COMMERCIAL Peripheral Drivers 731

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Part RoHS Manufacturer Interface IC Type Temperature Grade Terminal Form No. of Terminals Package Code Package Shape Total Dose (V) Package Body Material Display Mode Data Input Mode Surface Mount Maximum Supply Voltage Maximum Output Current No. of Functions No. of Channels Technology Screening Level No. of Bits Built-in Protections Maximum Supply Current No. of Digits/Characters Input Characteristics Nominal Supply Voltage Maximum Supply Voltage-1 Turn-on Time Power Supplies (V) Nominal Negative Supply Voltage Package Style (Meter) Package Equivalence Code No. of Segments Minimum Supply Voltage-1 Sub-Category Minimum Supply Voltage Terminal Pitch Maximum Operating Temperature Nominal Supply Voltage-1 Output Characteristics Minimum Operating Temperature Driver No. of Bits Terminal Finish Terminal Position JESD-30 Code Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) Maximum Seated Height Nominal Output Peak Current Limit Width Turn-off Time Qualification Output Polarity High Side Driver Additional Features JESD-609 Code Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s) Peak Reflow Temperature (C) Output Current Flow Direction Length Multiplexed Display Capability

SN75462D

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE BASED PERIPHERAL DRIVER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.25 V

.5 A

2

BIPOLAR

76 mA

STANDARD

5 V

.05 us

5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

Peripheral Drivers

4.75 V

1.27 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

2

Nickel/Palladium/Gold (Ni/Pd/Au)

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1

1.75 mm

.5 A

3.9 mm

.065 us

Not Qualified

INVERTED

e4

NOT SPECIFIED

260

SINK

4.9 mm

SN75418NE

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

BIPOLAR

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

Not Qualified

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN75451BD-00R

Texas Instruments

AND GATE BASED PERIPHERAL DRIVER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.25 V

2

BIPOLAR

5 V

.025 us

SMALL OUTLINE

4.75 V

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1.75 mm

.5 A

3.9 mm

.025 us

Not Qualified

SINK

4.9 mm

ULN2005AD

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

.35 A

BIPOLAR

50 V

50

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.25

Peripheral Drivers

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

7

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

Not Qualified

SN75477P3

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

.3 A

BIPOLAR

5 V

5

IN-LINE

DIP8,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-PDIP-T8

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN75435NE3

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

BIPOLAR

5 V

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

4

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

L293NE-10

Texas Instruments

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED PERIPHERAL DRIVER

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

16

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

7 V

2

BIPOLAR

TRANSIENT; THERMAL

5 V

36 V

IN-LINE

4.5 V

2.54 mm

70 Cel

24 V

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T16

5.08 mm

2 A

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

SOURCE AND SINK

19.305 mm

SN75468N3

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

16

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

BIPOLAR

100 V

100

IN-LINE

DIP16,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

7

DUAL

R-PDIP-T16

SN75452BJG

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE BASED PERIPHERAL DRIVER

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

5.25 V

.4 A

2

BIPOLAR

5 V

.035 us

5

IN-LINE

DIP8,.3

Peripheral Drivers

4.75 V

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-PDIP-T8

5.08 mm

7.62 mm

.035 us

Not Qualified

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SINK

9.58 mm

SN75476D-00R

Texas Instruments

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED PERIPHERAL DRIVER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

2

TRANSIENT

5 V

.35 us

SMALL OUTLINE

4.5 V

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1.75 mm

3 A

3.9 mm

.35 us

Not Qualified

SINK

4.9 mm

SN75449P

Texas Instruments

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED PERIPHERAL DRIVER

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

5.25 V

.1 A

2

BIPOLAR

TRANSIENT

25 mA

STANDARD

5 V

.5 us

5

IN-LINE

DIP8,.3

Peripheral Drivers

4.75 V

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-PDIP-T8

5.08 mm

.4 A

7.62 mm

.75 us

Not Qualified

INVERTED

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SINK

9.81 mm

SN75462JG4

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

.4 A

BIPOLAR

5 V

5

IN-LINE

DIP8,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-XDIP-T8

SN75441N3

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

BIPOLAR

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN75472PE4

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE BASED PERIPHERAL DRIVER

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

5.25 V

2

BIPOLAR

76 mA

STANDARD

5 V

.05 us

5

IN-LINE

DIP8,.3

Peripheral Drivers

4.75 V

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

2

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

DUAL

R-PDIP-T8

5.08 mm

.5 A

7.62 mm

.065 us

Not Qualified

e4

SINK

9.81 mm

SN75590N3

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

18

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

TTL

IN-LINE

DIP18,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T18

SN75464D

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

BIPOLAR

5 V

5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

Peripheral Drivers

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

Not Qualified

SN75463P

Texas Instruments

OR GATE BASED PERIPHERAL DRIVER

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

5.25 V

.5 A

2

BIPOLAR

76 mA

STANDARD

5 V

.04 us

5

IN-LINE

DIP8,.3

Peripheral Drivers

4.75 V

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

2

Nickel/Palladium/Gold (Ni/Pd/Au)

DUAL

R-PDIP-T8

5.08 mm

.5 A

7.62 mm

.055 us

Not Qualified

TRUE

e4

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SINK

9.81 mm

SN75463JG

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

BIPOLAR

5 V

5

IN-LINE

DIP8,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-XDIP-T8

Not Qualified

SN75461JG

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

BIPOLAR

5 V

5

IN-LINE

DIP8,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-XDIP-T8

Not Qualified

SN75416NE3

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

BIPOLAR

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN75416NEP3

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

BIPOLAR

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

ULN2003AN3

Texas Instruments

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED PERIPHERAL DRIVER

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

16

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

1

BIPOLAR

TRANSIENT

STANDARD

50 V

50

IN-LINE

DIP16,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

7

DUAL

R-PDIP-T16

INVERTED

SINK

SN75431PP3

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

BIPOLAR

IN-LINE

DIP8,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-PDIP-T8

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN75471DRG4

Texas Instruments

AND GATE BASED PERIPHERAL DRIVER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.25 V

2

BIPOLAR

5 V

.04 us

5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

Peripheral Drivers

4.75 V

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

2

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1

1.75 mm

.5 A

3.9 mm

.055 us

Not Qualified

e4

30

260

SINK

4.9 mm

SN75474JG

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

TTL

5 V

5

IN-LINE

DIP8,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-XDIP-T8

Not Qualified

SN75462DR

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE BASED PERIPHERAL DRIVER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.25 V

.5 A

2

BIPOLAR

76 mA

STANDARD

5 V

.05 us

5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

Peripheral Drivers

4.75 V

1.27 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

2

Nickel/Palladium/Gold (Ni/Pd/Au)

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1

1.75 mm

.5 A

3.9 mm

.065 us

Not Qualified

INVERTED

e4

NOT SPECIFIED

260

SINK

4.9 mm

SN75464JG

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

BIPOLAR

5 V

5

IN-LINE

DIP8,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-XDIP-T8

Not Qualified

SN75454BDR

Texas Instruments

NOR GATE BASED PERIPHERAL DRIVER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.25 V

.5 A

2

BIPOLAR

79 mA

STANDARD

5 V

.035 us

5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

Peripheral Drivers

4.75 V

1.27 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

2

Nickel/Palladium/Gold (Ni/Pd/Au)

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1

1.75 mm

.5 A

3.9 mm

.035 us

Not Qualified

INVERTED

e4

NOT SPECIFIED

260

SINK

4.9 mm

SN75417NE

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

BIPOLAR

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

Not Qualified

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN75419NE3

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

BIPOLAR

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

L293DNE-00

Texas Instruments

BUFFER OR INVERTER BASED PERIPHERAL DRIVER

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

16

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

7 V

2

BIPOLAR

TRANSIENT; THERMAL

5 V

36 V

IN-LINE

4.5 V

4.5 V

2.54 mm

70 Cel

24 V

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDIP-T16

5.08 mm

1.2 A

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

SOURCE AND SINK

19.305 mm

SN75463D

Texas Instruments

OR GATE BASED PERIPHERAL DRIVER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.25 V

2

BIPOLAR

76 mA

STANDARD

5 V

.04 us

5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

Peripheral Drivers

4.75 V

1.27 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1.75 mm

.5 A

3.9 mm

.055 us

Not Qualified

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SINK

4.9 mm

SN75453BJG4

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

.4 A

BIPOLAR

5 V

5

IN-LINE

DIP8,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-XDIP-T8

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN75477DR

Texas Instruments

NAND GATE BASED PERIPHERAL DRIVER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

.5 A

2

BIPOLAR

TRANSIENT

75 mA

STANDARD

5 V

.35 us

5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

Peripheral Drivers

4.5 V

1.27 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

2

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1

1.75 mm

.5 A

3.9 mm

.35 us

Not Qualified

INVERTED

e4

30

260

SINK

4.9 mm

SN75479P3

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

BIPOLAR

5 V

5

IN-LINE

DIP8,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-PDIP-T8

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

ULN2068NE

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

16

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

1.25 A

BIPOLAR

5 V

5

IN-LINE

DIP16,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

4

DUAL

R-PDIP-T16

Not Qualified

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN75463D-00

Texas Instruments

OR GATE BASED PERIPHERAL DRIVER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.25 V

2

BIPOLAR

5 V

.04 us

SMALL OUTLINE

4.75 V

1.27 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1.75 mm

.5 A

3.9 mm

.055 us

Not Qualified

SINK

4.9 mm

SN75471D

Texas Instruments

AND GATE BASED PERIPHERAL DRIVER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.25 V

.5 A

2

BIPOLAR

65 mA

STANDARD

5 V

.04 us

5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

Peripheral Drivers

4.75 V

1.27 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

2

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1

1.75 mm

.5 A

3.9 mm

.055 us

Not Qualified

TRUE

e4

30

260

SINK

4.9 mm

SN75477PP3

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

.3 A

BIPOLAR

5 V

5

IN-LINE

DIP8,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-PDIP-T8

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN75433JGP4

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

CERAMIC

NO

BIPOLAR

IN-LINE

DIP8,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-XDIP-T8

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN75460N3

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

BIPOLAR

5 V

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

SN75463DR

Texas Instruments

OR GATE BASED PERIPHERAL DRIVER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.25 V

2

BIPOLAR

76 mA

STANDARD

5 V

.04 us

5

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

Peripheral Drivers

4.75 V

1.27 mm

70 Cel

OPEN-COLLECTOR

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1.75 mm

.5 A

3.9 mm

.055 us

Not Qualified

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SINK

4.9 mm

SN75414NE

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

BIPOLAR

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

Not Qualified

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

ULN2065NE3

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

16

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

BIPOLAR

IN-LINE

DIP16,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

4

DUAL

R-PDIP-T16

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN75413NEP3

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

BIPOLAR

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SN75460NP3

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

14

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

BIPOLAR

5 V

5

IN-LINE

DIP14,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-PDIP-T14

L298KV

Texas Instruments

FULL BRIDGE BASED PERIPHERAL DRIVER

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

15

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

7 V

2

THERMAL

5 V

46 V

FLANGE MOUNT

5 V

4.5 V

70 Cel

42 V

0 Cel

ZIG-ZAG

R-PZFM-T15

2 A

Not Qualified

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

SOURCE AND SINK

SN75461NP3

Texas Instruments

COMMERCIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

8

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

BIPOLAR

5 V

5

IN-LINE

DIP8,.3

Peripheral Drivers

2.54 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

2

DUAL

R-PDIP-T8

Peripheral Drivers

Peripheral drivers are electronic components that control and drive the operation of peripheral devices in electronic systems, such as motors, sensors, and actuators. They are commonly used in industrial and commercial applications that require precise and reliable control of peripheral devices.

Peripheral drivers can be classified into several types based on their specific functions and applications, including motor drivers, sensor drivers, and actuator drivers. These drivers can also include power supplies, amplifiers, and motor controllers, among other components.

Motor drivers are used to control and drive the operation of DC and stepper motors, and they typically include a microcontroller, power MOSFETs, and protection circuitry. Sensor drivers are used to interface with and drive sensors, which are electronic devices that detect and respond to physical stimuli. They typically include an analog-to-digital converter and signal conditioning circuitry. Actuator drivers are used to control and drive the operation of actuators, which are devices that produce a mechanical motion when energized. They are commonly used in industrial automation and control applications.

Peripheral drivers are typically characterized by their voltage and current ratings, as well as their efficiency and reliability. They play a critical role in ensuring the precise and reliable control of peripheral devices in electronic systems.