Fixed Resistors

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Part	Manufacturer	Resistor Type	Mounting Type	Resistance	Rated Power Dissipation (P)	Maximum Operating Temperature	Tolerance	Diameter (Lead)	Rated Temperature	Technology	Shape (Package)	Construction	Packing Method	Size Code	No. of Terminals	Package Style (Meter)	Terminal Shape	Sub-Category	Dimensions	Minimum Operating Temperature	Temperature Coef (ppm/Cel)	Terminal Finish	Length (Lead)	Height (Package)	Operating Voltage	Additional Features	Length (Package)	JESD-609 Code	Diameter (Package)	Reference Standard	Width (Package)
RK73B1ETTP101J	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	200	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.35 mm	75 V	IEC60115-8	1 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.5 mm
YR1B10KCC	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	.1 %	.6 mm		THIN FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE	Tubular	AMMO PACK		2	Axial	WIRE	FIXED RESISTOR	6.3mm x 2.3mm	-65 Cel	15		25 mm		250 V	PRECISION	6.3 mm		2.3 mm
CR0402-FX-49R9GLF	Bourns	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	49.9 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.32 mm	50 V		1 mm	e3			.5 mm
CR2512-J/-000ELF	Bourns	JUMPER	SURFACE MOUNT	0 ohm	1 W	155 Cel			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, EMBOSSED, 7 INCH	2512	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel		MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.6 mm		RATED CURRENT : 2A	6.3 mm	e3			3.2 mm
MMU01020C2203FB300	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	220000 ohm	.3 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM		Cylindrical	TR, BLISTER, 7 INCH	0904	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	50	TIN OVER NICKEL			150 V	ANTI-SULFUR; LASER TRIMMABLE; RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 150; STANDARD: CECC40401-803	2.2 mm	e3	1.1 mm	AEC-Q200
PYR7511/18	KEMET Corporation	FIXED RESISTOR								WIRE WOUND					2
RP73PF2A100KBTDF	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	.1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		2mm x 1.25mm x .55mm	-55 Cel	25	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.55 mm	150 V	PRECISION	2 mm	e3			1.25 mm
ERJ6GEYJ101V	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	200	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.6 mm	150 V	IEC60115-8	2 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
ERJ8BQJR27V	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	.27 ohm	.5 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	0,250	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.6 mm	.3674 V	IEC60115-8	3.2 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
PCF0805R-47RBT1	Tt Electronics Plc	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	47 ohm	.1 W	125 Cel	.1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, Paper	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	25	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.65 mm	100 V	PRECISION	2 mm	e3			1.25 mm
RCS04020000Z0ED	Vishay Intertechnology	JUMPER	SURFACE MOUNT	0 ohm	.2 W	155 Cel			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel		Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm		RATED CURRENT: 3A	1 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.5 mm
CRCW06033K90FKEAHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	3900 ohm	.33 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 75V	1.6 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.85 mm
CRCW120615R0FKEAHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	15 ohm	.75 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.5 mm	200 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 200V	3.1 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
TNPW080510K0BEEN	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.125 W	125 Cel	.1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	25	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	150 V	ANTI-SULFUR; LASER TRIMMABLE; PRECISION; RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 150	2 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
AF0603FR-0710KL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm	75 V	ANTI-SULFUR, LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.8 mm
ERJ2RKF75R0X	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	75 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.35 mm	50 V	PRECISION, STANDARD: IEC60115-8	1 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.5 mm
CRCW060320R0FKEAHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	20 ohm	.33 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 75V	1.6 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.85 mm
CRCW060324K9FKEB	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	24900 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 11.25 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 75	1.55 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.85 mm
CRCW0805220RFKEA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	220 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 150	2 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
CRCW080588R7FKEAC	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	88.7 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.5 mm	150 V	RATED AC COLTAGE(V): 150	2 mm	e3			1.25 mm
CRCW080588R7FKEAHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	88.7 ohm	.5 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL		.5 mm	150 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 150V	2 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
CRG0805J1K0	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000 ohm	.125 W	125 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	2mm x 1.25mm x .55mm	-55 Cel	200	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.55 mm	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	2 mm	e3			1.25 mm
CRGP0402F1K0	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		1mm x .5mm x .35mm	-55 Cel	100			.35 mm	50 V		1.1 mm			AEC-Q200	.5 mm
ERJ3EKF3003V	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	300000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	PRECISION, STANDARD: IEC60115-8	1.6 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.8 mm
ERJS06F1001V	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.6 mm	150 V	ANTI-SULFUR, IEC60115-8	2 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
RC0603JR-075K1L	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	5100 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3			.8 mm
WR04X4701FTL	Walsin Technology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	4700 ohm	.0625 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm	50 V	LASER TRIMMABLE; RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 50	1 mm	e3			.5 mm
CRCW06037K50FKEA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	7500 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 75	1.55 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.85 mm
CRCW080510K0FKEBC	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 10 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.5 mm	150 V	RATED AC COLTAGE(V): 150	2 mm	e3			1.25 mm
CRCW08051K00JNEAIF	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	200	TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	150 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 150	2 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
RC0402FR-072K7L	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2700 ohm	.0625 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm	50 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1 mm	e3			.5 mm
RC0402JR-07470RL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	470 ohm	.0625 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm	50 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1 mm	e3			.5 mm
RC0603FR-0713KL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	13000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3			.8 mm
CPF0603B20KE1	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	20000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	.1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		1.55mm x .8mm x .45mm	-55 Cel	25			.45 mm	50 V	PRECISION	1.55 mm				.8 mm
CRCW06031K00JNEAC	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	200	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	RATED AC COLTAGE(V): 75	1.6 mm	e3			.8 mm
CRCW0603499RFKEAC	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	499 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	RATED AC COLTAGE(V): 75	1.6 mm	e3			.8 mm
CRCW08053K30FKEAHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	3300 ohm	.5 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL		.5 mm	150 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 150V	2 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
CRCW080549R9FKEA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	49.9 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 150	2 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
SMF3330RJT	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	330 ohm	3 W	275 Cel	5 %		20 Cel	METAL FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR	4122	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		10.5mm x 5.5mm x 5mm	-55 Cel	100			5 mm	500 V	FLAME PROOF	10.5 mm				5.5 mm
RC0402FR-07180KL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	180000 ohm	.0625 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm	50 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1 mm	e3			.5 mm
KTR03EZPF4701	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	4700 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	350 V		1.6 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.8 mm
WSL12062L000FEA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	.002 ohm	.25 W	170 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL STRIP	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, EMBOSSED PLASTIC, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-65 Cel	275	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.635 mm	.0224 V	ANTI-SULFUR	3.2 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
CRG0603F470R	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	470 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		1.6mm x .8mm x .45mm	-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3			.8 mm
CRGCQ0603J1K0	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		1.6mm x .8mm x .45mm	-55 Cel	100			.45 mm	75 V		1.6 mm			AEC-Q200	.8 mm
RC0805FR-07510RL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.5 mm	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	2 mm	e3			1.25 mm
RK73H1JTTD1004F	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	PRECISION	1.6 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.8 mm
CRCW0603510RFKEA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm	75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 75	1.55 mm	e3		AEC-Q200	.85 mm
RC2512FK-071RL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1 ohm	1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, EMBOSSED PLASTIC, 7 INCH	2512	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	200	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm	200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	6.35 mm	e3			3.1 mm

Fixed Resistors

Fixed resistors are passive electronic components that are used to resist the flow of electric current in a circuit. They have a fixed value of resistance, meaning their resistance cannot be adjusted once they are manufactured. They are commonly used to set the bias of transistors, control the gain of amplifiers, or limit the current flowing through an LED. Fixed resistors come in various sizes, power ratings, and tolerances.

There are two types of fixed resistors: through-hole and surface mount. Through-hole resistors have leads that are inserted into holes on the printed circuit board (PCB), while surface mount resistors have terminals that are soldered directly to the surface of the PCB. Through-hole resistors are larger and easier to work with, but surface mount resistors are smaller and more suitable for miniaturized electronic devices.

Fixed resistors can be made from a variety of materials, including carbon, metal, and wire-wound. Carbon resistors are inexpensive and widely used, but they have a lower tolerance and are more susceptible to noise than other types. Metal film resistors have a higher tolerance and better stability, making them ideal for use in precision circuits. Wire-wound resistors have a higher power rating and are used in high power applications, such as power supplies and amplifiers.