FPGA Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) 2,400+

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Part	Manufacturer	Programmable IC Type	Grading Of Temperature	Form Of Terminal	No. of Terminals	Package Code	Package Shape	Package Body Material	No. of Logic Cells	Surface Mount	Maximum Supply Voltage	No. of CLBs	Technology Used	No. of Inputs	No. of Equivalent Gates	Nominal Supply Voltage (V)	Packing Method	Power Supplies (V)	Package Style (Meter)	Package Equivalence Code	Sub-Category	Minimum Supply Voltage	Pitch Of Terminal	Maximum Operating Temperature	Maximum Combinatorial Delay of a CLB	Organization	Minimum Operating Temperature	Finishing Of Terminal Used	Position Of Terminal	JESD-30 Code	Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL)	Maximum Seated Height	Width	Qualification	Additional Features	JESD-609 Code	Maximum Clock Frequency	Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s)	No. of Outputs	Peak Reflow Temperature (C)	Length
EP3C40F324C8N	Intel	FPGA	Other	Ball	324	BGA	Rectangular	Plastic/Epoxy	39600	Yes	1.25 V	39600	CMOS	195		1.2			Grid Array	BGA324,18X18,40	Field Programmable Gate Arrays	1.15 V	1 mm	85 °C (185 °F)		39600 CLBS	0 °C (32 °F)	Tin Silver Copper	Bottom	R-PBGA-B324	3	2.2 mm	19 mm	No		e1	472.5 MHz		195		19 mm
EP4CE40F29I7N	Intel	FPGA		Ball	780	BGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	39600	Yes	1.25 V	2475		535		1.2		1.2,1.2/3.3,2.5 V	Grid Array	BGA780,28X28,40	Field Programmable Gate Arrays	1.15 V	1 mm			2475 CLBS		Tin/Silver/Copper	Bottom	S-PBGA-B780	3	2.4 mm	29 mm	No		e1	472.5 MHz	30 s	535	260 °C (500 °F)	29 mm
EP4CE6U14I7N	Intel	FPGA		Ball	256	LFBGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	6272	Yes	1.25 V			179		1.2		1.2,1.2/3.3,2.5 V	Grid Array, Low Profile, Fine Pitch	BGA256,16X16,32	Field Programmable Gate Arrays	1.15 V	.8 mm						Bottom	S-PBGA-B256		1.5 mm	14 mm	No					179		14 mm
LCMXO2-1200HC-6TG100C	Lattice Semiconductor	FPGA	Other	Gull Wing	100	QFP	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	1280	Yes	3.465 V			79		2.5	Tray	2.5/3.3 V	Flatpack	QFP100,.63SQ,20	Field Programmable Gate Arrays	2.375 V	.5 mm	85 °C (185 °F)			0 °C (32 °F)	Matte Tin	Quad	S-PQFP-G100	3	1.6 mm	14 mm	No	Also Operates at 3.3 V nominal supply	e3	133 MHz	30 s	79	260 °C (500 °F)	14 mm
LCMXO2-4000HC-6FG484C	Lattice Semiconductor	FPGA	Other	Ball	484	HBGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	4320	Yes	3.465 V			278		2.5	Tray	2.5/3.3 V	Grid Array, Heat Sink/Slug	BGA484,22X22,40	Field Programmable Gate Arrays	2.375 V	1 mm	85 °C (185 °F)			0 °C (32 °F)	Tin/Silver/Copper	Bottom	S-PBGA-B484	3	2.6 mm	23 mm	No	Also Operates at 3.3 V nominal supply	e1		30 s	278	250 °C (482 °F)	23 mm
LFD2NX-17-7MG121C	Lattice Semiconductor	FPGA	Other	Ball	121	VFBGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	17000	Yes	1.05 V	4250	FDSOI	23		1			Grid Array, Very Thin Profile, Fine Pitch	BGA121,11X11,20		.95 V	.5 mm	85 °C (185 °F)			0 °C (32 °F)	Tin Silver Copper	Bottom	S-PBGA-B121	3	1 mm	6 mm			e1		30 s	23	260 °C (500 °F)	6 mm
LFE5U-12F-6MG285I	Lattice Semiconductor	FPGA																										Tin Silver Copper			3					e1		30 s		260 °C (500 °F)
M1AGL250V2-FG144I	Microchip Technology	FPGA	Industrial	Ball	144	LBGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	6144	Yes	1.575 V		CMOS	97	250000	1.2			Grid Array, Low Profile	BGA144,12X12,40		1.14 V	1 mm	100 °C (212 °F)		250000 Gates	-40 °C (-40 °F)	Tin Lead Silver	Bottom	S-PBGA-B144	3	1.55 mm	13 mm	No		e0			97		13 mm
M2GL050T-1FGG896I	Microchip Technology	FPGA	Industrial	Ball	896	BGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	56340	Yes	1.26 V			377		1.2	Tray	1.2 V	Grid Array	BGA896,30X30,40	Field Programmable Gate Arrays	1.14 V	1 mm	100 °C (212 °F)			-40 °C (-40 °F)	Tin Silver Copper	Bottom	S-PBGA-B896	3	2.44 mm	31 mm	No		e1		30 s	377	245 °C (473 °F)	31 mm
M7A3P1000-PQG208	Microchip Technology	FPGA	Commercial	Gull Wing	208	FQFP	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	24576	Yes	1.575 V	24576	CMOS	154	1000000	1.5	Tray		Flatpack, Fine Pitch			1.425 V	.5 mm	70 °C (158 °F)		24576 CLBS, 1000000 Gates	0 °C (32 °F)	Matte Tin	Quad	S-PQFP-G208	3	4.1 mm	28 mm	No		e3	350 MHz	30 s	154	245 °C (473 °F)	28 mm
XC3S400-5TQG144C	Xilinx	FPGA	Other	Gull Wing	144	LFQFP	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	8064	Yes	1.26 V	896	CMOS	97	400000	1.2		1.2,1.2/3.3,2.5 V	Flatpack, Low Profile, Fine Pitch	QFP144,.87SQ,20	Field Programmable Gate Arrays	1.14 V	.5 mm	85 °C (185 °F)	0.53 ns	896 CLBS, 400000 Gates	0 °C (32 °F)	Matte Tin	Quad	S-PQFP-G144	3	1.6 mm	20 mm	No		e3	725 MHz	30 s	97	260 °C (500 °F)	20 mm
10CL016YU256A7G	Intel	FPGA	Automotive	Ball	256	LFBGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy		Yes	1.25 V	963				1.2			Grid Array, Low Profile, Fine Pitch			1.15 V	.8 mm	125 °C (257 °F)		963 CLBS	-40 °C (-40 °F)		Bottom	S-PBGA-B256		1.5 mm	14 mm								14 mm
10M16DAU324I7P	Intel	FPGA	Industrial	Ball	324	LFBGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	16000	Yes	1.25 V	1000		320		1.2			Grid Array, Low Profile, Fine Pitch	BGA324,18X18,32		1.15 V	.8 mm	100 °C (212 °F)		1000 CLBS	-40 °C (-40 °F)		Bottom	S-PBGA-B324		1.55 mm	15 mm						320		15 mm
10M16DCF256I7G	Intel	FPGA	Industrial	Ball	256	BGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	16000	Yes	1.25 V	1000		320		1.2		1.2 V	Grid Array	BGA256,16X16,40	Field Programmable Gate Arrays	1.15 V	1 mm	100 °C (212 °F)		1000 CLBS	-40 °C (-40 °F)	Tin/Silver/Copper	Bottom	S-PBGA-B256	3	1.55 mm	17 mm	No		e1			320		17 mm
10M50DAF256C7G	Intel	FPGA	Other	Ball	256	BGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	50000	Yes	1.25 V	3125		500		1.2		1.2 V	Grid Array	BGA256,16X16,40	Field Programmable Gate Arrays	1.15 V	1 mm	85 °C (185 °F)		3125 CLBS	0 °C (32 °F)	Tin/Silver/Copper	Bottom	S-PBGA-B256	3	1.55 mm	17 mm	No		e1			500		17 mm
A42MX09-PLG84M	Microchip Technology	FPGA	Military	J Bend	84	QCCJ	Square	Plastic/Epoxy		Yes	3.6 V	684	CMOS		14000	3.3	Tube		Chip Carrier			3 V	1.27 mm	125 °C (257 °F)	2.5 ns	684 CLBS, 14000 Gates	-55 °C (-67 °F)	Matte Tin	Quad	S-PQCC-J84	3	4.572 mm	29.3116 mm	No	Also Operates at 5 V supply	e3	117 MHz				29.3116 mm
AGL250V5-FGG144I	Microchip Technology	FPGA	Industrial	Ball	144	LBGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	6144	Yes	1.575 V		CMOS	97	250000	1.5			Grid Array, Low Profile	BGA144,12X12,40		1.425 V	1 mm	100 °C (212 °F)		250000 Gates	-40 °C (-40 °F)	Tin Silver Copper	Bottom	S-PBGA-B144	3	1.55 mm	13 mm	No		e1		30 s	97	260 °C (500 °F)	13 mm
EP4CE10F17C7N	Intel	FPGA	Other	Ball	256	LBGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	10320	Yes	1.25 V	645		179		1.2		1.2,1.2/3.3,2.5 V	Grid Array, Low Profile	BGA256,16X16,40	Field Programmable Gate Arrays	1.15 V	1 mm	85 °C (185 °F)		645 CLBS	0 °C (32 °F)	Tin Silver Copper	Bottom	S-PBGA-B256	3	1.55 mm	17 mm	No		e1	472.5 MHz		179		17 mm
EP4CGX150CF23I7N	Intel	FPGA		Ball	484	BGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	149760	Yes	1.24 V	9360		270		1.2		1.2,1.2/3.3,2.5 V	Grid Array	BGA484,22X22,40	Field Programmable Gate Arrays	1.16 V	1 mm			9360 CLBS		Tin Silver Copper	Bottom	S-PBGA-B484	3	2.4 mm	23 mm	No		e1	472.5 MHz		270		23 mm
LCMXO2-1200HC-5SG32I	Lattice Semiconductor	FPGA	Industrial	No Lead	32	HVQCCN	Square		1280	Yes	3.6 V	160		21		2.5	Tray		Chip Carrier, Heat Sink/Slug, Very Thin Profile	LCC32,.2SQ,20		2.375 V	.5 mm	100 °C (212 °F)		160 CLBS	-40 °C (-40 °F)		Quad	S-XQCC-N32	1	1 mm	5 mm		Also Operates at 3.3 V nominal supply				21	260 °C (500 °F)	5 mm
LFE2-12E-5TN144C	Lattice Semiconductor	FPGA	Other	Gull Wing	144	LFQFP	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	12000	Yes	1.26 V	1500		93		1.2		1.2 V	Flatpack, Low Profile, Fine Pitch	QFP144,.87SQ,20	Field Programmable Gate Arrays	1.14 V	.5 mm	85 °C (185 °F)	0.358 ns		0 °C (32 °F)	Matte Tin	Quad	S-PQFP-G144	3	1.6 mm	20 mm	No		e3	311 MHz	40 s	93	260 °C (500 °F)	20 mm
M2GL025-VFG256	Microchip Technology	FPGA	Other	Ball	256	LFBGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy		Yes	1.26 V					1.2	Tray		Grid Array, Low Profile, Fine Pitch			1.14 V	.8 mm	85 °C (185 °F)			0 °C (32 °F)		Bottom	S-PBGA-B256	3	1.56 mm	14 mm								14 mm
MPF500TS-1FCG784I	Microchip Technology	FPGA		Ball	784	BGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	481000	Yes	1.03 V		CMOS	388		1			Grid Array	BGA784,28X28,40		.97 V	1 mm	100 °C (212 °F)			-40 °C (-40 °F)		Bottom	S-PBGA-B784		3.47 mm	29 mm		It also Operates at 1.05 V nominal supply				388		29 mm
10CL010YU256C6G	Intel	FPGA	Other	Ball	256	LFBGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy		Yes	1.25 V	645				1.2			Grid Array, Low Profile, Fine Pitch			1.15 V	.8 mm	85 °C (185 °F)		645 CLBS	0 °C (32 °F)		Bottom	S-PBGA-B256		1.5 mm	14 mm								14 mm
10M04SCE144A7G	Intel	FPGA	Automotive	Gull Wing	144	QFP	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	4000	Yes	3.15 V	250		246		3		3/3.3 V	Flatpack	HQFP144,.87SQ,20	Field Programmable Gate Arrays	2.85 V	.5 mm	125 °C (257 °F)		250 CLBS	-40 °C (-40 °F)		Quad	S-PQFP-G144	3	1.65 mm	20 mm	No	Also Operates at 3.3 V nominal supply				246		20 mm
10M40SCE144I7G	Intel	FPGA	Industrial	Gull Wing	144	HLFQFP	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	40000	Yes	3.15 V	2500		500		3		3/3.3 V	Flatpack, Heat Sink/Slug, Low Profile, Fine Pitch	HQFP144,.87SQ,20	Field Programmable Gate Arrays	2.85 V	.5 mm	100 °C (212 °F)		2500 CLBS	-40 °C (-40 °F)		Quad	S-PQFP-G144	3	1.65 mm	20 mm	No	Also Operates at 3.3 V nominal supply				500		20 mm
5CEBA4U15I7N	Intel	FPGA		Ball	324	LFBGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	49000	Yes	1.13 V		CMOS	176		1.1		1.1,1.2/3.3,2.5 V	Grid Array, Low Profile, Fine Pitch	BGA324,18X18,32	Field Programmable Gate Arrays	1.07 V	.8 mm						Bottom	S-PBGA-B324	3	1.5 mm	15 mm	No					176		15 mm
EP3C80F780C8N	Intel	FPGA	Other	Ball	780	BGA	Rectangular	Plastic/Epoxy	81264	Yes	1.25 V	81264	CMOS	429		1.2			Grid Array	BGA780,28X28,40	Field Programmable Gate Arrays	1.15 V	1 mm	85 °C (185 °F)		81264 CLBS	0 °C (32 °F)	Tin/Silver/Copper	Bottom	R-PBGA-B780	3	3.5 mm	29 mm	No		e1	472.5 MHz	30 s	429	260 °C (500 °F)	29 mm
LCMXO2280C-3TN144C	Lattice Semiconductor	FPGA	Other	Gull Wing	144	LFQFP	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	2280	Yes	3.465 V	285		113		1.8		1.8/3.3 V	Flatpack, Low Profile, Fine Pitch	QFP144,.87SQ,20	Field Programmable Gate Arrays	1.71 V	.5 mm	85 °C (185 °F)		285 CLBS	0 °C (32 °F)	Matte Tin	Quad	S-PQFP-G144	3	1.6 mm	20 mm	No		e3		30 s	113	260 °C (500 °F)	20 mm
LCMXO3L-2100C-5BG256C	Lattice Semiconductor	FPGA	Other	Ball	256	LFBGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy		Yes	3.465 V	264				2.5			Grid Array, Low Profile, Fine Pitch			2.375 V	.8 mm	85 °C (185 °F)		264 CLBS	0 °C (32 °F)	Tin Silver Copper	Bottom	S-PBGA-B256	3	1.7 mm	14 mm		Also Operates at 3.3 V nominal supply	e1		30 s		260 °C (500 °F)	14 mm
LFE5U-12F-6MG285C	Lattice Semiconductor	FPGA																										Tin Silver Copper			3					e1		30 s		260 °C (500 °F)
LFE5U-12F-8MG285C	Lattice Semiconductor	FPGA	Other	Ball	285	LFBGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy		Yes	1.155 V	1500		118		1.1			Grid Array, Low Profile, Fine Pitch	BGA285,18X18,20		1.045 V	.5 mm	85 °C (185 °F)		1500 CLBS	0 °C (32 °F)	Tin Silver Copper	Bottom	S-PBGA-B285	3	1.3 mm	10 mm			e1		30 s	118	260 °C (500 °F)	10 mm
LIF-MD6000-6MG81I	Lattice Semiconductor	FPGA		Ball	81	VFBGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy		Yes	1.26 V	1500				1.2			Grid Array, Very Thin Profile, Fine Pitch			1.14 V	.5 mm			1500 CLBS		Tin Silver Copper Over Nickel	Bottom	S-PBGA-B81	3	1 mm	4.5 mm							260 °C (500 °F)	4.5 mm
M1A3PE1500-FGG484I	Microchip Technology	FPGA	Industrial	Ball	484	BGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	38400	Yes	1.575 V	38400	CMOS	280	1500000	1.5	Tray	1.5/3.3 V	Grid Array	BGA484,22X22,40	Field Programmable Gate Arrays	1.425 V	1 mm	85 °C (185 °F)		38400 CLBS, 1500000 Gates	-40 °C (-40 °F)	Tin Silver Copper	Bottom	S-PBGA-B484	3	2.44 mm	23 mm	No		e1	350 MHz	30 s	280	250 °C (482 °F)	23 mm
XC5VLX30T-2FFG665C	Xilinx	FPGA	Other	Ball	665	BGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	30720	Yes	1.05 V	2400	CMOS	360		1		1,2.5 V	Grid Array	BGA665,26X26,40	Field Programmable Gate Arrays	.95 V	1 mm	85 °C (185 °F)		2400 CLBS	0 °C (32 °F)	Tin Silver Copper	Bottom	S-PBGA-B665	4	2.9 mm	27 mm	No		e1	1265 MHz	30 s	360	250 °C (482 °F)	27 mm
XC5VSX95T-1FFG1136C	Xilinx	FPGA	Other	Ball	1136	BGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	94208	Yes	1.05 V	7360	CMOS	640		1		1,2.5 V	Grid Array	BGA1136,34X34,40	Field Programmable Gate Arrays	.95 V	1 mm	85 °C (185 °F)	0.9 ns	7360 CLBS	0 °C (32 °F)	Tin Silver Copper	Bottom	S-PBGA-B1136	4	3.25 mm	35 mm	No		e1		30 s	640	245 °C (473 °F)	35 mm
XC6SLX75-3FGG676I	Xilinx	FPGA	Industrial	Ball	676	BGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	74637	Yes	1.26 V	5831	CMOS	408		1.2		1.2,2.5/3.3 V	Grid Array	BGA676,26X26,40	Field Programmable Gate Arrays	1.14 V	1 mm	100 °C (212 °F)	0.21 ns	5831 CLBS	-40 °C (-40 °F)	Tin Silver Copper	Bottom	S-PBGA-B676	3	2.44 mm	27 mm	No		e1	862 MHz	30 s	408	250 °C (482 °F)	27 mm
XCKU11P-L2FFVA1156E	Xilinx	FPGA	Other	Ball	1156	BGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	653100	Yes	.742 V	37320		512		0.72			Grid Array	BGA1156,34X34,40		.698 V	1 mm	110 °C (230 °F)		37320 CLBS	0 °C (32 °F)	Tin Silver Copper	Bottom	S-PBGA-B1156	4	3.51 mm	35 mm		Also Operates at 0.85 V nominal supply	e1			512		35 mm
10CX105YF672I5G	Intel	FPGA	Industrial	Ball	672	BGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	104000	Yes	.93 V	38000	TSMC	236		.9			Grid Array			.87 V		100 °C (212 °F)		38000 CLBS	-40 °C (-40 °F)		Bottom	S-PBGA-B672									236
10M08SAU324I7G	Intel	FPGA	Industrial	Ball	324	LFBGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	8000	Yes	3.15 V	500		250		3			Grid Array, Low Profile, Fine Pitch	BGA324,18X18,32		2.85 V	.8 mm	100 °C (212 °F)		500 CLBS	-40 °C (-40 °F)		Bottom	S-PBGA-B324		1.55 mm	15 mm		Also Operates at 3.3 V nominal supply				250		15 mm
A3P250-FGG256	Microchip Technology	FPGA	Commercial	Ball	256	BGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy		Yes	1.575 V	6144	CMOS		250000	1.5	Tray		Grid Array			1.425 V	1 mm	85 °C (185 °F)		6144 CLBS, 250000 Gates	0 °C (32 °F)	Tin Silver Copper	Bottom	S-PBGA-B256	3	1.8 mm	17 mm	No		e1	350 MHz	30 s		250 °C (482 °F)	17 mm
A3PE600-PQ208I	Microsemi	FPGA	Industrial	Gull Wing	208	FQFP	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	13824	Yes	1.575 V	13824	CMOS	147	600000	1.5		1.5/3.3 V	Flatpack, Fine Pitch	QFP208,1.2SQ,20	Field Programmable Gate Arrays	1.425 V	.5 mm	85 °C (185 °F)		13824 CLBS, 600000 Gates	-40 °C (-40 °F)	Tin Lead	Quad	S-PQFP-G208	3	4.1 mm	28 mm	No		e0	350 MHz		147		28 mm
AGLN250V5-CSG81I	Microchip Technology	FPGA	Industrial	Ball	81	VFBGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy		Yes	1.575 V	6144	CMOS		250000	1.5	Tray		Grid Array, Very Thin Profile, Fine Pitch			1.425 V	.5 mm	85 °C (185 °F)		6144 CLBS, 250000 Gates	-40 °C (-40 °F)		Bottom	S-PBGA-B81	3	.8 mm	5 mm	No				30 s		260 °C (500 °F)	5 mm
APA300-FG256M	Microchip Technology	FPGA	Military	Ball	256	BGA	Square	Plastic/Epoxy	8192	Yes	2.7 V		CMOS	186	300000	2.5	Tray	2.5,2.5/3.3 V	Grid Array	BGA256,16X16,40	Field Programmable Gate Arrays	2.3 V	1 mm	125 °C (257 °F)		300000 Gates	-55 °C (-67 °F)	Tin Lead	Bottom	S-PBGA-B256	3	1.8 mm	17 mm	No		e0	180 MHz	20 s	186	225 °C (437 °F)	17 mm
LAMXO3LF-2100C-5BG324E	Lattice Semiconductor	FPGA
LCMXO3L-4300E-5UWG81CTR50	Lattice Semiconductor	FPGA	Other	Ball	81	VFBGA	Rectangular	Plastic/Epoxy		Yes	1.26 V	540				1.2			Grid Array, Very Thin Profile, Fine Pitch			1.14 V	.4 mm	85 °C (185 °F)		540 CLBS	0 °C (32 °F)	Tin Silver Copper	Bottom	R-PBGA-B81	1	.567 mm	3.693 mm			e1				260 °C (500 °F)	3.797 mm
LFE5U-12F-7MG285C	Lattice Semiconductor	FPGA																										Tin Silver Copper			3					e1		30 s		260 °C (500 °F)
LFE5U-25F-6TG144I	Lattice Semiconductor	FPGA																													3							30 s		260 °C (500 °F)

Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA)

Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are digital integrated circuits that are programmable by the user to perform specific logic functions. They consist of a matrix of configurable logic blocks (CLBs) that can be programmed to perform any digital function, as well as programmable interconnects that allow these blocks to be connected in any way the designer wishes. This makes FPGAs highly versatile and customizable, and they are often used in applications where a high degree of flexibility and performance is required.

FPGAs are programmed using specialized software tools that allow the designer to specify the logic functions and interconnects that are required for a particular application. This process is known as synthesis and involves translating the high-level design into a format that can be implemented on the FPGA hardware. The resulting configuration data is then loaded onto the FPGA, allowing it to perform the desired logic functions.

FPGAs are used in a wide range of applications, including digital signal processing, computer networking, and high-performance computing. They offer a number of advantages over traditional fixed-function digital circuits, including the ability to be reprogrammed in the field, lower development costs, and faster time-to-market. However, they also have some disadvantages, including higher power consumption and lower performance compared to custom-designed digital circuits.