GULL WING Zener Diodes 2,400+

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Part	Manufacturer	Diode Type	Terminal Position	Terminal Form	No. of Terminals	Surface Mount	Package Shape	Package Body Material	Working Test Current	Config	Maximum Voltage Temperature Coefficient	Nominal Reference Voltage	Maximum Forward Voltage (VF)	Technology	Maximum Reverse Current	No. of Elements	Reverse Test Voltage	Package Style (Meter)	Sub-Category	Maximum Voltage Tolerance	Maximum Knee Impedance	Maximum Operating Temperature	Maximum Dynamic Impedance	Minimum Operating Temperature	Terminal Finish	JESD-30 Code	Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL)	Polarity	Qualification	Maximum Power Dissipation	Additional Features	JEDEC-95 Code	JESD-609 Code	Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s)	Peak Reflow Temperature (C)	Diode Element Material	Reference Standard
BZX84B10-V-GS08	Vishay Intertechnology	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	5 mA	SINGLE		10 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	2 %		150 Cel	20 ohm		MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.3 W			e3			SILICON	AEC-Q101
BZX84B10VLT116	ROHM	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	5 mA	SINGLE	8 mV/Cel	10 V		ZENER	.2 uA	1	7 V	SMALL OUTLINE		2 %		150 Cel	20 ohm			R-PDSO-G3		UNIDIRECTIONAL		.25 W	HIGH RELIABILITY			NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	SILICON
BZX84B10VLYT116	ROHM	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	5 mA	SINGLE	8 mV/Cel	10 V		ZENER	.2 uA	1	7 V	SMALL OUTLINE		2 %		150 Cel	20 ohm		TIN	R-PDSO-G3		UNIDIRECTIONAL		.25 W	HIGH RELIABILITY		e3			SILICON
BZX84B3V3-E3-08	Vishay Intertechnology	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	5 mA	SINGLE	-.3 mV/Cel	3.3 V		ZENER	5 uA	1	1 V	SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	2 %	600 ohm	150 Cel	95 ohm	-55 Cel	MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL		.5 W			e3			SILICON
BZX84B3V3-HE3-08	Vishay Intertechnology	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	5 mA	SINGLE		3.3 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	2 %		150 Cel	95 ohm		MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL		.3 W			e3			SILICON	AEC-Q101
BZX84B3V9-7-F	Diodes Incorporated	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	5 mA	SINGLE	0 mV/Cel	3.9 V	.9 V	ZENER	3 uA	1	1 V	SMALL OUTLINE		2 %	600 ohm	150 Cel	90 ohm	-65 Cel	MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL		.35 W			e3	30	260	SILICON
BZX84B3V9-E3-08	Vishay Intertechnology	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	5 mA	SINGLE	-.3 mV/Cel	3.9 V		ZENER	3 uA	1	1 V	SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	2 %	600 ohm	150 Cel	90 ohm	-55 Cel	MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL		.5 W			e3			SILICON
BZX84B3V9-E3-18	Vishay Intertechnology	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	5 mA	SINGLE	-.3 mV/Cel	3.9 V		ZENER	3 uA	1	1 V	SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	2 %	600 ohm	150 Cel	90 ohm	-55 Cel	MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL		.5 W			e3			SILICON
BZX84B3V9-G3-08	Vishay Intertechnology	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	5 mA	SINGLE		3.9 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE		2 %		150 Cel			MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL		.3 W			e3			SILICON
BZX84B3V9-G3-18	Vishay Intertechnology	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	5 mA	SINGLE		3.9 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE		2 %		150 Cel			MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL		.3 W			e3			SILICON
BZX84B3V9-HE3-08	Vishay Intertechnology	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	5 mA	SINGLE		3.9 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	2 %		150 Cel	90 ohm		Matte Tin (Sn)	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL		.3 W			e3	10	260	SILICON	AEC-Q101
BZX84B3V9-HE3-18	Vishay Intertechnology	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	5 mA	SINGLE		3.9 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	2 %		150 Cel	90 ohm		Matte Tin (Sn)	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL		.3 W			e3	10	260	SILICON	AEC-Q101
BZX84B3V9Q-7-F	Diodes Incorporated	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	5 mA	SINGLE	0 mV/Cel	3.9 V	.9 V	ZENER	3 uA	1	1 V	SMALL OUTLINE		2 %	600 ohm	150 Cel	90 ohm	-65 Cel	MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL		.35 W	HIGH RELIABILITY		e3	30	260	SILICON	AEC-Q101
BZX84B7V5-GS08	Vishay Semiconductors	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	5 mA	SINGLE		7.5 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE		2 %					MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.3 W			e3			SILICON
BZX84C10LT1	Onsemi	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	5 mA	SINGLE		10 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	6 %		150 Cel	20 ohm	-65 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.225 W		TO-236AB	e0	30	235	SILICON	UL RECOGNIZED
BZX84C22-7-F	Diodes Incorporated	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	5 mA	SINGLE		22 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	5.67 %		150 Cel	55 ohm	-65 Cel	MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.35 W	HIGH RELIABILITY		e3	30	260	SILICON
BZX84C2V4LYT116	ROHM	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	5 mA	SINGLE	0 mV/Cel	2.4 V		ZENER	50 uA	1	1 V	SMALL OUTLINE		8.33 %		150 Cel	100 ohm		TIN	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL		.25 W	HIGH RELIABILITY		e3			SILICON
BZX84C3V3-V	Vishay Intertechnology	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	5 mA	SINGLE		3.3 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE		5 %		150 Cel			MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.3 W			e3			SILICON
BZX84C6V2LYFHT116	ROHM	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	5 mA	SINGLE	3.8 mV/Cel	6.2 V		ZENER	3 uA	1	4 V	SMALL OUTLINE		6.45 %		150 Cel	10 ohm		TIN	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL		.25 W	HIGH RELIABILITY		e3			SILICON	AEC-Q101
BZX84C6V2S-7-F	Diodes Incorporated	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	6	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	5 mA	SEPARATE, 2 ELEMENTS		6.2 V		ZENER		2		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	6.45 %		150 Cel	10 ohm	-65 Cel	MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G6	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.2 W			e3	30	260	SILICON
CMPZDA47VTR	Central Semiconductor	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	2 mA	COMMON ANODE, 2 ELEMENTS		47 V		ZENER		2		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	6.38 %		175 Cel	170 ohm	-65 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn80Pb20)	R-PDSO-G3		UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.35 W			e0			SILICON
DDZ9692-7	Diodes Incorporated	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	2	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	.05 mA	SINGLE		6.8 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	5 %		150 Cel		-65 Cel	MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G2	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.5 W			e3	30	260	SILICON
DDZ9V1CS-7	Diodes Incorporated	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	2	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	20 mA	SINGLE		9.1 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	2.59 %		150 Cel	8 ohm	-65 Cel	MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G2	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.2 W			e3	30	260	SILICON
DZ23C15-7-F	Diodes Incorporated	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	5 mA	COMMON CATHODE, 2 ELEMENTS		15 V		ZENER		2		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	6.12 %		150 Cel	30 ohm	-65 Cel	MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.3 W	HIGH RELIABILITY		e3	30	260	SILICON
MM3Z30VT1	Onsemi	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	2	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	2 mA	SINGLE		30 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	6.67 %		150 Cel	80 ohm		TIN LEAD	R-PDSO-G2	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.2 W			e0		235	SILICON	UL RECOGNIZED
MMBZ27VDA-HE3-08	Vishay Intertechnology	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	1 mA	COMMON ANODE, 2 ELEMENTS		27 V		ZENER		2		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	5 %		150 Cel		-55 Cel	MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G3	1	BIDIRECTIONAL		.225 W			e3			SILICON	AEC-Q101
MMBZ5223B-7-F	Diodes Incorporated	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	20 mA	SINGLE		2.7 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	4.99 %		150 Cel	30 ohm	-65 Cel	Matte Tin (Sn)	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.35 W	HIGH RELIABILITY		e3	40	260	SILICON
MMBZ5230B-7-F	Diodes Incorporated	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	20 mA	SINGLE		4.7 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	4.99 %		150 Cel	19 ohm	-65 Cel	MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.35 W	HIGH RELIABILITY		e3	40	260	SILICON
MMBZ5246BLT1G	Onsemi	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	7.8 mA	SINGLE		16 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	5 %		150 Cel	17 ohm	-65 Cel	MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.225 W		TO-236AB	e3	30	260	SILICON
MMBZ5258B	Vishay Intertechnology	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	3.4 mA	SINGLE		36 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	5 %		150 Cel	70 ohm		MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G3		UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.225 W		TO-236AB	e3			SILICON
MMBZ5258B-7-F	Diodes Incorporated	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	3.4 mA	SINGLE		36 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	5 %		150 Cel	70 ohm	-65 Cel	MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.35 W	HIGH RELIABILITY		e3	30	260	SILICON
MMBZ5258B-E3-08	Vishay Intertechnology	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	3.4 mA	SINGLE		36 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	5 %		150 Cel	70 ohm	-55 Cel	Matte Tin (Sn)	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL		.225 W			e3	10	260	SILICON
MMBZ5258B-TP	Micro Commercial Components	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	3.4 mA	SINGLE		36 V	1.2 V	ZENER	.0001 uA	1	27 V	SMALL OUTLINE		5 %	700 ohm	150 Cel	70 ohm	-55 Cel	MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.35 W			e3	10	260	SILICON
MMBZ5258BLT1G	Onsemi	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	3.4 mA	SINGLE		36 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	5 %		150 Cel	70 ohm	-65 Cel	MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.225 W		TO-236AB	e3	30	260	SILICON
MMBZ5258BT-7-F	Diodes Incorporated	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	3.4 mA	SINGLE		36 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	5 %		150 Cel	70 ohm	-65 Cel	MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.15 W			e3	30	260	SILICON
MMBZ5258BTS-7-F	Diodes Incorporated	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	6	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	3.4 mA	SEPARATE, 3 ELEMENTS		36 V	.9 V	ZENER	.1 uA	3	27 V	SMALL OUTLINE	Other Diodes	5 %		150 Cel		-65 Cel	MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G6	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.2 W	HIGH RELIABILITY		e3	30	260	SILICON
MMBZ5258BW-7-F	Diodes Incorporated	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	3	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	3.4 mA	SINGLE		36 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	5 %		150 Cel	70 ohm	-65 Cel	MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G3	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.2 W	HIGH RELIABILITY		e3	30	260	SILICON
MMSZ27T1G	Onsemi	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	2	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	2 mA	SINGLE		27 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	5 %		150 Cel	80 ohm	-55 Cel	MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G2	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.5 W			e3	30	260	SILICON	UL RECOGNIZED
MMSZ4688-TP	Micro Commercial Components	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	2	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	.05 mA	SINGLE		4.7 V		ZENER	.01 uA	1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	5 %		150 Cel			MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G2	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.5 W	HIGH RELIABILITY		e3	10	260	SILICON
MMSZ4691-E3-08	Vishay Intertechnology	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	2	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	.05 mA	SINGLE		6.2 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	5 %		150 Cel		-55 Cel	Matte Tin (Sn)	R-PDSO-G2	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL		.5 W			e3	10	260	SILICON
MMSZ4697-HE3-18	Vishay Intertechnology	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	2	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	.05 mA	SINGLE		10 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	5 %		150 Cel		-55 Cel	Matte Tin (Sn)	R-PDSO-G2	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL		.5 W			e3	10	260	SILICON	AEC-Q101
MMSZ4698-TP	Micro Commercial Components	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	2	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	.05 mA	SINGLE		11 V		ZENER	.00005 uA	1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	5 %		150 Cel			MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G2	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.5 W	HIGH RELIABILITY		e3	10	260	SILICON
MMSZ4708T1G	Onsemi	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	2	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	.05 mA	SINGLE		22 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	5 %		150 Cel		-55 Cel	MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G2	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.5 W			e3	30	260	SILICON
MMSZ5231B-G3-08	Vishay Intertechnology	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	2	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	20 mA	SINGLE		5.1 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	5 %		150 Cel	17 ohm	-55 Cel	MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G2	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL		.5 W			e3			SILICON	AEC-Q101
MMSZ5231B-HE3-08	Vishay Intertechnology	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	2	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	20 mA	SINGLE		5.1 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	5 %		150 Cel	17 ohm	-55 Cel	MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G2	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL		.5 W			e3			SILICON	AEC-Q101
MMSZ5231B_R1_00001	Panjit International	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	2	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	20 mA	SINGLE		5.1 V		ZENER	5 uA	1		SMALL OUTLINE		5 %		150 Cel		-55 Cel	TIN	R-PDSO-G2		UNIDIRECTIONAL		.5 W			e3			SILICON
MMSZ5236B-T1	Sangdest Microelectronics (Nanjing)	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	2	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	20 mA	SINGLE		7.5 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE		5 %						R-PDSO-G2	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.5 W						SILICON
MMSZ5236BS-7-F	Diodes Incorporated	ZENER DIODE	DUAL	GULL WING	2	YES	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	20 mA	SINGLE		7.5 V		ZENER		1		SMALL OUTLINE	Voltage Reference Diodes	5 %		150 Cel	6 ohm	-65 Cel	MATTE TIN	R-PDSO-G2	1	UNIDIRECTIONAL	Not Qualified	.2 W			e3	30	260	SILICON

Zener Diodes

Zener diodes are electronic components that are designed to operate in the reverse breakdown region of their P-N junction, providing a stable and predictable voltage output. They are commonly used in electronic circuits as voltage regulators, voltage references, and surge protectors.

Zener diodes operate based on the properties of their P-N junction, which is designed to have a narrow depletion region and a low breakdown voltage. When a reverse voltage is applied to the diode, the depletion region widens, allowing a small reverse current to flow. As the voltage across the diode increases, the reverse current increases exponentially, maintaining a stable voltage across the diode.

Zener diodes offer several advantages over other types of voltage regulators, such as simplicity, low cost, and high efficiency. They do not require any external components, such as capacitors or inductors, and they can provide a stable output voltage over a wide range of input voltages and temperatures.

Zener diodes are commonly used in electronic circuits that require a stable voltage source, such as power supplies, battery chargers, and voltage regulators. They come in different package sizes and voltage ratings, depending on the application and the required performance.