL

.52 mm

3.2 mm

e3

2.5 mm

RLR32C2213FPB14

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

THROUGH HOLE MOUNT

221000 ohm

1 W

150 Cel

1 %

.81 mm

70 Cel

METAL FILM

Tubular

BULK

2

Axial

WIRE

-65 Cel

100

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

38.1 mm

500 V

14.27 mm

e0

4.83 mm

MIL-PRF-39017

WSL2010R0100DEA18

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

.01 ohm

1 W

170 Cel

.5 %

70 Cel

METAL STRIP

Rectangular

TR, EMBOSSED PLASTIC, 7 INCH

2010

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-65 Cel

75

Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier

.635 mm

.1 V

ANTI-SULFUR

5.08 mm

e3

AEC-Q200

2.54 mm

WSLP1206R0200FEA

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

.02 ohm

1 W

170 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL STRIP

RECTANGULAR PACKAGE

Rectangular

TR, EMBOSSED PLASTIC, 7 INCH

1206

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-65 Cel

75

Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier

.635 mm

.1414 V

ANTI-SULFUR

3.2 mm

e3

AEC-Q200

1.6 mm

CRCW20108R20FKEFHP

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

8.2 ohm

1 W

155 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM

RECTANGULAR PACKAGE

Rectangular

TR, BLISTER, 7 INCH

2010

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-55 Cel

100

TIN OVER NICKEL

.6 mm

400 V

RATED AC VOLTAGE: 400V

5 mm

e3

AEC-Q200

2.5 mm

CRCW25122K26FKEG

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

2260 ohm

1 W

155 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM

Rectangular

TR, BLISTER, 7 INCH

2512

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-55 Cel

100

MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL

.6 mm

500 V

LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 500

6.3 mm

e3

AEC-Q200

3.15 mm

CRS2010-FX-1001ELF

Bourns

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

1000 ohm

1 W

155 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

THICK FILM

Rectangular

TR, EMBOSSED, 7 INCH

2010

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-55 Cel

100

TIN OVER NICKEL

.55 mm

200 V

5 mm

e3

2.5 mm

ERJ1TYJ5R1U

Panasonic

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

5.1 ohm

1 W

155 Cel

5 %

70 Cel

METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM

RECTANGULAR PACKAGE

Rectangular

TR, EMBOSSED, 7 INCH

2512

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-55 Cel

-100,600

MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL

.6 mm

200 V

IEC60115-8

6.4 mm

e3

AEC-Q200

3.2 mm

M55342K09B5D62R

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

5.62 ohm

1 W

150 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM

RECTANGULAR PACKAGE

Rectangular

2512

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-65 Cel

100

Tin/Lead (Sn80Pb20) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier

.51 mm

200 V

ANTI-SULFUR

6.35 mm

e0

MIL-PRF-55342

3.15 mm

M55342K09B5D62RS2

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

5.62 ohm

1 W

150 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM

Rectangular

TR, 7 INCH

2512

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-65 Cel

100

TIN LEAD OVER NICKEL

.51 mm

200 V

ANTI-SULFUR

6.35 mm

MIL-PRF-55342

3.15 mm

M55342K09B5D62RS3

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

5.62 ohm

1 W

150 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM

Rectangular

TR, 7 INCH

2512

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-65 Cel

100

Tin/Lead (Sn80Pb20) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier

.51 mm

200 V

ANTI-SULFUR

6.35 mm

e0

MIL-PRF-55342

3.15 mm

M55342K09B5D62RS6

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

5.62 ohm

1 W

150 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM

Rectangular

TR, 7 INCH

2512

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-65 Cel

100

TIN LEAD OVER NICKEL

.51 mm

200 V

ANTI-SULFUR

6.35 mm

MIL-PRF-55342

3.15 mm

M55342K09B5D62RSU

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

5.62 ohm

1 W

150 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM

Rectangular

TR, 7 INCH

2512

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-65 Cel

100

Tin/Lead (Sn80Pb20) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier

.51 mm

200 V

ANTI-SULFUR

6.35 mm

e0

MIL-PRF-55342

3.15 mm

M55342K09B5D62RT3

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

5.62 ohm

1 W

150 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

THIN FILM

RECTANGULAR PACKAGE

TR, EMBOSSED, 7 INCH

2512

2

WRAPAROUND

-55 Cel

100

Tin/Lead (Sn60Pb40) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier

200 V

e0

M55342K09B5D62RUL

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

5.62 ohm

1 W

150 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM

Rectangular

TR, 7 INCH

2512

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-65 Cel

100

TIN LEAD OVER NICKEL

.51 mm

200 V

ANTI-SULFUR

6.35 mm

MIL-PRF-55342

3.15 mm

M55342K09B5D62RWB

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

5.62 ohm

1 W

150 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM

Rectangular

WAFFLE PACK

2512

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-65 Cel

100

TIN LEAD OVER NICKEL

.51 mm

200 V

ANTI-SULFUR

6.35 mm

MIL-PRF-55342

3.15 mm

M55342K09B5D62RWL

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

5.62 ohm

1 W

150 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM

Rectangular

WAFFLE PACK

2512

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-65 Cel

100

TIN LEAD OVER NICKEL

.51 mm

200 V

ANTI-SULFUR

6.35 mm

MIL-PRF-55342

3.15 mm

MMB02070C1809FB200

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

18 ohm

1 W

155 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

THIN FILM

Cylindrical

TR, BLISTER, 7 INCH

2309

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-55 Cel

50

MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL

350 V

ANTI-SULFUR; LASER TRIMMABLE; RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 350; STANDARD: CECC40401-803

5.8 mm

2.2 mm

AEC-Q200

PR01000109101JR500

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

THROUGH HOLE MOUNT

9100 ohm

1 W

200 Cel

5 %

.58 mm

70 Cel

METAL FILM

TUBULAR PACKAGE

Tubular

TR

2

Axial

WIRE

FIXED RESISTOR

-55 Cel

250

MATTE TIN

350 V

6.5 mm

e3

2.5 mm

AEC-Q200

WA82-330RJI

Tt Electronics Plc

FIXED RESISTOR

THROUGH HOLE MOUNT

330 ohm

1 W

200 Cel

5 %

.6 mm

25 Cel

WIRE WOUND

TUBULAR PACKAGE

Tubular

AMMO PACK

2

Axial

WIRE

Fixed Resistors

-55 Cel

200

Tin (Sn) - hot dipped

50 V

FLAME PROOF

6.2 mm

e3

2.8 mm

WSL2512R0800FEA

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

.08 ohm

1 W

170 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL STRIP

RECTANGULAR PACKAGE

Rectangular

TR, EMBOSSED PLASTIC, 7 INCH

2512

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-65 Cel

75

Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier

.635 mm

.2828 V

ANTI-SULFUR

6.35 mm

e3

AEC-Q200

3.18 mm

CMF60221K00BEBF

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

THROUGH HOLE MOUNT

221000 ohm

1 W

175 Cel

.1 %

.64 mm

70 Cel

METAL FILM

Tubular

Bulk

2

Axial

WIRE

-55 Cel

25

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

38.1 mm

500 V

FLAME PROOF, PRECISION

8.74 mm

e0

3.68 mm

CRCW2010110KFKEFHP

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

110000 ohm

1 W

155 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM

RECTANGULAR PACKAGE

Rectangular

TR, BLISTER, 7 INCH

2010

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-55 Cel

100

TIN OVER NICKEL

.6 mm

400 V

RATED AC VOLTAGE: 400V

5 mm

e3

AEC-Q200

2.5 mm

CRCW20102K00FKEFHP

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

2000 ohm

1 W

155 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM

RECTANGULAR PACKAGE

Rectangular

TR, BLISTER, 7 INCH

2010

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-55 Cel

100

MATTE TIN

.6 mm

400 V

RATED AC VOLTAGE: 400V

5 mm

e3

AEC-Q200

2.5 mm

CRCW25122K21FKEG

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

2210 ohm

1 W

155 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM

Rectangular

TR, BLISTER, 7 INCH

2512

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-55 Cel

100

MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL

.6 mm

500 V

LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 500

6.3 mm

e3

AEC-Q200

3.15 mm

ERG1SJ473V

Panasonic

FIXED RESISTOR

THROUGH HOLE MOUNT

47000 ohm

1 W

235 Cel

5 %

.65 mm

70 Cel

METAL OXIDE FILM

Tubular

AMMO PACK

2

Axial

WIRE

-55 Cel

350

Tin (Sn)

350 V

IEC60115-4, FLAME PROOF

9 mm

e3

2.8 mm

IEC60115-2

RCWE0612R825FKEA

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

.825 ohm

1 W

155 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM

Rectangular

TR, Punched Paper, 7 Inch

0612

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-55 Cel

100

Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier

.6 mm

.9083 V

ANTI-SULFUR

1.6 mm

e3

AEC-Q200

3.2 mm

RNCF2512BKE7R68

Stackpole Electronics

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

7.68 ohm

1 W

155 Cel

.1 %

70 Cel

THIN FILM

RECTANGULAR PACKAGE

Rectangular

TR, 7 INCH

2512

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-55 Cel

25

Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier

.55 mm

200 V

6.3 mm

e3

AEC-Q200

3.1 mm

VR68000004703JAC00

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

THROUGH HOLE MOUNT

470000 ohm

1 W

155 Cel

5 %

.78 mm

70 Cel

METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM

Tubular

AMMO PACK

2

Axial

WIRE

-55 Cel

200

Tin (Sn)

10000 V

RATED AC VOLTAGE: 10000V

18 mm

e3

6.8 mm

UL;IEC62368-1

35202K0JT

TE Connectivity

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

2000 ohm

1 W

125 Cel

5 %

70 Cel

THICK FILM

RECTANGULAR PACKAGE

Rectangular

TR

2512

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

FIXED RESISTOR

6.4mm x 3.2mm x .6mm

-55 Cel

200

.6 mm

200 V

6.4 mm

3.2 mm

352033RJT

TE Connectivity

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

33 ohm

1 W

125 Cel

5 %

70 Cel

THICK FILM

RECTANGULAR PACKAGE

Rectangular

TR

2512

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

FIXED RESISTOR

6.4mm x 3.2mm x .6mm

-55 Cel

200

.6 mm

200 V

6.4 mm

3.2 mm

CRCW25125R10FKEG

Vishay Intertechnology

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

5.1 ohm

1 W

155 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM

Rectangular

TR, BLISTER, 7 INCH

2512

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-55 Cel

100

MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL

.6 mm

500 V

LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 500

6.3 mm

e3

AEC-Q200

3.15 mm

CRF1206-FX-R010ELF

Bourns

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

.01 ohm

1 W

170 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL ALLOY

Rectangular

TR, PAPER, 7 INCH

1206

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-55 Cel

100

MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL

.6 mm

.1 V

PRECISION

3.2 mm

e3

AEC-Q200

1.65 mm

CSRN2010FK25L0

Stackpole Electronics

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

.025 ohm

1 W

155 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM

RECTANGULAR PACKAGE

Rectangular

TR, PLASTIC, 7 INCH

2010

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-55 Cel

250

Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier

.5 mm

5 mm

e3

2.54 mm

ERJ8BWFR056V

Panasonic

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

.056 ohm

1 W

155 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM

RECTANGULAR PACKAGE

Rectangular

TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH

1206

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-55 Cel

0,100

MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL

.65 mm

.2366 V

IEC60115-8

3.2 mm

e3

AEC-Q200

1.6 mm

ERJ8BWJR020V

Panasonic

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

.02 ohm

1 W

155 Cel

5 %

70 Cel

METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM

RECTANGULAR PACKAGE

Rectangular

TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH

1206

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-55 Cel

0,150

MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL

.65 mm

.1414 V

IEC60115-8

3.2 mm

e3

AEC-Q200

1.6 mm

ERJ8CWFR030V

Panasonic

FIXED RESISTOR

SURFACE MOUNT

.03 ohm

1 W

125 Cel

1 %

70 Cel

METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM

RECTANGULAR PACKAGE

Rectangular

TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH

1206

2

SMT

WRAPAROUND

-55 Cel

75

TIN

.65 mm

.1732 V

IEC60115-8

3.2 mm

e3

AEC-Q200

1.6 mm

MFP1-220RJI

Tt Electronics Plc

FIXED RESISTOR

THROUGH HOLE MOUNT

220 ohm

1 W

155 Cel

5 %

.6 mm

70 Cel

METAL FILM

TUBULAR PACKAGE

Tubular

AMMO PACK

2

Axial

WIRE

Fixed Resistors

-55 Cel

100

Tin (Sn) - hot dipped

21 mm

350 V

FLAME PROOF

6.2 mm

e3

2.5 mm

Fixed Resistors

Fixed resistors are passive electronic components that are used to resist the flow of electric current in a circuit. They have a fixed value of resistance, meaning their resistance cannot be adjusted once they are manufactured. They are commonly used to set the bias of transistors, control the gain of amplifiers, or limit the current flowing through an LED. Fixed resistors come in various sizes, power ratings, and tolerances.

There are two types of fixed resistors: through-hole and surface mount. Through-hole resistors have leads that are inserted into holes on the printed circuit board (PCB), while surface mount resistors have terminals that are soldered directly to the surface of the PCB. Through-hole resistors are larger and easier to work with, but surface mount resistors are smaller and more suitable for miniaturized electronic devices.

Fixed resistors can be made from a variety of materials, including carbon, metal, and wire-wound. Carbon resistors are inexpensive and widely used, but they have a lower tolerance and are more susceptible to noise than other types. Metal film resistors have a higher tolerance and better stability, making them ideal for use in precision circuits. Wire-wound resistors have a higher power rating and are used in high power applications, such as power supplies and amplifiers.