INTERFACE CIRCUIT Other Function Interface ICs 2,400+

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Part RoHS Manufacturer Interface IC Type Temperature Grade Terminal Form No. of Terminals Package Code Package Shape Total Dose (V) Package Body Material Display Mode Surface Mount Maximum Supply Voltage Maximum Output Current No. of Functions No. of Channels Technology Screening Level No. of Bits Built-in Protections Interface Standard Maximum Supply Current No. of Digits/Characters Output Latch/Register Nominal Supply Voltage Maximum Supply Voltage-1 Turn-on Time Power Supplies (V) Nominal Negative Supply Voltage Maximum Delay Package Style (Meter) Package Equivalence Code No. of Segments Minimum Supply Voltage-1 No. of Backplanes Sub-Category Minimum Supply Voltage Terminal Pitch Maximum Operating Temperature Nominal Supply Voltage-1 Output Characteristics Minimum Operating Temperature Driver No. of Bits Terminal Finish Terminal Position JESD-30 Code Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) Maximum Seated Height Nominal Output Peak Current Limit Width Turn-off Time Qualification Output Polarity Additional Features JESD-609 Code Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s) Peak Reflow Temperature (C) Length Maximum Receive Delay

TCA9803DGKT

Texas Instruments

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

8

TSSOP

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

3.6 V

1

1.8 V

3.6 V

SMALL OUTLINE, THIN PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

TSSOP8,.25

1.65 V

.8 V

.65 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Nickel/Palladium/Gold/Silver (Ni/Pd/Au/Ag)

DUAL

S-PDSO-G8

1

1.1 mm

3 mm

ALSO HAVE 1.65 MIN INPUT

e4

30

260

3 mm

TJA1080ATS/2

NXP Semiconductors

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

20

SSOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.25 V

1

5 V

SMALL OUTLINE, SHRINK PITCH

4.75 V

.65 mm

DUAL

R-PDSO-G20

2 mm

5.3 mm

Not Qualified

7.2 mm

TLE9221SXXUMA1

Infineon Technologies

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

TPS25810ATWRVCRQ1

Texas Instruments

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

AUTOMOTIVE

NO LEAD

20

HVQCCN

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

6.5 V

1

AEC-Q100

5 V

CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

4.5 V

.5 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

QUAD

R-PQCC-N20

2

.8 mm

3 mm

ALSO HAVE 6.5 MAX INPUT

e3

30

260

4 mm

TPS65193RGER

Texas Instruments

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

NO LEAD

24

HVQCCN

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

35 V

2

30 V

-10,30

-10 V

CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

LCC24,.16SQ,20

Other Interface ICs

15 V

.5 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

QUAD

S-PQCC-N24

2

1 mm

4 mm

Not Qualified

e4

30

260

4 mm

TUSB1004IRNQR

Texas Instruments

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

NO LEAD

40

QCCN

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

3.6 V

4

4

3.3 V

CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG

3 V

.4 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD

QUAD

R-PQCC-N40

1

.8 mm

4 mm

e4

260

6 mm

UJA1169TK/3

NXP Semiconductors

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

UJA1169TK/F/3

NXP Semiconductors

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

UJA1169TK/FZ

NXP Semiconductors

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

NO LEAD

20

HVSON

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

28 V

1

AEC-Q100

13 V

SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

2.8 V

.5 mm

NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD SILVER

DUAL

R-PDSO-N20

1

1 mm

3.5 mm

e4

30

260

5.5 mm

XISO6720BQDRQ1

Texas Instruments

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

2

AEC-Q100

1.8 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1.75 mm

3.895 mm

ALSO REQUIRE SUPPLY FROM 2.25V TO 5.5V

4.905 mm

XISO6720FBQDRQ1

Texas Instruments

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

2

AEC-Q100

1.8 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP8,.25

1.71 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1.75 mm

3.895 mm

ALSO REQUIRE SUPPLY FROM 2.25V TO 5.5V

4.905 mm

750-8214

Wago

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

UNSPECIFIED

XMA

RECTANGULAR

UNSPECIFIED

NO

31.2 V

1

24 V

MICROELECTRONIC ASSEMBLY

18 V

55 Cel

0 Cel

UNSPECIFIED

R-XXMA-X

ABE7CPA412

Schneider Electric Sa

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

UNSPECIFIED

XMA

RECTANGULAR

UNSPECIFIED

NO

1

MICROELECTRONIC ASSEMBLY

60 Cel

0 Cel

UNSPECIFIED

R-XXMA-X

70 mm

67 mm

83 mm

AD9985AKSTZ-140

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

80

LQFP

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

3.45 V

1

3.3 V

FLATPACK, LOW PROFILE

3.15 V

.65 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

MATTE TIN

QUAD

S-PQFP-G80

3

1.6 mm

14 mm

Not Qualified

e3

260

14 mm

ADN2525ACPZ-R2

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

NO LEAD

16

HVQCCN

SQUARE

UNSPECIFIED

YES

3.53 V

1

3.3 V

3.3

CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

LCC16,.12SQ,20

Display Drivers

3.07 V

.5 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

QUAD

S-XQCC-N16

3

.9 mm

3 mm

Not Qualified

e3

260

3 mm

ADN2530YCPZ-500R7

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

NO LEAD

16

HVQCCN

SQUARE

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

3.53 V

1

3.3 V

CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

3.07 V

.5 mm

100 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

QUAD

S-PQCC-N16

3

.9 mm

3 mm

Not Qualified

e3

260

3 mm

ADN2530YCPZ-R2

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

NO LEAD

16

HVQCCN

SQUARE

UNSPECIFIED

YES

3.53 V

1

3.3 V

3.3

CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

LCC16,.12SQ,20

Display Drivers

3.07 V

.5 mm

100 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

QUAD

S-XQCC-N16

3

.9 mm

3 mm

Not Qualified

e3

260

3 mm

ADN2531ACPZ-WP

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

NO LEAD

16

HVQCCN

SQUARE

UNSPECIFIED

YES

3.6 V

1

3.3 V

3.3

CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE

LCC16,.12SQ,20

Display Drivers

3 V

.5 mm

100 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

QUAD

S-XQCC-N16

1

.9 mm

3 mm

Not Qualified

e3

3 mm

ADUM1246ARSZ

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

20

SSOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

3.6 V

2

CMOS

2.5 V

SMALL OUTLINE, SHRINK PITCH

SSOP20,.3

2.25 V

.65 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G20

3

2 mm

5.3 mm

e3

30

260

7.2 mm

ADUM1300CRWZ

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

3

CMOS

EIA-232; EIA-422; EIA-485

3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

2.7 V

1.27 mm

105 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

1

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

Not Qualified

e3

30

260

10.3 mm

ADUM1301WSRWZ35-RL

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

CMOS

5 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

3 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

10.3 mm

ADUM1301WSRWZ53

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

3.6 V

1

3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

3 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

10.3 mm

ADUM1301WSRWZ53-RL

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

3.6 V

1

3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

3 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

10.3 mm

ADUM130E0BRZ-RL7

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

3

CMOS

1.8 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.25

1.7 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

3

1.55 mm

3.9 mm

ALSO OPERATES AT 2.5V, 3.3V, 5V NOMINAL SUPPLY

e3

30

260

9.9 mm

ADUM131D0BRZ-RL7

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

3

CMOS

1.8 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.25

1.7 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

3

1.55 mm

3.9 mm

ALSO OPERATES AT 2.5V, 3.3V, 5V NOMINAL SUPPLY

e3

30

260

9.9 mm

ADUM1402ARW

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

4

CMOS

EIA-232; EIA-422; EIA-485

3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

2.7 V

1.27 mm

105 Cel

-40 Cel

TIN LEAD

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

e0

30

220

10.3 mm

ADUM1402ARW-RL

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

4

CMOS

EIA-232; EIA-422; EIA-485

3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

2.7 V

1.27 mm

105 Cel

-40 Cel

TIN LEAD

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

e0

10.3 mm

ADUM1412BRWZ-RL

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

CMOS

3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.4

2.7 V

1.27 mm

105 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

1

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

Not Qualified

e3

30

260

10.3 mm

ADUM162N1BRZ

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

6

CMOS

1.8 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP16,.25

1.7 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

1.55 mm

3.9 mm

ALSO OPERATES AT 2.5V, 3.3V, 5V NOMINAL SUPPLY

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

9.9 mm

ADUM2211SRIZ-RL

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

CMOS

5 V

SMALL OUTLINE

3 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

3

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

e3

30

260

12.8 mm

ADUM3400CRWZ-RL

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

CMOS

3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

2.7 V

1.27 mm

105 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

1

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

Not Qualified

e3

30

260

10.3 mm

ADUM3470ARSZ

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

20

SSOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

3.6 V

1

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE, SHRINK PITCH

3 V

.65 mm

105 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G20

1

2 mm

5.3 mm

Not Qualified

e3

7.2 mm

ADUM3473CRSZ

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

20

SSOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

3.6 V

1

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE, SHRINK PITCH

3 V

.65 mm

105 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G20

1

2 mm

5.3 mm

Not Qualified

e3

30

260

7.2 mm

ADUM3481BRSZ-RL7

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

20

SSOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

CMOS

3 V

SMALL OUTLINE, SHRINK PITCH

1.8 V

.65 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G20

1

2 mm

5.3 mm

e3

260

7.2 mm

ADUM4150ARIZ-RL

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

20

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

3.6 V

1

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

3 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G20

3

2.64 mm

7.5 mm

ALSO OPERATE WITH 4.5 TO 5.5V SUPPLY

e3

30

260

15.4 mm

ADUM4151ARIZ-RL

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

AUTOMOTIVE

GULL WING

20

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

3.6 V

1

DMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

SOP20,.4

3 V

1.27 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G20

3

2.64 mm

7.5 mm

ALSO OPERATES AT 5V SUPPLY

e3

30

260

15.4 mm

ADUM4402BRIZ

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

CMOS

3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

2.7 V

1.27 mm

105 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

3

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

e3

30

260

12.8 mm

ADUM5240ARZ-RL7

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

5 V

SMALL OUTLINE

4.5 V

1.27 mm

105 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

Not Qualified

e3

30

260

4.9 mm

ADUM6420ABRNZ3

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

28

SSOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

3.6 V

1

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE, SHRINK PITCH

SSOP28,.4

3 V

.65 mm

125 Cel

-40 Cel

DUAL

R-PDSO-G28

2.65 mm

7.5 mm

10.3 mm

ADUM7241CRZ

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

CMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

3 V

1.27 mm

105 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

e3

30

260

4.9 mm

ADUM7241CRZ-RL7

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

8

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

CMOS

3.3 V

SMALL OUTLINE

3 V

1.27 mm

105 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G8

1

1.75 mm

3.9 mm

e3

30

260

4.9 mm

ADUM7643CRQZ-RL7

Analog Devices

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

20

SSOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

3.3 V

5.5 V

SMALL OUTLINE, SHRINK PITCH

3 V

3 V

.64 mm

105 Cel

3.3 V

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G20

1

1.75 mm

3.91 mm

e3

30

260

8.66 mm

BTS5482SFXUMA2

Infineon Technologies

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

GULL WING

36

SSOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

AEC-Q100

4.3 V

17 V

SMALL OUTLINE, SHRINK PITCH

8 V

3 V

.65 mm

13.5 V

TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G36

3

2.65 mm

7.6 mm

e3

12.8 mm

DRV2604YZFT

Texas Instruments

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

BALL

9

VFBGA

SQUARE

UNSPECIFIED

YES

5.5 V

1

3.6 V

GRID ARRAY, VERY THIN PROFILE, FINE PITCH

2.5 V

.5 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

TIN SILVER COPPER

BOTTOM

S-XBGA-B9

1

.625 mm

1.44 mm

e1

30

260

1.44 mm

EL6204CWZ-T7A

Renesas Electronics

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

COMMERCIAL

GULL WING

6

LSSOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

5 V

5

SMALL OUTLINE, LOW PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH

TSOP6,.11,37

Display Drivers

4.5 V

.95 mm

70 Cel

0 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDSO-G6

2

1.45 mm

1.6 mm

Not Qualified

e3

30

260

2.9 mm

HCTL-2001-A00

Broadcom

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

THROUGH-HOLE

16

DIP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

NO

5.5 V

1

CMOS

5 V

5

IN-LINE

DIP16,.3

Other Interface ICs

4.5 V

2.54 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

MATTE TIN

DUAL

R-PDIP-T16

1

4.45 mm

7.62 mm

Not Qualified

e3

26.162 mm

HI-8420PSI

Holt Integrated Circuits

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

CMOS

5 V

SMALL OUTLINE

4.5 V

1.27 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

1

1.727 mm

3.87 mm

Not Qualified

e0

30

245

9.9 mm

HI-8420PSIF

Holt Integrated Circuits

INTERFACE CIRCUIT

INDUSTRIAL

GULL WING

16

SOP

RECTANGULAR

PLASTIC/EPOXY

YES

5.5 V

1

CMOS

5 V

SMALL OUTLINE

4.5 V

1.27 mm

85 Cel

-40 Cel

Matte Tin (Sn)

DUAL

R-PDSO-G16

1

1.727 mm

3.87 mm

Not Qualified

e3

40

260

9.9 mm

Other Function Interface ICs

Other function interface ICs are electronic components that provide specific functions for interfacing different devices in electronic systems. They are designed to facilitate the exchange of data and signals between various components of the system.

Other function interface ICs can be classified into several types based on their specific functions and applications. Some of the most common types of interface ICs include:

1. Voltage level translators - These ICs are used to convert voltage levels between different devices in electronic systems, ensuring that signals are compatible and can be correctly interpreted.

2. Real-time clock (RTC) ICs - These ICs are used to keep track of time and date in electronic systems, and they typically include a battery backup to ensure that the clock remains accurate even if the main power supply is lost.

3. Touchscreen controllers - These ICs are used to interface with touchscreens and enable touch-based input in electronic systems.

Other function interface ICs can also include USB controllers, Ethernet controllers, and Bluetooth controllers, among other components. They are typically characterized by their data rate, power consumption, and specific functions.