1 % Fixed Resistors 2,400+

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Part	Manufacturer	Resistor Type	Mounting Type	Resistance	Rated Power Dissipation (P)	Maximum Operating Temperature	Tolerance	Rated Temperature	Technology	Shape (Package)	Construction	Packing Method	Size Code	No. of Terminals	Package Style (Meter)	Terminal Shape	Sub-Category	Dimensions	Minimum Operating Temperature	Temperature Coef (ppm/Cel)	Terminal Finish	Height (Package)	Operating Voltage	Additional Features	Length (Package)	JESD-609 Code	Series	Reference Standard	Width (Package)
RC0603FR-0710KL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3			.8 mm
RC0805FR-0710RL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	200	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.5 mm	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	2 mm	e3			1.25 mm
RC0805FR-0710KL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.5 mm	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	2 mm	e3			1.25 mm
RK73H2ATTD10R0F	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	.5 mm	150 V	PRECISION	2 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
ERJU06F10R0V	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	TIN	.6 mm	150 V	ANTI-SULFUR, IEC60115-8	2 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
CRCW080510K0FKEA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 150	2 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
CRCW080510R0FKEA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 150	2 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
CR0805-FX-10R0ELF	Bourns	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	.5 mm	150 V		2 mm	e3			1.25 mm
ERJ6ENF10R0V	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	.6 mm	150 V	PRECISION, STANDARD: IEC60115-8	2 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
CRGCQ0805F10K	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		2mm x 1.25mm x .55mm	-55 Cel	100		.55 mm	150 V		2 mm			AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
CRGCQ0805F10R	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10 ohm	.125 W		1 %		THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		TR	0805	2		WRAPAROUND		2mm x 1.25mm x .55mm		400			150 V
CRG0805F10K	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		2mm x 1.25mm x .55mm	-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	.55 mm	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	2 mm	e3			1.25 mm
RC0402FR-0710KL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.0625 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.35 mm	50 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1 mm	e3			.5 mm
ERJ2RKF1002X	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	.35 mm	50 V	PRECISION, STANDARD: IEC60115-8	1 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.5 mm
CRCW040210K0FKED	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	.35 mm	50 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 50	1 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.5 mm
RC0402FR-071KL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000 ohm	.0625 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.35 mm	50 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1 mm	e3			.5 mm
CRCW06031K00FKEAHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000 ohm	.33 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	75 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 75V	1.6 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.85 mm
ERJ3EKF1002V	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	75 V	PRECISION, STANDARD: IEC60115-8	1.6 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.8 mm
TNPW080510K0FEEA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.125 W	125 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	25	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	150 V	ANTI-SULFUR; LASER TRIMMABLE; PRECISION; RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 150	2 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
RC0603FR-071KL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3			.8 mm
RK73H2ATTD1002F	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	.5 mm	150 V	PRECISION	2 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
CRG0805F10R	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		2mm x 1.25mm x .55mm	-55 Cel	200	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	.55 mm	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	2 mm	e3			1.25 mm
RC0805FR-1310KL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 13 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.5 mm	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	2 mm	e3			1.25 mm
RC0603FR-07100KL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3			.8 mm
CR0805-FX-1002ELF	Bourns	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	.5 mm	150 V		2 mm	e3			1.25 mm
RC0402FR-07100KL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100000 ohm	.0625 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.35 mm	50 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1 mm	e3			.5 mm
RC0805FR-071KL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.5 mm	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	2 mm	e3			1.25 mm
CRCW080510K0FKTA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V):150	2 mm	e0		AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
ERJ6ENF1002V	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	.6 mm	150 V	PRECISION, STANDARD: IEC60115-8	2 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
RLP73K2BR27FTDF	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	.27 ohm	.5 W	155 Cel	1 %		THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	3.1mm x 1.55mm x .55mm	-55 Cel	200		.55 mm			3.1 mm				1.55 mm
ERJ8RQFR27V	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	.27 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	0,250	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	.6 mm	.2598 V	IEC60115-8	3.2 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
CRL1206-FW-R270ELF	Bourns	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	.27 ohm	.5 W	125 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	200	TIN OVER NICKEL	.6 mm	.3674 V		3.2 mm	e3			1.6 mm
MCPWR05FTFW0100	Multicomp Pro	FIXED RESISTOR		10 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %		METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Chip	TR, Paper, 10 Inch	0805	2	SMT		Fixed Resistors		-55 Cel	200		.5 mm	150 V		2 mm		MCPWR		1.25 mm
TNPW080510R0FEEA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10 ohm	.125 W	125 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	25	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	150 V	ANTI-SULFUR; LASER TRIMMABLE; PRECISION; RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 150	2 mm			AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
CRCW060310K0FKEAHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.33 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	75 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 75V	1.6 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.85 mm
CSR1206FTR270	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	.27 ohm	.5 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		TR	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.55 mm			3.05 mm	e3			1.55 mm
CRCW040210K0FKEDC	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	.3 mm	50 V	RATED AC COLTAGE(V): 50	1 mm	e3			.5 mm
RC0603FR-07100RL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3			.8 mm
CRCW0603100KFKEA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 75	1.55 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.85 mm
CRCW060310K0FKEA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 75	1.55 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.85 mm
CRCW060310K0FKEAC	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	75 V	RATED AC COLTAGE(V): 75	1.6 mm	e3			.8 mm
CRCW040210K0FKEDHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.2 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	.3 mm	50 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 50V	1 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.5 mm
RC0805FR-1010KL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 10 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.5 mm	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	2 mm	e3			1.25 mm
CRCW0402100KFKED	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	.35 mm	50 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 50	1 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.5 mm
RT0805FRE0710RL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	50	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.5 mm	150 V	HIGH PRECISION, LASER TRIMMABLE	2 mm	e3			1.25 mm
ERJ3EKF1001V	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	75 V	PRECISION, STANDARD: IEC60115-8	1.6 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.8 mm
CSR1206FKR270	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	.27 ohm	.5 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		TR	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.55 mm			3.05 mm	e3			1.55 mm
ERJU06F1002V	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	TIN	.6 mm	150 V	ANTI-SULFUR, IEC60115-8	2 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.25 mm

Fixed Resistors

Fixed resistors are passive electronic components that are used to resist the flow of electric current in a circuit. They have a fixed value of resistance, meaning their resistance cannot be adjusted once they are manufactured. They are commonly used to set the bias of transistors, control the gain of amplifiers, or limit the current flowing through an LED. Fixed resistors come in various sizes, power ratings, and tolerances.

There are two types of fixed resistors: through-hole and surface mount. Through-hole resistors have leads that are inserted into holes on the printed circuit board (PCB), while surface mount resistors have terminals that are soldered directly to the surface of the PCB. Through-hole resistors are larger and easier to work with, but surface mount resistors are smaller and more suitable for miniaturized electronic devices.

Fixed resistors can be made from a variety of materials, including carbon, metal, and wire-wound. Carbon resistors are inexpensive and widely used, but they have a lower tolerance and are more susceptible to noise than other types. Metal film resistors have a higher tolerance and better stability, making them ideal for use in precision circuits. Wire-wound resistors have a higher power rating and are used in high power applications, such as power supplies and amplifiers.