Part | RoHS | Manufacturer | Resistor Type | Mounting Type | Resistance | Rated Power Dissipation (P) | Maximum Operating Temperature | Tolerance | Diameter (Lead) | Spacing (Lead) | Rated Temperature | No. of Functions | Technology | Shape (Package) | No. of Elements | Construction | Packing Method | Size Code | Network Type | No. of Terminals | Package Style (Meter) | Terminal Shape | Sub-Category | Dimensions | First Element Resistance | Minimum Operating Temperature | Temperature Coef (ppm/Cel) | Terminal Finish | Length (Lead) | Height (Package) | Manufacturer Series | Operating Voltage | Additional Features | Length (Package) | JESD-609 Code | Series | Diameter (Package) | Reference Standard | Width (Package) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Vishay Intertechnology |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.22 ohm |
5 W |
250 Cel |
5 % |
.8 mm |
40 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
Tubular |
AMMO PACK |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
-55 Cel |
-10,-80 |
Matte Tin (Sn) |
1.0489 V |
FLAME PROOF |
18 mm |
e3 |
7.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
TE Connectivity |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.22 ohm |
5 W |
250 Cel |
5 % |
.8 mm |
WIRE WOUND |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
Rectangular |
BULK, BOX |
8739 |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
FIXED RESISTOR |
22mm x 10mm x 9mm |
-55 Cel |
300 |
35 mm |
9 mm |
350 V |
22 mm |
10 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
Nte Electronics |
FIXED RESISTOR |
.22 ohm |
5 W |
5 % |
.8 mm |
WIRE WOUND |
Wirewound |
8738 |
2 |
Axial |
Fixed Resistors |
300 |
38.1 mm |
9.65 mm |
200 V |
22 mm |
9.65 mm |
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
Stackpole Electronics |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.22 ohm |
5 W |
275 Cel |
5 % |
.91 mm |
70 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
Rectangular |
BULK |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
-55 Cel |
50 |
MATTE TIN |
38.1 mm |
9.53 mm |
1.0488 V |
FLAME PROOF |
22.23 mm |
e3 |
9.53 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
Koa Speer Electronics |
FIXED RESISTOR |
.22 ohm |
5 W |
200 Cel |
5 % |
.8 mm |
METAL OXIDE FILM |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
Cylindrical |
Bulk |
2 |
Axial |
Fixed Resistors |
-55 Cel |
300 |
TIN COPPER |
38 mm |
24.5 mm |
e2 |
9 mm |
||||||||||||||||||
|
Stackpole Electronics |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.22 ohm |
5 W |
235 Cel |
5 % |
.8 mm |
70 Cel |
METAL OXIDE FILM |
TUBULAR PACKAGE |
Tubular |
BULK |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
-55 Cel |
200 |
MATTE TIN |
35 mm |
1000 V |
FLAMEPROOF |
17.5 mm |
e3 |
6 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
Ohmite Manufacturing |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.22 ohm |
5 W |
275 Cel |
5 % |
.8 mm |
25 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
Tubular |
BULK; TR |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
Fixed Resistors |
90 |
35 mm |
157 V |
13 mm |
3.5 mm |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Yageo |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.22 ohm |
5 W |
200 Cel |
5 % |
.8 mm |
40 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
Tubular |
Ammo Pack |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
Fixed Resistors |
-40 Cel |
300 |
Matte Tin (Sn) |
32 mm |
1.0488 V |
FLAME PROOF |
17 mm |
e3 |
7.5 mm |
|||||||||||||
|
Vishay Intertechnology |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.22 ohm |
5 W |
250 Cel |
5 % |
1.02 mm |
25 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
TUBULAR PACKAGE |
Welded |
TR |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
FIXED RESISTOR |
-65 Cel |
Matte Tin (Sn) |
38.1 mm |
1.049 V |
22.22 mm |
e3 |
7.92 mm |
|||||||||||||||
|
Yageo |
FIXED RESISTOR |
.22 ohm |
5 W |
155 Cel |
5 % |
.8 mm |
WIRE WOUND |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
Rectangular |
Bulk |
8737 |
2 |
Axial |
Fixed Resistors |
-55 Cel |
Matte Tin (Sn) |
32 mm |
9 mm |
350 V |
22 mm |
e3 |
9.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
Multicomp Pro |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.22 ohm |
5 W |
275 Cel |
5 % |
.75 mm |
70 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
Tubular |
AMMO PACK |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
400 |
28 mm |
FLAME PROOF |
17.5 mm |
6.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Rcd Components |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.22 ohm |
5 W |
275 Cel |
5 % |
1.02 mm |
25 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
Tubular |
TR |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
90 |
Matte Tin (Sn) |
400 V |
PRECISION |
22.2 mm |
e3 |
7.92 mm |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Stackpole Electronics |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.22 ohm |
5 W |
275 Cel |
5 % |
.8 mm |
10 mm |
70 Cel |
METAL PLATE |
Rectangular |
BULK |
2 |
Radial |
WIRE |
-55 Cel |
350 |
MATTE TIN |
13 mm |
18 mm |
350 V |
FLAME PROOF |
14 mm |
e3 |
5 mm |
|||||||||||||
Xicon Passive Components |
FIXED RESISTOR |
2 ohm |
5 W |
235 Cel |
5 % |
.8 mm |
METAL OXIDE FILM |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
Cylindrical |
Bulk |
2 |
Axial |
Fixed Resistors |
-55 Cel |
350 |
28 mm |
500 V |
25 mm |
MO |
8 mm |
|||||||||||||||||||
Xicon Passive Components |
FIXED RESISTOR |
1 ohm |
5 W |
235 Cel |
5 % |
.8 mm |
METAL OXIDE FILM |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
Cylindrical |
Bulk |
2 |
Axial |
Fixed Resistors |
-55 Cel |
350 |
28 mm |
500 V |
25 mm |
MO |
8 mm |
|||||||||||||||||||
Vishay Intertechnology |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.22 ohm |
5 W |
250 Cel |
1 % |
1.02 mm |
25 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
Tubular |
BULK |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
-55 Cel |
650 |
Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb) |
38.1 mm |
1.0488 V |
22.23 mm |
e0 |
7.92 mm |
|||||||||||||||||
Vishay Intertechnology |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.22 ohm |
5 W |
250 Cel |
1 % |
1.02 mm |
25 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
Tubular |
BULK |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
-55 Cel |
650 |
Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb) |
38.1 mm |
1.0488 V |
22.23 mm |
e0 |
7.92 mm |
|||||||||||||||||
Vishay Intertechnology |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.22 ohm |
5 W |
250 Cel |
1 % |
1.02 mm |
25 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
Tubular |
TR |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
-55 Cel |
650 |
Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb) |
1.0488 V |
22.23 mm |
e0 |
7.92 mm |
||||||||||||||||||
|
Vishay Intertechnology |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.22 ohm |
5 W |
275 Cel |
5 % |
.194 mm |
40 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
Rectangular |
BULK |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
-65 Cel |
600 |
Matte Tin (Sn) |
38.1 mm |
8.73 mm |
1.0488 V |
22.22 mm |
e3 |
9.52 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
TE Connectivity |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
200 ohm |
5 W |
275 Cel |
5 % |
20 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
Rectangular |
TR |
5329 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
13.5mm x 7.3mm x 6.8mm |
-55 Cel |
200 |
6.8 mm |
500 V |
FLAME PROOF |
13.5 mm |
7.3 mm |
|||||||||||||||
Vishay Intertechnology |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.22 ohm |
5 W |
275 Cel |
5 % |
.914 mm |
25 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
TUBULAR PACKAGE |
Tubular |
TR |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
Fixed Resistors |
-65 Cel |
600 |
Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb) |
1.0488 V |
25.4 mm |
e0 |
4.32 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Tt Electronics Plc |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.22 ohm |
5 W |
155 Cel |
5 % |
.75 mm |
70 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
Rectangular |
Bulk |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
-55 Cel |
400 |
Tin (Sn) |
30 mm |
10 mm |
350 V |
FLAME PROOF |
23 mm |
e3 |
11 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
Vishay Intertechnology |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
50000 ohm |
5 W |
250 Cel |
1 % |
1.02 mm |
25 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
TUBULAR PACKAGE |
Tubular |
TR |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
-65 Cel |
20 |
Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
PRECISION |
22.23 mm |
e3 |
7.92 mm |
||||||||||||||||
Vishay Intertechnology |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
1.5 ohm |
5 W |
250 Cel |
5 % |
1.02 mm |
25 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
TUBULAR PACKAGE |
Welded |
TR |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
FIXED RESISTOR |
-65 Cel |
50 |
Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb) |
38.1 mm |
2.739 V |
22.22 mm |
e0 |
7.92 mm |
|||||||||||||||
|
Vishay Intertechnology |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
1.5 ohm |
5 W |
250 Cel |
5 % |
1.02 mm |
25 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
TUBULAR PACKAGE |
Welded |
BULK |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
FIXED RESISTOR |
-65 Cel |
50 |
Matte Tin (Sn) |
38.1 mm |
2.739 V |
22.22 mm |
e3 |
7.92 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
Vishay Intertechnology |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
330 ohm |
5 W |
250 Cel |
5 % |
.8 mm |
40 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
Tubular |
AMMO PACK |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
-55 Cel |
-10,-80 |
Matte Tin (Sn) |
40.6202 V |
FLAME PROOF |
18 mm |
e3 |
7.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Vishay Intertechnology |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
1.5 ohm |
5 W |
250 Cel |
5 % |
1.02 mm |
25 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
TUBULAR PACKAGE |
Welded |
TR |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
FIXED RESISTOR |
-65 Cel |
50 |
Matte Tin (Sn) |
38.1 mm |
2.739 V |
22.22 mm |
e3 |
7.92 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
Ohmite Manufacturing |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
27 ohm |
5 W |
275 Cel |
1 % |
25 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
TUBULAR PACKAGE |
Tubular |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
FIXED RESISTOR |
-55 Cel |
20 |
TIN SILVER COPPER |
38.1 mm |
460 V |
23.8 mm |
e1 |
8.7 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
TE Connectivity |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
10 ohm |
5 W |
155 Cel |
5 % |
.75 mm |
70 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
TUBULAR PACKAGE |
Cylindrical |
AMMO PACK |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
FIXED RESISTOR |
17.5mm x 6.5mm |
-55 Cel |
400 |
28 mm |
500 V |
FLAME PROOF |
17.5 mm |
6.5 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
.001 ohm |
5 W |
170 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL STRIP |
Rectangular |
TR, EMBOSSED PLASTIC, 13 INCH |
2512 |
2 |
SMT |
GULL WING |
-55 Cel |
50 |
.77 mm |
6.35 mm |
AEC-Q200 |
3.05 mm |
||||||||||||||||||
|
Vishay Intertechnology |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
.0005 ohm |
5 W |
170 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL STRIP |
Rectangular |
TR, Embossed Plastic, 13 Inch |
1216 |
4 |
SMT |
J BEND |
-65 Cel |
150 |
1.9 mm |
.05 V |
ANTI-SULFUR |
3.81 mm |
AEC-Q200 |
3.1 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Vishay Intertechnology |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
.1 ohm |
5 W |
275 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL STRIP |
All-Welded |
TR, Embossed Plastic, 13 Inch |
4527 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-65 Cel |
75 |
TIN SILVER |
2.41 mm |
.7071 V |
AEC-Q200, ANTI-SULFUR |
11.56 mm |
e2 |
6.98 mm |
|||||||||||||||
|
Ohmite Manufacturing |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.1 ohm |
5 W |
275 Cel |
1 % |
1.02 mm |
25 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
TUBULAR PACKAGE |
Tubular |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
-55 Cel |
50 |
TIN SILVER COPPER |
39.7 mm |
NON-INDUCTIVE |
23.8 mm |
e1 |
8.4 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Ohmite Manufacturing |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.01 ohm |
5 W |
275 Cel |
1 % |
1.02 mm |
25 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
Tubular |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
-55 Cel |
100 |
TIN SILVER COPPER |
39.7 mm |
NON-INDUCTIVE |
23.8 mm |
e1 |
8.4 mm |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Tt Electronics Plc |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
.0005 ohm |
5 W |
170 Cel |
1 % |
120 Cel |
METAL ALLOY |
Rectangular |
TR, PLASTIC, 13 INCH |
3920 |
2 |
SMT |
GULL WING |
-55 Cel |
50 |
1.35 mm |
10 mm |
AEC-Q200 |
5.2 mm |
||||||||||||||||||
|
Vishay Intertechnology |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
10 ohm |
5 W |
250 Cel |
5 % |
.8 mm |
40 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
Tubular |
AMMO PACK |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
-55 Cel |
-10,-80 |
Matte Tin (Sn) |
7.0711 V |
FLAME PROOF |
18 mm |
e3 |
7.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Rcd Components |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.22 ohm |
5 W |
275 Cel |
5 % |
1.02 mm |
25 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
Tubular |
Bulk |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
90 |
Matte Tin (Sn) |
34.93 mm |
400 V |
PRECISION |
22.2 mm |
e3 |
7.92 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Vishay Intertechnology |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
100 ohm |
5 W |
250 Cel |
5 % |
.8 mm |
40 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
Tubular |
AMMO PACK |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
-55 Cel |
-10,-80 |
Matte Tin (Sn) |
22.3607 V |
FLAME PROOF |
18 mm |
e3 |
7.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
TE Connectivity |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
10 ohm |
5 W |
250 Cel |
5 % |
.8 mm |
5 mm |
WIRE WOUND |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
Rectangular |
BULK, BOX |
5135 |
2 |
Radial |
WIRE |
FIXED RESISTOR |
25mm x 13mm x 9mm |
-55 Cel |
300 |
3.5 mm |
25 mm |
13 mm |
9 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
Vishay Intertechnology |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
.002 ohm |
5 W |
170 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL STRIP |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
Rectangular |
TR, EMBOSSED PLASTIC, 13 INCH |
2726 |
4 |
SMT |
J BEND |
-65 Cel |
75 |
Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
2.9 mm |
.1 V |
ANTI-SULFUR |
6.9 mm |
e3 |
AEC-Q200 |
6.6 mm |
|||||||||||||
|
TE Connectivity |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
200000 ohm |
5 W |
275 Cel |
5 % |
20 Cel |
METAL FILM |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
Rectangular |
TR |
5329 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
7.3mm x 13.5mm |
-55 Cel |
100 |
6.8 mm |
500 V |
FLAME PROOF |
13.5 mm |
7.3 mm |
|||||||||||||||
|
Vishay Intertechnology |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
22 ohm |
5 W |
250 Cel |
5 % |
.8 mm |
40 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
Tubular |
AMMO PACK |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
-55 Cel |
-10,-80 |
Matte Tin (Sn) |
10.4881 V |
FLAME PROOF |
18 mm |
e3 |
7.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Stackpole Electronics |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
.22 ohm |
5 W |
275 Cel |
5 % |
.8 mm |
70 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
Tubular |
BULK |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
-55 Cel |
500 |
MATTE TIN |
25.4 mm |
9.5 mm |
350 V |
FLAME PROOF |
22 mm |
e3 |
9.5 mm |
|||||||||||||
|
TE Connectivity |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
300 ohm |
5 W |
275 Cel |
5 % |
20 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
Rectangular |
TR |
5329 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
13.5mm x 7.3mm x 6.8mm |
-55 Cel |
200 |
6.8 mm |
500 V |
FLAME PROOF |
13.5 mm |
7.3 mm |
|||||||||||||||
|
Vishay Intertechnology |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
4.7 ohm |
5 W |
250 Cel |
5 % |
.8 mm |
40 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
Tubular |
AMMO PACK |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
-55 Cel |
-10,-80 |
Matte Tin (Sn) |
4.8477 V |
FLAME PROOF |
18 mm |
e3 |
7.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
TE Connectivity |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
22 ohm |
5 W |
275 Cel |
5 % |
20 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
Rectangular |
TR |
5329 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
13.5mm x 7.3mm x 6.8mm |
-55 Cel |
200 |
TIN |
6.8 mm |
500 V |
FLAME PROOF |
13.5 mm |
e3 |
7.3 mm |
|||||||||||||
|
TE Connectivity |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
47000 ohm |
5 W |
250 Cel |
5 % |
.8 mm |
5 mm |
METAL OXIDE FILM |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
Rectangular |
BULK, BOX |
5135 |
2 |
Radial |
WIRE |
FIXED RESISTOR |
25mm x 13mm x 9mm |
-55 Cel |
300 |
3.5 mm |
25 mm |
13 mm |
9 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
Tt Electronics Plc |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
.005 ohm |
5 W |
225 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL STRIP |
Rectangular |
TR, Plastic |
4725 |
2 |
SMT |
J BEND |
-55 Cel |
40 |
Tin/Silver (Sn96Ag4) |
4.57 mm |
12 mm |
e2 |
6.35 mm |
Fixed resistors are passive electronic components that are used to resist the flow of electric current in a circuit. They have a fixed value of resistance, meaning their resistance cannot be adjusted once they are manufactured. They are commonly used to set the bias of transistors, control the gain of amplifiers, or limit the current flowing through an LED. Fixed resistors come in various sizes, power ratings, and tolerances.
There are two types of fixed resistors: through-hole and surface mount. Through-hole resistors have leads that are inserted into holes on the printed circuit board (PCB), while surface mount resistors have terminals that are soldered directly to the surface of the PCB. Through-hole resistors are larger and easier to work with, but surface mount resistors are smaller and more suitable for miniaturized electronic devices.
Fixed resistors can be made from a variety of materials, including carbon, metal, and wire-wound. Carbon resistors are inexpensive and widely used, but they have a lower tolerance and are more susceptible to noise than other types. Metal film resistors have a higher tolerance and better stability, making them ideal for use in precision circuits. Wire-wound resistors have a higher power rating and are used in high power applications, such as power supplies and amplifiers.