510 ohm Fixed Resistors 91

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Part	Manufacturer	Resistor Type	Mounting Type	Resistance	Rated Power Dissipation (P)	Maximum Operating Temperature	Tolerance	Diameter (Lead)	Spacing (Lead)	Rated Temperature	Technology	Shape (Package)	Construction	Packing Method	Size Code	No. of Terminals	Package Style (Meter)	Terminal Shape	Sub-Category	Dimensions	Minimum Operating Temperature	Temperature Coef (ppm/Cel)	Terminal Finish	Length (Lead)	Height (Package)	Operating Voltage	Additional Features	Length (Package)	JESD-609 Code	Series	Diameter (Package)	Reference Standard	Width (Package)
RC0603FR-07510RL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3				.8 mm
RC0805FR-07510RL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.5 mm	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	2 mm	e3				1.25 mm
CRCW0603510RFKEA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 75	1.55 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.85 mm
RC0402FR-07510RL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.0625 W	155 Cel	1 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm	50 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1 mm	e3				.5 mm
ERJ3EKF5100V	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	PRECISION, STANDARD: IEC60115-8	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.8 mm
CR0603-FX-5100ELF	Bourns	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V		1.6 mm	e3				.8 mm
CRCW0603510RFKEAHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.33 W	155 Cel	1 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 75V	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.85 mm
CRCW0603510RFKEAC	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	RATED AC COLTAGE(V): 75	1.6 mm	e3				.8 mm
ERJ2RKF5100X	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.35 mm	50 V	PRECISION, STANDARD: IEC60115-8	1 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.5 mm
CRCW0402510RFKED	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.35 mm	50 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 50	1 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.5 mm
MMU01020C5100FB300	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.3 W	155 Cel	1 %			70 Cel	THIN FILM		Cylindrical	TR, BLISTER, 7 INCH	0904	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	50	TIN OVER NICKEL			150 V	ANTI-SULFUR; LASER TRIMMABLE; RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 150; STANDARD: CECC40401-803	2.2 mm	e3		1.1 mm	AEC-Q200
CRCW0603510RJNTA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	200	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 75	1.55 mm	e0			AEC-Q200	.85 mm
ERJ14YJ511U	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.5 W	155 Cel	5 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, EMBOSSED, 7 INCH	1210	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	200	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.6 mm	200 V	IEC60115-8	3.2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	2.5 mm
CPF0603B510RE1	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	.1 %			70 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		1.55mm x .8mm x .45mm	-55 Cel	25			.45 mm	50 V	PRECISION	1.55 mm					.8 mm
ERJ3GEYJ511V	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	200	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	IEC60115-8	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.8 mm
CRCW0805510RFKEAC	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.5 mm	150 V	RATED AC COLTAGE(V): 150	2 mm	e3				1.25 mm
HSC250510RJ	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	CHASSIS MOUNT	510 ohm	250 W		5 %			25 Cel	WIRE WOUND	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	BULK, TRAY		2	Chassis Mount	STUD		163mm x 73mm x 42mm		30			42 mm	2200 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 2200	109 mm					73 mm
CRCW0603510RJNEAHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.33 W	155 Cel	5 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	200	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 75V	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.85 mm
CRCW0805510RFKEA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 150	2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
ERA3AEB511V	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	.1 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	25	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	IEC60115-8	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.8 mm
CRCW0402510RFKEDHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.2 W	155 Cel	1 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.3 mm	50 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 50V	1 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.5 mm
CRCW0805510RFKEAHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.5 W	155 Cel	1 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL		.5 mm	150 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 150V	2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
CRCW0603510RJNEA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	200	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 75	1.55 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.85 mm
CRCW0603510RJNEAC	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	200	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	RATED AC COLTAGE(V): 75	1.6 mm	e3				.8 mm
HRG3216P-5100-D-T1	Susumu	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	1 W	155 Cel	.5 %			70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, EMBOSSED, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	25	MATTE TIN		.45 mm	200 V	ANTI-SULFUR	3.2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
RC0603JR-07510RL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3				.8 mm
ERJ2GEJ511X	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	200	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.35 mm	50 V	IEC60115-8	1 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.5 mm
MMA02040C5100FB300	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.4 W	155 Cel	1 %			70 Cel	THIN FILM		Cylindrical	TR, BLISTER, 7 INCH	1406	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	50	TIN OVER NICKEL			200 V	ANTI-SULFUR; LASER TRIMMABLE; RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 200; STANDARD: CECC40401-803	3.6 mm	e3		1.4 mm	AEC-Q200
RC1206FR-07510RL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm	200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	3.1 mm	e3				1.6 mm
RK73H1ETTP5100F	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.35 mm	75 V	PRECISION	1 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.5 mm
MCRC1/2G511JT-RH	Multicomp Pro	FIXED RESISTOR		510 ohm	.5 W	130 Cel	5 %	.7 mm			CARBON COMPOSITION	CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE	Cylindrical	TR		2	Axial		Fixed Resistors					25 mm		350 V		9.5 mm		MCRC	3.6 mm
ERJPA3F5100V	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %			105 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	150 V	HIGH PRECISION, IEC60115-8	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.8 mm
CR0805-JW-511ELF	Bourns	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	5 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	200	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.5 mm	150 V		2 mm	e3				1.25 mm
MMB02070C5100FB200	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	1 W	155 Cel	1 %			70 Cel	THIN FILM		Cylindrical	TR, BLISTER, 7 INCH	2309	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	50	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL			350 V	ANTI-SULFUR; LASER TRIMMABLE; RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 350; STANDARD: CECC40401-803	5.8 mm			2.2 mm	AEC-Q200
3550510RFT	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	5 W		1 %				METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		TR	4320	2		WRAPAROUND				100				300 V
AC0603FR-07510RL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.8 mm
CPCP02510R0JB32	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	510 ohm	2 W	275 Cel	5 %	.813 mm	5 mm	70 Cel	WIRE WOUND	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	BULK		2	Radial	WIRE	Fixed Resistors		-65 Cel	20	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)	4.5 mm	20.5 mm	31.94 V	FLAME PROOF	11 mm	e0				7.01 mm
CPCP02510R0JE32	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	510 ohm	2 W	275 Cel	5 %	.813 mm	5 mm	70 Cel	WIRE WOUND	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	BULK		2	Radial	WIRE	Fixed Resistors		-65 Cel	20	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	4.5 mm	20.5 mm	31.94 V	FLAME PROOF	11 mm	e3				7.01 mm
CRCW0402510RFKEDC	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.3 mm	50 V	RATED AC COLTAGE(V): 50	1 mm	e3				.5 mm
ERA2AEB511X	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	.1 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	25	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.35 mm	50 V	IEC60115-8	1 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.5 mm
3521510RFT	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	2 W	155 Cel	1 %			70 Cel	THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		TR	2512	2		WRAPAROUND		6.35mm x 3.2mm x .55mm	-55 Cel	100				250 V
ERJ6ENF5100V	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.6 mm	150 V	PRECISION, STANDARD: IEC60115-8	2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
ERJP06F5100V	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.5 W	155 Cel	1 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.6 mm	400 V	HIGH PRECISION, IEC60115-8	2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
ESR10EZPD5100	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.4 W	155 Cel	.5 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL		.55 mm	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, STANDARD: TS 16949	2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
LR1F510R	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	510 ohm	.6 W	155 Cel	1 %	.55 mm		70 Cel	THIN FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE	Tubular	AMMO PACK		2	Axial	WIRE	FIXED RESISTOR	6.2mm x 2.3mm	-55 Cel	50	TIN			350 V	PRECISION	6.2 mm	e3		2.3 mm
CR0402-FX-5100GLF	Bourns	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.32 mm	50 V		1 mm	e3				.5 mm
CRCW1206510RFKEAC	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm	200 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE (V) : 200	3.05 mm	e3				1.55 mm
ERG2SJ511	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	510 ohm	2 W	235 Cel	5 %	.8 mm		70 Cel	METAL OXIDE FILM		Tubular			2	Axial	WIRE			-55 Cel	350	Bright Tin (Sn)	30 mm		350 V	IEC60115-4, FLAME PROOF	12 mm	e3		4 mm	IEC60115-2

Fixed Resistors

Fixed resistors are passive electronic components that are used to resist the flow of electric current in a circuit. They have a fixed value of resistance, meaning their resistance cannot be adjusted once they are manufactured. They are commonly used to set the bias of transistors, control the gain of amplifiers, or limit the current flowing through an LED. Fixed resistors come in various sizes, power ratings, and tolerances.

There are two types of fixed resistors: through-hole and surface mount. Through-hole resistors have leads that are inserted into holes on the printed circuit board (PCB), while surface mount resistors have terminals that are soldered directly to the surface of the PCB. Through-hole resistors are larger and easier to work with, but surface mount resistors are smaller and more suitable for miniaturized electronic devices.

Fixed resistors can be made from a variety of materials, including carbon, metal, and wire-wound. Carbon resistors are inexpensive and widely used, but they have a lower tolerance and are more susceptible to noise than other types. Metal film resistors have a higher tolerance and better stability, making them ideal for use in precision circuits. Wire-wound resistors have a higher power rating and are used in high power applications, such as power supplies and amplifiers.