Microchip Technology Network Interfaces 552

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Part RoHS Manufacturer Telecom IC Type Temperature Grade Terminal Form No. of Terminals Package Code Package Shape Total Dose (V) Package Body Material Surface Mount No. of Functions No. of Channels Technology Screening Level Nominal Negative Supply Voltage No. of Transceivers Maximum Supply Current Nominal Supply Voltage Power Supplies (V) Package Style (Meter) Package Equivalence Code Sub-Category Terminal Pitch Maximum Operating Temperature Minimum Operating Temperature Terminal Finish Terminal Position Data Rate JESD-30 Code Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) Maximum Seated Height Width Qualification Additional Features JESD-609 Code Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s) Peak Reflow Temperature (C) Length

VSC8552XKS-05

Microchip Technology

ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER

AUTOMOTIVE

BALL

256

BGA

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

2

755 mA

2.5 V

GRID ARRAY

BGA256,16X16,40

1 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

BOTTOM

1000 Mbps

S-PBGA-B256

1.8 mm

17 mm

17 mm

KSZ8873MLLJ

Microchip Technology

LAN SWITCHING CIRCUIT

AUTOMOTIVE

LFQFP

SQUARE

1

1.8 V

.5 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

1.6 mm

10 mm

e3

10 mm

VSC8541XMVRT-HP

Microchip Technology

ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER

MILITARY

NO LEAD

68

HVQCCN

SQUARE

100k Rad(Si)

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

AEC-Q100

1

1 V

CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

LCC68,.32SQ,16

.4 mm

125 Cel

-55 Cel

QUAD

1000 Mbps

S-PQCC-N68

.9 mm

8 mm

8 mm

MCP2542WFDT-E/MF

Microchip Technology

CAN FD TRANSCEIVER

AUTOMOTIVE

NO LEAD

8

HVSON

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

1

140 mA

5 V

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

SOLCC8,.12,25

.65 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

8 Mbps

S-PDSO-N8

1

1 mm

3 mm

e3

30

260

3 mm

KSZ8893MBL

Microchip Technology

LAN SWITCHING CIRCUIT

COMMERCIAL

BALL

100

LFBGA

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

TS 16949

2

3.3 V

GRID ARRAY, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH

BGA100,10X10,32

.8 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

TIN SILVER COPPER

BOTTOM

100 Mbps

S-PBGA-B100

1.38 mm

9 mm

Not Qualified

e1

9 mm

KSZ8041RNL-TR

Microchip Technology

ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER

COMMERCIAL

NO LEAD

32

HVQCCN

SQUARE

UNSPECIFIED

YES

1

CMOS

1

3.3 V

CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

LCC32,.2SQ,20

.5 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

MATTE TIN

QUAD

100 Mbps

S-XQCC-N32

2

.9 mm

5 mm

Not Qualified

e3

30

260

5 mm

KSZ9021GQ

Microchip Technology

ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

128

FQFP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

1

1.2 V

FLATPACK, FINE PITCH

QFP128,.68X.91,20

.5 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

MATTE TIN

QUAD

1000 Mbps

R-PQFP-G128

3

3.4 mm

14 mm

Not Qualified

e3

20 mm

KSZ8001L-TR

Microchip Technology

ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

48

LFQFP

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

1

1.8 V

FLATPACK, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH

QFP48,.35SQ,20

.5 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

MATTE TIN

QUAD

100 Mbps

S-PQFP-G48

1.6 mm

7 mm

e3

7 mm

LAN8671B1-E/U3B

Microchip Technology

ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER

NO LEAD

24

HVQCCN

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

1

3.3 V

CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

LCC24,.16SQ,20

.5 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

QUAD

10 Mbps

S-PQCC-N24

.9 mm

4 mm

4 mm

ATA663254-GBQW-VAO

Microchip Technology

LIN TRANSCEIVER

AUTOMOTIVE

NO LEAD

8

HVSON

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

AEC-Q100

1

.95 mA

13.5 V

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

SOLCC8,.12,25

.65 mm

150 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn)

DUAL

S-PDSO-N8

1 mm

3 mm

e3

3 mm

KSZ8091MLXCA

Microchip Technology

ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

48

LFQFP

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

TS 16949

1

3.3 V

FLATPACK, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH

QFP48,.35SQ,20

.5 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

MATTE TIN

QUAD

100 Mbps

S-PQFP-G48

1.6 mm

7 mm

e3

7 mm

KSZ8721BI

Microchip Technology

ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

48

SSOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

1

2.5 V

SMALL OUTLINE, SHRINK PITCH

TSSOP48,.40

.635 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

100 Mbps

R-PDSO-G48

2.794 mm

7.493 mm

e3

15.875 mm

KSZ8091MNXCA

Microchip Technology

ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER

COMMERCIAL

NO LEAD

32

HVQCCN

SQUARE

UNSPECIFIED

YES

1

1

3.3 V

CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

LCC32,.2SQ,20

.5 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

MATTE TIN

QUAD

100 Mbps

S-XQCC-N32

2

1 mm

5 mm

e3

30

260

5 mm

LAN8710AI-EZC

Microchip Technology

ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER

INDUSTRIAL

NO LEAD

32

HVQCCN

SQUARE

UNSPECIFIED

YES

1

CMOS

1.2 V

CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

.5 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

QUAD

S-XQCC-N32

1 mm

5 mm

Not Qualified

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

5 mm

VSC8541XMV-01

Microchip Technology

ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER

OTHER

NO LEAD

68

HVQCCN

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

4

1 V

CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

LCC68,.32SQ,16

.4 mm

125 Cel

0 Cel

QUAD

1000 Mbps

S-PQCC-N68

.9 mm

8 mm

8 mm

KSZ8001SL

Microchip Technology

ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

48

SSOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

1.8 V

SMALL OUTLINE, SHRINK PITCH

.635 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G48

3

2.794 mm

7.493 mm

Not Qualified

e3

15.875 mm

LAN83C185-JT

Microchip Technology

ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

64

LFQFP

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

TS 16949

1

40 mA

3.3 V

FLATPACK, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH

QFP64,.47SQ,20

.5 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

MATTE TIN

QUAD

100 Mbps

S-PQFP-G64

1.6 mm

10 mm

Not Qualified

e3

10 mm

MCP2558FDT-H/SNVAO

Microchip Technology

CAN FD TRANSCEIVER

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

AEC-Q100; TS 16949

1

70 mA

5 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

1.27 mm

150 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

8 Mbps

R-PDSO-G8

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

4.9 mm

ATA663254-GBQW

Microchip Technology

LIN TRANSCEIVER

AUTOMOTIVE

NO LEAD

8

HVSON

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

AEC-Q100

1

.95 mA

13.5 V

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

SOLCC8,.12,25

.65 mm

150 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

S-PDSO-N8

1 mm

3 mm

e3

3 mm

KSZ8999

Microchip Technology

ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

208

FQFP

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

8

2.1 V

FLATPACK, FINE PITCH

QFP208,1.2SQ,20

.5 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

QUAD

S-PQFP-G208

3.8 mm

28 mm

Not Qualified

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

28 mm

VSC8541XMV-04

Microchip Technology

ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER

AUTOMOTIVE

NO LEAD

68

HVQCCN

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

4

1 V

CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

LCC68,.32SQ,16

.4 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

QUAD

1000 Mbps

S-PQCC-N68

.9 mm

8 mm

8 mm

ATA6631-GAQW

Microchip Technology

LIN TRANSCEIVER

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

1

53 mA

13.5 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

1.27 mm

150 Cel

-40 Cel

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1.8 mm

3.9 mm

e4

4.9 mm

MCP2544FDT-H/MF

Microchip Technology

CAN FD TRANSCEIVER

AUTOMOTIVE

NO LEAD

8

HVSON

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

1

140 mA

5 V

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

SOLCC8,.12,25

.65 mm

150 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

8 Mbps

S-PDSO-N8

1 mm

3 mm

e3

30

260

3 mm

MCP2551T-E/SNVAO

Microchip Technology

CAN TRANSCEIVER

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

AEC-Q100; TS 16949

1

75 mA

5 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

1 Mbps

R-PDSO-G8

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

4.9 mm

LAN8820-ABZJ

Microchip Technology

ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER

COMMERCIAL

NO LEAD

56

HVQCCN

SQUARE

UNSPECIFIED

YES

1

TS 16949

1

1.2 V

CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

LCC56,.31SQ,20

.5 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

MATTE TIN

QUAD

1000 Mbps

S-XQCC-N56

1 mm

8 mm

e3

8 mm

MCP2542WFDT-E/SN

Microchip Technology

CAN FD TRANSCEIVER

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

1

140 mA

5 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

8 Mbps

R-PDSO-G8

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

4.9 mm

MCP2021-330E/MD

Microchip Technology

LIN TRANSCEIVER

AUTOMOTIVE

NO LEAD

8

HVSON

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

TS 16949

1

12 V

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

SOLCC8,.16,32

.8 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

S-PDSO-N8

1

1 mm

4 mm

e3

260

4 mm

MCP2561FD-H/SN

Microchip Technology

CAN FD TRANSCEIVER

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

TS 16949

1

70 mA

5 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

1.27 mm

150 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

8 Mbps

R-PDSO-G8

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

e3

4.9 mm

ATA663254-GBQW-V07

Microchip Technology

LIN TRANSCEIVER

AUTOMOTIVE

NO LEAD

8

HVSON

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

AEC-Q100; TS 16949

1

.95 mA

13.5 V

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

SOLCC8,.12,25

.65 mm

150 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

S-PDSO-N8

.9 mm

3 mm

3 mm

MCP2562FDT-E/MFVAO

Microchip Technology

CAN FD TRANSCEIVER

NO LEAD

8

HVSON

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

AEC-Q100; TS 16949

1

70 mA

5 V

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

SOLCC8,.12,25

.65 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

8 Mbps

S-PDSO-N8

1 mm

3 mm

3 mm

VSC8501XML-03

Microchip Technology

ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER

AUTOMOTIVE

NO LEAD

135

VFLGA

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

1

165 mA

1 V

GRID ARRAY, VERY THIN PROFILE, FINE PITCH

SLGA135(UNSPEC)

.65 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Nickel/Palladium/Gold (Ni/Pd/Au)

BOTTOM

1000 Mbps

S-PBGA-N135

.85 mm

12 mm

e4

12 mm

KS8721BLI

Microchip Technology

ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

48

LFQFP

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

2.5 V

FLATPACK, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH

.5 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

QUAD

S-PQFP-G48

1.6 mm

7 mm

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

7 mm

KSZ8851-16MQLI

Microchip Technology

ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

128

FQFP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

1.8 V

FLATPACK, FINE PITCH

.5 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

QUAD

R-PQFP-G128

3

3.4 mm

14 mm

Not Qualified

e3

40

260

20 mm

KSZ8051RNLI-TR

Microchip Technology

ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER

INDUSTRIAL

NO LEAD

32

HVQCCN

SQUARE

UNSPECIFIED

YES

1

1

1.2 V

CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

LCC32,.2SQ,20

.5 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

QUAD

100 Mbps

S-XQCC-N32

.9 mm

5 mm

5 mm

KSZ8061MNXI

Microchip Technology

ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER

INDUSTRIAL

NO LEAD

32

HVQCCN

SQUARE

UNSPECIFIED

YES

1

TS 16949

1

1.2 V

CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

LCC32,.2SQ,20

.5 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

QUAD

100 Mbps

S-XQCC-N32

.9 mm

5 mm

e3

30

260

5 mm

KSZ8851-16MLLJ

Microchip Technology

ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

48

LFQFP

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

1.8 V

FLATPACK, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH

.5 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

QUAD

S-PQFP-G48

3

1.6 mm

7 mm

Not Qualified

e3

7 mm

LAN8820-ABZJ-TR

Microchip Technology

ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER

COMMERCIAL

NO LEAD

56

HVQCCN

SQUARE

UNSPECIFIED

YES

1

TS 16949

1

1.2 V

CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

LCC56,.31SQ,20

.5 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

MATTE TIN

QUAD

1000 Mbps

S-XQCC-N56

1 mm

8 mm

e3

8 mm

KSZ8842-PMQLI

Microchip Technology

LAN SWITCHING CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

128

FQFP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

1.2 V

FLATPACK, FINE PITCH

.5 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

QUAD

R-PQFP-G128

3

3.4 mm

14 mm

Not Qualified

e3

20 mm

LAN7801-I/9JX

Microchip Technology

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

MATTE TIN

MCP2544FDT-E/MNY

Microchip Technology

CAN FD TRANSCEIVER

AUTOMOTIVE

NO LEAD

8

HVSON

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

1

140 mA

5 V

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

SOLCC8,.12,20

.5 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

DUAL

8 Mbps

R-PDSO-N8

.8 mm

2 mm

e4

30

260

3 mm

VSC8552XKS-02

Microchip Technology

ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER

OTHER

BALL

256

BGA

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

2

755 mA

2.5 V

GRID ARRAY

BGA256,16X16,40

1 mm

125 Cel

0 Cel

BOTTOM

1000 Mbps

S-PBGA-B256

1.8 mm

17 mm

17 mm

MCP25612FD-E/SL

Microchip Technology

CAN FD TRANSCEIVER

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

14

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

2

TS 16949

2

70 mA

5 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP14,.25

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

8 Mbps

R-PDSO-G14

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

e3

8.65 mm

MCP2561FDT-H/SN

Microchip Technology

CAN FD TRANSCEIVER

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

TS 16949

1

70 mA

5 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

1.27 mm

150 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

8 Mbps

R-PDSO-G8

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

e3

4.9 mm

KSZ8041MLL-TR

Microchip Technology

ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

48

LFQFP

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

TS 16949

1

58.3 mA

3.3 V

FLATPACK, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH

QFP48,.35SQ,20

.5 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

MATTE TIN

QUAD

100 Mbps

S-XQFP-G48

1.6 mm

7 mm

e3

7 mm

MCP2542FDT-E/SNVAO

Microchip Technology

CAN FD TRANSCEIVER

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

AEC-Q100

1

70 mA

5 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

8 Mbps

R-PDSO-G8

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

4.9 mm

MCP2562T-H/MF

Microchip Technology

CAN TRANSCEIVER

AUTOMOTIVE

NO LEAD

8

HVSON

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

TS 16949

1

70 mA

5 V

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

SOLCC8,.12,25

.65 mm

150 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

1 Mbps

S-PDSO-N8

1

1 mm

3 mm

e3

40

260

3 mm

KSZ8041FTL-TR

Microchip Technology

ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

48

TFQFP

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

CMOS

TS 16949

1

58.3 mA

3.3 V

FLATPACK, THIN PROFILE, FINE PITCH

TQFP48,.35SQ

.5 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

MATTE TIN

QUAD

100 Mbps

S-PQFP-G48

1.2 mm

7 mm

e3

7 mm

MCP2542WFD-E/SN

Microchip Technology

CAN FD TRANSCEIVER

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

1

1

140 mA

5 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

8 Mbps

R-PDSO-G8

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

e3

30

260

4.9 mm

Network Interfaces

A network interface is an electronic component that connects a device to a network, enabling it to communicate with other devices and access shared resources. Network interfaces are essential for modern communication systems, providing a means of transmitting and receiving data over a variety of communication channels and protocols.

Some common types of network interfaces include Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular network interfaces. Ethernet is a wired network interface that uses twisted-pair cables to transmit data over local area networks (LANs). Wi-Fi is a wireless network interface that uses radio waves to transmit data over wireless local area networks (WLANs). Bluetooth is a short-range wireless network interface that is used for connecting peripheral devices such as keyboards and headphones to computers and mobile devices. Cellular network interfaces are used for mobile communications over cellular networks, providing internet connectivity and voice communication.

Network interfaces use various protocols and standards to ensure reliable and efficient data transmission. These protocols include TCP/IP, which is used for internet communication, and IEEE 802.11, which is used for wireless LANs. Network interfaces also use techniques such as packet framing, error correction, and flow control to ensure that data is transmitted accurately and efficiently.

In addition to providing a means of data transmission, network interfaces also enable devices to access shared resources such as printers and file servers. They also enable devices to communicate with each other, allowing for collaboration and information sharing.