SPST Pushbutton Switches 2,400+

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Part	Manufacturer	Switch Type	Mounting Feature	Switch Function	Type (Actuator)	Contact Function	Solderability	AC Maximum Rating R Load (Contact)	Center Contact Plating	Color (Actuator)	Housing Material	Body Color	Angle (Actuator)	Dielectric Withstand Volts (V)	Terminal Material	Electrical Life	DC Maximum Power Rating R Load (Contact)	Illumination	Insulation Resistance	Packing Method	Body Length/Diameter	Body Width	Length (Bushing)	Sealing	Contact Timing	Maximum Operating Force	Insulator Material	End Contact Plating	Body Height	DC Maximum Rating R Load (Contact)	Washability	Maximum Operating Temperature	Maximum AC Contact Current	Center Contact Material	AC Maximum Rating I Load (Contact)	Minimum Operating Temperature	Length (Actuator)	Terminal Finish	Switch Action	Maximum DC Contact Current	Termination Type	No. of Independent Keys	Manufacturer Series	Contact Resistance	Diameter (Bushing)	Actuator Travel (mm)	End Contact Material	PCB Hole Count	Maximum DC Contact Voltage	Additional Features	Maximum AC Contact Voltage	JESD-609 Code	Type (Bushing)	Terminal Length	AC Maximum Power Rating R Load (Contact)	Material (Actuator)
1213MAUL-CSA	Apem Components	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT-THREADED	SPST	FLAT PLUNGER			8A@125VAC								10000 Cycle(s)				BULK	17 mm	14 inch							21.2 mm	8A@12VDC		55 Cel	8 A			-20 Cel			MOMENTARY	8 A	QUICK CONNECT		1200M						12 V		125 V
1213MC	Apem Components	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT-THREADED	SPST	FLAT PLUNGER			3A@125VAC								10000 Cycle(s)				BULK	17 mm	14 inch							21.2 mm	3A@12VDC		55 Cel	3 A			-20 Cel			MOMENTARY	3 A	QUICK CONNECT								12 V		125 V
1213MRC	Apem Components	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT-THREADED	SPST	CURVED PLUNGER			3A@125VAC								10000 Cycle(s)				BULK	17 mm	14 inch							21.2 mm	3A@12VDC		55 Cel	3 A			-20 Cel			MOMENTARY	3 A	QUICK CONNECT		1200MR						12 V		125 V
4731/8A02	Apem Components	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT-THREADED	SPST	BUTTON PLUNGER	ON-OFF		6A@125VAC		BLACK				2000VRMS	SILVER	10000 Cycle(s)			1000000000 ohm	BOX	19 mm	12 inch	.492 inch				MELAMINE-PHENOLIC		14 mm			65 Cel	6 A	SILVER		-20 Cel	.287 inch		LATCHED		QUICK CONNECT			10 mohm	.472 inch	4.5	SILVER			APPROVAL: VDE	125 V			.322 inch		POLYAMIDE
4731/8A02UU	Apem Components	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT-THREADED	SPST	BUTTON PLUNGER	ON-OFF		6A@125VAC		BLACK				2000VRMS	SILVER	10000 Cycle(s)			1000000000 ohm	BOX	19 mm	12 inch	.492 inch				MELAMINE-PHENOLIC		14 mm			65 Cel	6 A	SILVER		-20 Cel	.287 inch	SILVER	LATCHED		QUICK CONNECT			10 mohm	.472 inch	4.5	SILVER			APPROVAL: CSA; UL; VDE	125 V	e4		.322 inch		POLYAMIDE
8732S1HZQE	ITT Cannon	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT-THREADED	SPST	PLUNGER			1A@125VAC								100000 Cycle(s)					9.53 mm			EPOXY TERMINAL SEALED		.61 N			20.08 mm	1A@28VDC		65 Cel	1 A			-30 Cel		Silver (Ag)	MOMENTARY	1 A	SOLDER		8732						28 V		125 V	e4
9233CD	Apem Components	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	THROUGH HOLE-STRAIGHT	SPST	STANDARD PLUNGER											100000 Cycle(s)				BULK	6.5 mm			EPOXY TERMINAL SEALED					8 mm	.1A@30VDC		65 Cel				-30 Cel			MOMENTARY	.1 A	SOLDER								30 V
AB11AP-FA	Nkk Switches	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	THROUGH HOLE-STRAIGHT	SPST	PUSHBUTTON	OFF-(ON)	WAVE		GOLD OVER SILVER	BLACK		BLACK	0 deg	500VAC		50000 Cycle(s)	0.4VA@28VDC		500000000 ohm		9.8044 mm	5.842 inch	.177 inch	EPOXY			GLASS FILLED POLYAMIDE	GOLD OVER NICKEL	22.5044 mm		SOLVENT	85 Cel		PHOSPHOR BRONZE		-10 Cel	.248 inch	GOLD	VERTICAL		SOLDER			50 mohm	0 inch	1.0922	BRASS	2				e4	RECTANGULAR	.122 inch		POLYCARBONATE
P27A-BL	Carling Technologies	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT-THREADED	SPST	PUSHBUTTON	OFF-(ON)		6A@125VAC					0 deg	1000VAC		25000 Cycle(s)			100000000 ohm		30.04 mm	13.3 inch	.562 inch		SLOW-MAKE/-BREAK	7.23 N	PHENOLIC		13.76 mm			85 Cel	6 A			0 Cel	.25 inch		LATCHED AND MOMENTARY		SOLDER				.468 inch					BLACK CONCAVE BUTTON	125 V		15/32-32			NYLON
XB4BA51	Schneider Electric Sa	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT	SPST	FLUSH TYPE			6A@120VAC								1000000 Cycle(s)								IK03; IP66		3.8 N				.55A@125VDC		70 Cel	6 A			-25 Cel			MOMENTARY	.55 A	SCREW		XB4BA51						125 V	REFERENCE STANDARD: JIS; LROS; RINA; UL	120 V
76-9711/439088B	Itw Mcmurdo Connectors	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT	SPST	RAISED BUTTON TYPE			10A@250VAC								100000 Cycle(s)								IP67		12 N			24.7 mm			105 Cel	10 A			-40 Cel		TIN	MOMENTARY		QUICK CONNECT/SOLDER		76-97								250 V	e3
A22E-M-01	Omron	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT-THREADED	SPST	MEDIUM TYPE			10A@24VAC								300000 Cycle(s)					41.2 mm			IP65					34 mm	10A@24VDC		70 Cel	10 A			-20 Cel			MOMENTARY	10 A	SCREW								24 V		24 V
AVP19MAIOFE0DT5A04	TE Connectivity	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT	SPST						SILVER	ALUMINIUM									BULK			.73 inch	EPOXY		4.998 N							1 A							1 A	WIRE				.75 inch				24 V		24 V					ALUMINUM
P7121221	Otto Engineering	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT	SPST	PUSHBUTTON			.01A@.03VAC		RED			0 deg	1050VRMS	BRASS	25000 Cycle(s)					9.65 mm			IP64		9.79 N			13.46 mm	.01A@.03VDC		85 Cel	.01 A			-55 Cel	.18 inch	Gold (Au)	MOMENTARY-TACTILE	.01 A	SOLDER		P7	25 mohm		2.032		4	.03 V		.03 V	e4		.15 inch		THERMOPLASTIC
14SP-L1-02-B	Grayhill	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	SURFACE MOUNT-STRAIGHT	SPST	PUSHBUTTON				GOLD				0 deg	500VAC	BERYLLIUM COPPER	1000000 Cycle(s)		LED	10000000000 ohm		12.7 mm						THERMOPLASTIC	GOLD		0.1A@30VDC		85 Cel		BERYLLIUM COPPER		-40 Cel				.1 A	SOLDER			50 mohm		1.524	BERYLLIUM COPPER		30 V	BLUE LED COLOR						THERMOPLASTIC
14SP-L1-02-G	Grayhill	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	SURFACE MOUNT-STRAIGHT	SPST	PUSHBUTTON				GOLD				0 deg	500VAC	BERYLLIUM COPPER	1000000 Cycle(s)		LED	10000000000 ohm		12.7 mm						THERMOPLASTIC	GOLD		0.1A@30VDC		85 Cel		BERYLLIUM COPPER		-40 Cel				.1 A	SOLDER			50 mohm		1.524	BERYLLIUM COPPER		30 V	GREEN LED COLOR						THERMOPLASTIC
14SP-L1-02-O	Grayhill	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	SURFACE MOUNT-STRAIGHT	SPST	PUSHBUTTON				GOLD				0 deg	500VAC	BERYLLIUM COPPER	1000000 Cycle(s)		LED	10000000000 ohm		12.7 mm						THERMOPLASTIC	GOLD		0.1A@30VDC		85 Cel		BERYLLIUM COPPER		-40 Cel				.1 A	SOLDER			50 mohm		1.524	BERYLLIUM COPPER		30 V	ORANGE LED COLOR						THERMOPLASTIC
14SP-L1-02-Y	Grayhill	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	SURFACE MOUNT-STRAIGHT	SPST	PUSHBUTTON				GOLD				0 deg	500VAC	BERYLLIUM COPPER	1000000 Cycle(s)		LED	10000000000 ohm		12.7 mm						THERMOPLASTIC	GOLD		0.1A@30VDC		85 Cel		BERYLLIUM COPPER		-40 Cel				.1 A	SOLDER			50 mohm		1.524	BERYLLIUM COPPER		30 V							THERMOPLASTIC
30-200-2S	Grayhill	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT-THREADED	SPST	PLUNGER											500000 Cycle(s)					17.53 mm			IP65					7.58 mm	.15A@24VDC		80 Cel				-40 Cel		GOLD OVER NICKEL	MOMENTARY	.15 A	SOLDER								24 V			e4
76-9711/4044B	Itw Mcmurdo Connectors	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT	SPST	RAISED BUTTON TYPE			10A@250VAC								100000 Cycle(s)								IP67		12 N			24.7 mm			105 Cel	10 A			-40 Cel		Tin (Sn)	MOMENTARY		SOLDER		76-97								250 V	e3
76-9711/439088G	Itw Mcmurdo Connectors	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT	SPST	RAISED BUTTON TYPE			10A@250VAC								100000 Cycle(s)								IP67		12 N			24.7 mm			105 Cel	10 A			-40 Cel		TIN	MOMENTARY		QUICK CONNECT/SOLDER		76-97								250 V	e3
76-9711/439088R	Itw Mcmurdo Connectors	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT	SPST	RAISED BUTTON TYPE			10A@250VAC								100000 Cycle(s)								IP67		12 N			24.7 mm			105 Cel	10 A			-40 Cel		TIN	MOMENTARY		QUICK CONNECT/SOLDER		76-97								250 V	e3
8631ZQD2	ITT Cannon	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT-THREADED	SPST	PLUNGER	OFF-(ON)	MIL-STD	.25A@250VAC	SILVER	BLACK			0 deg	500VRMS	COPPER ALLOY	250000 Cycle(s)			1000000000 ohm		6.35 mm	0 inch	.125 inch	MOLDED		1.37 N	DIALLYL PHTHALATE	SILVER	6.3 mm	.5A@28VDC	PARTIAL	65 Cel	.25 A	SILVER	0.25A@250VAC	-30 Cel	.175 inch	Silver (Ag)	MOMENTARY	.5 A	SOLDER		8631	30 mohm	.164 inch	1.016	SILVER		28 V		250 V	e4	8-40	.115 inch		GLASS FILLED NYLON
A3AA-91L1-00ER	Omron	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	THROUGH HOLE-STRAIGHT	SPST	SQUARE TYPE			6A@125VAC								50000 Cycle(s)		RED LED											12.5 mm	4A@30VDC		55 Cel	6 A			-10 Cel			ALTERNATE	4 A	SOLDER		A3A						30 V		125 V
C31007	Eaton Corporation	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT-THREADED	SPST	PLUNGER			10A@125VAC								25000 Cycle(s)								CORROSION PROOF; MOISTURE PROOF		11.12 N			22.2 mm	10A@28VDC		70 Cel	10 A			-40 Cel			LATCHED	10 A	SOLDER		C3100						28 V		125 V
IPC1SAD2	Apem Components	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT-THREADED	SPST	PLUNGER			2A@125VAC								10000 Cycle(s)				BULK	12 mm			EPOXY TERMINAL SEALED; IP67		6.5 N			17.2 mm	.1A@24VDC		85 Cel	2 A			-40 Cel			LATCHED	.1 A	SOLDER		IP						24 V		125 V
P3-61116	Otto Engineering	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT-THREADED	SPST	BUTTON TYPE			20A@115VAC		BLUE				1050VRMS	BRASS	25000 Cycle(s)					22.23 mm			EPOXY TERMINAL SEALED; IP64	SNAP ACTION	11.12 N			14.91 mm	20A@28VDC		85 Cel	20 A		5A@115VAC	-55 Cel		Silver (Ag)	MOMENTARY	20 A	SOLDER					2.159			28 V		115 V	e4		.156 inch		THERMOPLASTIC
1571218-6	TE Connectivity	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT	SPST					SILVER	RED	POLYETHYLENE	BLACK				1000000 Cycle(s)				TR	12 mm	12 inch		IP67		2.548 N			3.5 mm	.05A@24VDC		85 Cel	.05 A			-35 Cel	.031 inch		MOMENTARY	.05 A	SOLDER						STAINLESS STEEL		24 V							POLYETHYLENE
1571294-3	TE Connectivity	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT	SPST					SILVER	BLACK	POLYETHYLENE	BLACK				1000000 Cycle(s)				BULK	7.6 mm	7.3 inch		IP67		1.568 N			2.4 mm	.05A@24VDC		85 Cel	.05 A			-35 Cel	.102 inch		MOMENTARY-TACTILE	.05 A	SOLDER						STAINLESS STEEL		24 V							POLYETHYLENE
1825096-5	TE Connectivity	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT	SPST	ROUND/EXTENDED TYPE	OFF-(ON)		.02A@20VAC	GOLD	RED	POLYETHYLENE					100000 Cycle(s)				BULK	8.33 mm	8.13 inch		EPOXY TERMINAL SEALED		3.92 N			5.74 mm	.02A@20VDC		65 Cel	.4 A			-30 Cel	.151 inch		MOMENTARY	.4 A	SOLDER	1					COPPER ALLOY		20 V		20 V					POLYETHYLENE
30-05-01-502-05	Grayhill	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT-THREADED	SPST	PLUNGER			1A@115VAC								1000000 Cycle(s)					15.31 mm	14.99 inch		EPOXY TERMINAL SEALED		3.89 N			18.03 mm			85 Cel	1 A			-40 Cel		SILVER	MOMENTARY		SOLDER										115 V	e4
320E1-1GRN	E-switch	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	THROUGH HOLE-STRAIGHT	SPST	PUSHBUTTON	ON-OFF			SILVER	GREEN	NYLON		0 deg	1000VRMS	COPPER ALLOY	1000000 Cycle(s)			1000000000 ohm		12.3952 mm	12.3952 inch					POLYCARBONATE	SILVER	7.3914 mm	0.3A@50VDC				COPPER ALLOY			.1 inch	Silver (Ag)	VERTICAL	.3 A	SOLDER		320	10 mohm			COPPER ALLOY	4	50 V	WITHOUT GROUND TERMINAL		e4		.158 inch
800B-WSP9-SM6-R-E	E-switch	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	SURFACE MOUNT-RIGHT ANGLE	SPST	PLUNGER	ON-(OFF)		.02A@20VAC	GOLD OVER NICKEL		GLASS FILLED NYLON		0 deg	1000VRMS	COPPER ALLOY	50000 Cycle(s)			1000000000 ohm	TAPE AND REEL	9.11 mm	8.13 inch	.162 inch	EPOXY TERMINAL SEALED	SNAP ACTION		GLASS FILLED NYLON	GOLD OVER NICKEL	5.08 mm	.02A@20VDC		85 Cel	.02 A	COPPER ALLOY		-30 Cel	.215 inch	Gold (Au)	MOMENTARY	.02 A	SOLDER		800B	20 mohm			COPPER ALLOY		20 V	TAPE AND REEL PACKAGE	20 V	e4				GLASS FILLED NYLON
IPR1SAD2LOS	Apem Components	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT-THREADED	SPST	PLUNGER			2A@125VAC								10000 Cycle(s)		RED LED		BULK	12 mm			EPOXY TERMINAL SEALED; IP67		6.5 N			17.2 mm	.1A@24VDC		85 Cel	2 A			-40 Cel			LATCHED	.1 A	SOLDER		IP						24 V		125 V
MPI002/28/RD/24	Bulgin	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT-THREADED	SPST	BUTTON TYPE				GOLD		STAINLESS STEEL				COPPER ALLOY	35000 Cycle(s)		RED LED	1000000000 ohm					IP66			POLYAMIDE	GOLD		.05A@24VDC		70 Cel				-30 Cel	.59 inch	Tin (Sn)	MOMENTARY-TACTILE	.05 A	QUICK CONNECT			100 mohm					24 V			e3				STAINLESS STEEL
P3-31111	Otto Engineering	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT-THREADED	SPST	BUTTON TYPE			20A@115VAC		RED				1050VRMS	BRASS	25000 Cycle(s)					22.23 mm			EPOXY TERMINAL SEALED; IP64	SNAP ACTION	11.12 N			22.86 mm	20A@28VDC		85 Cel	20 A		5A@115VAC	-55 Cel		Silver (Ag)	MOMENTARY	20 A	SOLDER					2.159			28 V		115 V	e4		.156 inch		THERMOPLASTIC
PB6B2FM7M2CAL00	TE Connectivity	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT	SPST					GOLD OVER SILVER	BLUE	DIALLYL PHTHALATE									BULK													.12 A							.12 A	WIRE	1							50 V		125 V					POLYAMIDE
PB7B2FM6M1CAL00Y500	TE Connectivity	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT	SPST					GOLD OVER SILVER	GREEN	DIALLYL PHTHALATE									BULK													.12 A							.12 A	WIRE	1							50 V		125 V					POLYAMIDE
RP8100B2M1CEBLKBLKGRN	E-switch	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT-THREADED	SPST	ROUND TYPE			.125A@125VAC								500000 Cycle(s)		GREEN LED			17.5 mm			EPOXY TERMINAL SEALED; IP67		3.92 N			9.4 mm	.1A@50VDC		85 Cel	.125 A			-30 Cel		Gold (Au) - with Silver (Ag) barrier	MOMENTARY	.1 A	SOLDER								50 V		125 V
TP33P008000	Apem Components	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	THROUGH HOLE-STRAIGHT	SPST	STANDARD PLUNGER	OFF-(ON)	WAVE	.02A@20VAC	GOLD						BRASS	60000 Cycle(s)			1000000000 ohm	BULK	8.1 mm	5 inch	.24 inch	EPOXY TERMINAL SEALED			POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE	GOLD	8.1 mm	.02A@20VDC	SOLVENT	85 Cel	.02 A	BRASS		-30 Cel	.139 inch	Gold (Au)	MOMENTARY	.02 A	SOLDER			50 mohm	.196 inch	.7874	BRASS	3	20 V		20 V	e4		.129 inch	0.4VA@20VAC	GLASS FILLED POLYAMIDE
1571294-1	TE Connectivity	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT	SPST	ROUND/EXTENDED TYPE				SILVER	BLACK	POLYETHYLENE	BLACK				1000000 Cycle(s)				BULK	7.6 mm	7.3 inch		IP67		1.568 N			2.4 mm	.05A@24VDC		85 Cel	.05 A			-35 Cel	.074 inch		MOMENTARY-TACTILE	.05 A	SOLDER						STAINLESS STEEL		24 V							POLYETHYLENE
30-251BLK-EW	Grayhill	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT	SPST																																			MOMENTARY		WIRE
59-115	Itw Switches	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT-THREADED	SPST	BUTTON TYPE			.4A@32VAC								500000 Cycle(s)					17.45 mm			IP67		3 N			13 mm			125 Cel	.4 A			-40 Cel		GOLD	MOMENTARY		SOLDER										32 V	e4
A22E-M-11B	Omron	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT	SPST				10A@110VAC								300000 Cycle(s)					34 mm			IP65					54.7 mm	10A@24VDC		70 Cel	10 A			-20 Cel			MOMENTARY	10 A	WIRE		A22E						24 V		110 V
A3AA-91L1-00EG	Omron	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	THROUGH HOLE-STRAIGHT	SPST	SQUARE TYPE			6A@125VAC								50000 Cycle(s)		GREEN LED											12.5 mm	4A@30VDC		55 Cel	6 A			-10 Cel			ALTERNATE	4 A	SOLDER		A3A						30 V		125 V
AV031003C940N	Apem Components	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT-THREADED	SPST	FLAT TYPE	OFF-(ON)			SILVER				0 deg	4000VAC	BRASS	100000 Cycle(s)			1000000000 ohm	BULK	25 mm		.63 inch		BREAK-BEFORE-MAKE		POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE	SILVER	19 mm	2A@48VDC		70 Cel		BRASS		-30 Cel	.079 inch		MOMENTARY	2 A	SCREW			10 mohm	.748 inch		BRASS		48 V	NO SEAL				.197 inch		STAINLESS STEEL
AV1610P712R04	TE Connectivity	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT	SPST					GOLD		POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE					200000 Cycle(s)		BLUE LED					16 inch	EPOXY TERMINAL SEALED; IP67		6 N			13.8 mm	2A@36VDC		70 Cel	.4 A			-20 Cel		Gold Flash (Au)	MOMENTARY	.4 A	WIRE	1							36 V
AV1910R324Q04	TE Connectivity	PUSHBUTTON SWITCH	PANEL MOUNT	SPST					SILVER		POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE												19 inch										5 A							5 A	WIRE	1									250 V

Pushbutton Switches

Pushbutton switches are electronic switches that are activated by pressing a button or actuator. They are commonly used in a variety of applications, such as industrial control systems, consumer electronics, and medical devices.

Pushbutton switches typically consist of a housing, a button or actuator, and a set of electrical contacts. When the button or actuator is pressed, it completes a circuit between the contacts, allowing electrical current to flow through the switch.

Pushbutton switches come in different configurations, including momentary, latching, and toggle switches. Momentary switches are activated only while the button or actuator is pressed, while latching switches remain in the on or off position until manually reset. Toggle switches have a lever or toggle that can be flipped to turn the switch on or off.

Pushbutton switches offer several advantages over other types of switches. They provide a simple and easy-to-use means of controlling circuits, and they offer tactile feedback that can help to ensure reliable operation. They are also highly durable and can withstand frequent use and harsh environments.