155 Cel Fixed Resistors 2,400+

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Part	Manufacturer	Resistor Type	Mounting Type	Resistance	Rated Power Dissipation (P)	Maximum Operating Temperature	Tolerance	Diameter (Lead)	Rated Temperature	Technology	Shape (Package)	Construction	Packing Method	Size Code	No. of Terminals	Package Style (Meter)	Terminal Shape	Sub-Category	Dimensions	Minimum Operating Temperature	Temperature Coef (ppm/Cel)	Terminal Finish	Length (Lead)	Height (Package)	Operating Voltage	Additional Features	Length (Package)	JESD-609 Code	Diameter (Package)	Reference Standard	Width (Package)
CRCW04020000Z0EE	Vishay Intertechnology	JUMPER	SURFACE MOUNT	0 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 13 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel		MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.35 mm		LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED CURRENT: 1.5A	1 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.5 mm
CRCW1206100KFKEA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.55 mm	200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 200	3.2 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
CRCW1206120RFKEAHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	120 ohm	.75 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.5 mm	200 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 200V	3.1 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
RC0603FR-07150RL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	150 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3			.8 mm
CRCW12062K20FKEAHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2200 ohm	.75 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.5 mm	200 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 200V	3.1 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
RC0805FR-071K5L	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1500 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.5 mm	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	2 mm	e3			1.25 mm
CRCW040215K0FKEDC	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	15000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.3 mm	50 V	RATED AC COLTAGE(V): 50	1 mm	e3			.5 mm
CRCW0603220RFKEA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	220 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 75	1.55 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.85 mm
RC0603FR-072M2L	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2200000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3			.8 mm
RMCF0603FT232R	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	232 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V		1.55 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.8 mm
RC0805FR-073K3L	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	3300 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.5 mm	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	2 mm	e3			1.25 mm
CRCW060322K0FKEAHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	22000 ohm	.33 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 75V	1.6 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.85 mm
RC1206JR-130RL	Yageo	JUMPER	SURFACE MOUNT	0 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 13 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel		MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.55 mm		LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED CURRENT: 2A	3.1 mm	e3			1.6 mm
CRG1206F100K	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		3.1mm x 1.55mm x .55mm	-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.55 mm	200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	3.1 mm	e3			1.55 mm
RC0402FR-07560RL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	560 ohm	.0625 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm	50 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1 mm	e3			.5 mm
RC0603FR-13100KL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 13 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3			.8 mm
CRCW06030000Z0ED	Vishay Intertechnology	JUMPER	SURFACE MOUNT	0 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel		MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm		LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED CURRENT: 2A	1.55 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.85 mm
RC0603FR-071K2L	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1200 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3			.8 mm
RC0603FR-07200RL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	200 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3			.8 mm
CR0603AJ/-000EAS	Bourns	JUMPER	SURFACE MOUNT	0 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel		TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm		RATED CURRENT: 1A	1.6 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.8 mm
CRCW04023K30FKED	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	3300 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.35 mm	50 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 50	1 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.5 mm
CR0603-FX-1001HLF	Bourns	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel		RECTANGULAR PACKAGE			0603	2		WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL			50 V			e3
RC0603FR-074.7RL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	4.7 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2		WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	200	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier			50 V	LASER TRIMMABLE		e3
RC0603FR-0747RL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	47 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3			.8 mm
CRCW12100000Z0EA	Vishay Intertechnology	JUMPER	SURFACE MOUNT	0 ohm	.5 W	155 Cel			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1210	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel		MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.55 mm		LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED CURRENT: 5A	3.2 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	2.5 mm
RC2512JK-074R7L	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	4.7 ohm	1 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, EMBOSSED PLASTIC, 7 INCH	2512	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	200	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm	200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	6.35 mm	e3			3.1 mm
RK73H2BTTD1001F	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.6 mm	200 V	PRECISION	3.2 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
PAT0603E4000BST1	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	400 ohm	.15 W	155 Cel	.1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	25			.381 mm	75 V	ANTI-SULFUR, PRECISION, LASER TRIMMABLE	1.626 mm			AEC-Q200	.813 mm
CRGCQ2512J4R7	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	4.7 ohm	1 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR	2512	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		6.35mm x 3.2mm x .55mm	-55 Cel	400			.55 mm	200 V		6.35 mm			AEC-Q200	3.2 mm
CRCW060349K9FKEA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	49900 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 75	1.55 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.85 mm
CRCW040247K0FKEDC	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	47000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.3 mm	50 V	RATED AC COLTAGE(V): 50	1 mm	e3			.5 mm
CRCW060310M0FKEA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 75	1.55 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.85 mm
RC1206FR-072K2L	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2200 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm	200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	3.1 mm	e3			1.6 mm
CRCW080510K0FKEB	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 11.25 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 150	2 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
ERJ3EKF4702V	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	47000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	PRECISION, STANDARD: IEC60115-8	1.6 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.8 mm
RC0805JR-07100RL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.5 mm	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	2 mm	e3			1.25 mm
RC2512FK-074R7L	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	4.7 ohm	1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, EMBOSSED PLASTIC, 7 INCH	2512	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	200	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm	200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	6.35 mm	e3			3.1 mm
RC0805JR-130RL	Yageo	JUMPER	SURFACE MOUNT	0 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 13 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel		Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.5 mm		LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED CURRENT: 2A	2 mm	e3			1.25 mm
CRCW04021K00FKTDBC	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	Fixed Resistors		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL		.35 mm	50 V		1 mm	e3			.5 mm
RC0402FR-07120RL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	120 ohm	.0625 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm	50 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1 mm	e3			.5 mm
RC0603FR-076K8L	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	6800 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3			.8 mm
CRCW08052K20FKEAHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2200 ohm	.5 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL		.5 mm	150 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 150V	2 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
RC0603FR-07470KL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	470000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3			.8 mm
CFR16J100R	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	100 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	5 %	.45 mm	70 Cel	THIN FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE	Tubular	AMMO PACK		2	Axial	WIRE		3.5mm x 1.85mm	-55 Cel	-1200, 0	TIN	28 mm		200 V		3.5 mm	e3	1.85 mm
CRCW060310K0FKTABC	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	Fixed Resistors		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 75	1.55 mm	e3			.85 mm
CRCW06036K80FKEAC	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	6800 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	RATED AC COLTAGE(V): 75	1.6 mm	e3			.8 mm
CR0402-FX-1000GLF	Bourns	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.32 mm	50 V		1 mm	e3			.5 mm
CRCW1206120RFKEA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	120 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.55 mm	200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 200	3.2 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.6 mm

Fixed Resistors

Fixed resistors are passive electronic components that are used to resist the flow of electric current in a circuit. They have a fixed value of resistance, meaning their resistance cannot be adjusted once they are manufactured. They are commonly used to set the bias of transistors, control the gain of amplifiers, or limit the current flowing through an LED. Fixed resistors come in various sizes, power ratings, and tolerances.

There are two types of fixed resistors: through-hole and surface mount. Through-hole resistors have leads that are inserted into holes on the printed circuit board (PCB), while surface mount resistors have terminals that are soldered directly to the surface of the PCB. Through-hole resistors are larger and easier to work with, but surface mount resistors are smaller and more suitable for miniaturized electronic devices.

Fixed resistors can be made from a variety of materials, including carbon, metal, and wire-wound. Carbon resistors are inexpensive and widely used, but they have a lower tolerance and are more susceptible to noise than other types. Metal film resistors have a higher tolerance and better stability, making them ideal for use in precision circuits. Wire-wound resistors have a higher power rating and are used in high power applications, such as power supplies and amplifiers.