Part | RoHS | Manufacturer | Resistor Type | Mounting Type | Resistance | Rated Power Dissipation (P) | Maximum Operating Temperature | Tolerance | Diameter (Lead) | Spacing (Lead) | Rated Temperature | No. of Functions | Technology | Shape (Package) | No. of Elements | Construction | Packing Method | Size Code | Network Type | No. of Terminals | Package Style (Meter) | Terminal Shape | Sub-Category | Dimensions | First Element Resistance | Minimum Operating Temperature | Temperature Coef (ppm/Cel) | Terminal Finish | Length (Lead) | Height (Package) | Manufacturer Series | Operating Voltage | Additional Features | Length (Package) | JESD-609 Code | Series | Diameter (Package) | Reference Standard | Width (Package) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
20 ohm |
35 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
25 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TUBE |
4035 |
2 |
SMT |
GULL WING |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN |
4.5 mm |
250 V |
10.1 mm |
e3 |
AEC-Q200 |
8.8 mm |
|||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
.2 ohm |
35 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
25 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TUBE |
4035 |
2 |
SMT |
GULL WING |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN |
4.5 mm |
250 V |
10.1 mm |
e3 |
AEC-Q200 |
8.8 mm |
|||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
100 ohm |
1 W |
155 Cel |
5 % |
70 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
RECTANGULAR PACKAGE |
Chip |
TR, 13 INCH |
3014 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
20 |
MATTE TIN |
4.64 mm |
10 V |
7.5 mm |
e3 |
3.5 mm |
|||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
82 ohm |
5 W |
275 Cel |
5 % |
.75 mm |
WIRE WOUND |
CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE |
Tubular |
AMMO PACK |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
FIXED RESISTOR |
-55 Cel |
300 |
28 mm |
20.2485 V |
17.5 mm |
6.5 mm |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
THROUGH HOLE MOUNT |
15 ohm |
2 W |
200 Cel |
5 % |
.65 mm |
70 Cel |
WIRE WOUND |
Tubular |
AMMO PACK |
2 |
Axial |
WIRE |
-55 Cel |
200 |
TIN |
28 mm |
5.4772 V |
11.5 mm |
e3 |
5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
.01 ohm |
1 W |
155 Cel |
5 % |
70 Cel |
METAL FOIL |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
1206 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
50 |
.7 mm |
3.2 mm |
1.6 mm |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
.04 ohm |
1 W |
155 Cel |
5 % |
70 Cel |
METAL FOIL |
Rectangular |
TR, PAPER, 7 INCH |
1206 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
Tin (Sn) |
.7 mm |
3.2 mm |
e3 |
AEC-Q200 |
1.6 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
10 ohm |
.5 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, PAPER, 7 INCH |
0805 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
.5 mm |
200 V |
ANTI-SULFUR |
2 mm |
e3 |
AEC-Q200 |
1.25 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
33.2 ohm |
3 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, PLASTIC, 7 INCH |
2512 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
TIN OVER NICKEL |
1.1 mm |
250 V |
6.4 mm |
e3 |
3.1 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
10000 ohm |
3 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, PLASTIC, 7 INCH |
2512 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
1.1 mm |
250 V |
ANTI-SULFUR |
6.4 mm |
e3 |
AEC-Q200 |
3.1 mm |
||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
10 ohm |
.25 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0603 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
TIN OVER NICKEL |
.45 mm |
75 V |
1.6 mm |
e3 |
.8 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
3900 ohm |
.25 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0603 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
TIN OVER NICKEL |
.45 mm |
75 V |
1.6 mm |
e3 |
.8 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
10000 ohm |
.5 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0805 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
TIN OVER NICKEL |
.5 mm |
200 V |
2 mm |
e3 |
1.25 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
100000 ohm |
.75 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
1206 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
TIN OVER NICKEL |
.55 mm |
250 V |
3.1 mm |
e3 |
1.6 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
1000000 ohm |
.75 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, PAPER, 7 INCH |
1206 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
.55 mm |
250 V |
3.1 mm |
e3 |
AEC-Q200 |
1.6 mm |
|||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
47 ohm |
1 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, PLASTIC, 7 INCH |
2010 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
TIN OVER NICKEL |
.6 mm |
200 V |
5 mm |
e3 |
2.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
100 ohm |
1 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, PLASTIC, 7 INCH |
2010 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
.6 mm |
200 V |
5 mm |
e3 |
AEC-Q200 |
2.5 mm |
|||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
100 ohm |
1.5 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, PLASTIC, 7 INCH |
2512 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
.6 mm |
300 V |
6.4 mm |
e3 |
AEC-Q200 |
3.1 mm |
|||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
10 ohm |
1.5 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, PLASTIC, 7 INCH |
2512 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier |
.6 mm |
300 V |
6.4 mm |
e3 |
AEC-Q200 |
3.1 mm |
|||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
33 ohm |
.05 W |
125 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0201 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
200 |
TIN OVER NICKEL |
.23 mm |
30 V |
.6 mm |
e3 |
.3 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
100 ohm |
.05 W |
125 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, PAPER, 7 INCH |
0201 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
200 |
TIN OVER NICKEL |
.23 mm |
25 V |
.6 mm |
e3 |
AEC-Q200 |
.3 mm |
|||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
110000 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
11 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
1210 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
121000 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
124000 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
1470 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
16500 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
1820 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
220000 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
221000 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
24300 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
249000 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
24 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
24.3 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
27 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
28700 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
30 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
357000 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
3740 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
390 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
41200 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
43200 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
45300 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
470000 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
56.2 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
619000 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
||||||||||||||||
|
Bourns |
FIXED RESISTOR |
SURFACE MOUNT |
6490 ohm |
.063 W |
155 Cel |
1 % |
70 Cel |
METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM |
Rectangular |
TR, Paper, 7 Inch |
0402 |
2 |
SMT |
WRAPAROUND |
-55 Cel |
100 |
MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL |
.32 mm |
50 V |
1 mm |
e3 |
.5 mm |
Fixed resistors are passive electronic components that are used to resist the flow of electric current in a circuit. They have a fixed value of resistance, meaning their resistance cannot be adjusted once they are manufactured. They are commonly used to set the bias of transistors, control the gain of amplifiers, or limit the current flowing through an LED. Fixed resistors come in various sizes, power ratings, and tolerances.
There are two types of fixed resistors: through-hole and surface mount. Through-hole resistors have leads that are inserted into holes on the printed circuit board (PCB), while surface mount resistors have terminals that are soldered directly to the surface of the PCB. Through-hole resistors are larger and easier to work with, but surface mount resistors are smaller and more suitable for miniaturized electronic devices.
Fixed resistors can be made from a variety of materials, including carbon, metal, and wire-wound. Carbon resistors are inexpensive and widely used, but they have a lower tolerance and are more susceptible to noise than other types. Metal film resistors have a higher tolerance and better stability, making them ideal for use in precision circuits. Wire-wound resistors have a higher power rating and are used in high power applications, such as power supplies and amplifiers.