COMMERCIAL Latches & Flip-Flops 2,400+

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Part	Manufacturer	Logic IC Type	Temperature Grade	Terminal Form	No. of Terminals	Package Code	Package Shape	Package Body Material	Surface Mount	No. of Functions	Maximum Frequency At Nominal Supply	Technology	No. of Bits	Packing Method	Nominal Supply Voltage / Vsup (V)	Power Supplies (V)	Load Capacitance (CL)	Package Style (Meter)	Package Equivalence Code	Propagation Delay (tpd)	Maximum I (ol)	Sub-Category	Terminal Pitch	Maximum Operating Temperature	Output Characteristics	Trigger Type	Terminal Finish	Terminal Position	Minimum fmax	JESD-30 Code	Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL)	Maximum Supply Voltage (Vsup)	Maximum Seated Height	Width	Qualification	Output Polarity	Minimum Supply Voltage (Vsup)	Maximum Power Supply Current (ICC)	Additional Features	JESD-609 Code	Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s)	Peak Reflow Temperature (C)	Length	Family
SN74H74J	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED	NO	2		TTL	1		5		25 pF	IN-LINE	DIP14,.3	20 ns		FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel		POSITIVE EDGE		DUAL	35 MHz	R-GDIP-T14		5.25 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	COMPLEMENTARY	4.75 V	25 mA			NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	19.56 mm	TTL/H/L
SN74LS379J-00	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED	NO	1		TTL	4		5		15 pF	IN-LINE		27 ns			2.54 mm	70 Cel		POSITIVE EDGE		DUAL	30 MHz	R-GDIP-T16		5.25 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	COMPLEMENTARY	4.75 V	15 mA	WITH HOLD MODE				19.56 mm	LS
SN74L77T-04	Texas Instruments	D LATCH	COMMERCIAL	FLAT	14	DFP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED	YES	2		TTL	2		5		15 pF	FLATPACK		30 ns			1.27 mm	70 Cel		HIGH LEVEL		DUAL		R-GDFP-F14		5.25 V		3.683 mm	Not Qualified	TRUE	4.75 V	27 mA					6.48 mm	TTL/H/L
SN74LS377DW3	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	20	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	8		TTL			5	5		SMALL OUTLINE	SOP20,.4			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		POSITIVE EDGE		DUAL		R-PDSO-G20
SN74ALS534FN3	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	20	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	8		TTL			5	5		CHIP CARRIER	LDCC20,.4SQ			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel	3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE		QUAD		S-PQCC-J20
SN74276DW	Texas Instruments	J-KBAR FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	20	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1		TTL	4		5			SMALL OUTLINE		30 ns			1.27 mm	70 Cel		NEGATIVE EDGE		DUAL	35 MHz	R-PDSO-G20		5.25 V	2.65 mm	7.5 mm	Not Qualified	TRUE	4.75 V		SEPARATE CLOCK FOR EACH BIT				12.8 mm	TTL/H/L
SN74F112D-00	Texas Instruments	J-K FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2		TTL	2		5			SMALL OUTLINE		7.5 ns			1.27 mm	70 Cel		NEGATIVE EDGE		DUAL	130 MHz	R-PDSO-G16		5.5 V	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	COMPLEMENTARY	4.5 V						9.9 mm	F/FAST
SN74LS78AN-10	Texas Instruments	J-K FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	1		TTL	2		5		15 pF	IN-LINE		20 ns			2.54 mm	70 Cel		NEGATIVE EDGE		DUAL	30 MHz	R-PDIP-T14		5.25 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	COMPLEMENTARY	4.75 V	6 mA	WITH INDIVIDUAL SET INPUTS				19.305 mm	LS
SN74S174FN3	Texas Instruments	JBAR-KBAR FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	20	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	6		TTL			5	5		CHIP CARRIER	LDCC20,.4SQ			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		POSITIVE EDGE		QUAD		S-PQCC-J20											NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
SN74LS259N3	Texas Instruments	D LATCH	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	1		TTL	8		5	5		IN-LINE	DIP16,.3		8 Amp	FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel				DUAL		R-PDIP-T16								36 mA
SN74F377D-00	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	20	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1		TTL	8		5			SMALL OUTLINE						70 Cel		POSITIVE EDGE		DUAL	125 MHz	R-PDSO-G20		5.5 V			Not Qualified	TRUE	4.5 V		WITH HOLD MODE					F/FAST
SN74AS29822DW3	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	24	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	10		TTL						SMALL OUTLINE	SOP24,.4			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel	3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE		DUAL		R-PDSO-G24											NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
SN74ALS580NP1	Texas Instruments	D LATCH	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	20	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	1		TTL	8		5	5		IN-LINE	DIP20,.3			FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel	3-STATE			DUAL		R-PDIP-T20					Not Qualified
SN74LS73AN-00	Texas Instruments	J-K FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	2		TTL	2		5		15 pF	IN-LINE		20 ns			2.54 mm	70 Cel		NEGATIVE EDGE		DUAL	30 MHz	R-PDIP-T14		5.25 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	COMPLEMENTARY	4.75 V	6 mA	MASTER SLAVE OPERATION				19.305 mm	LS
SN74ALS29821DWP3	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	24	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	10		TTL						SMALL OUTLINE	SOP24,.4			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel	3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE		DUAL		R-PDSO-G24
SN74ALS259NP1	Texas Instruments	D LATCH	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	1		TTL	8		5	5		IN-LINE	DIP16,.3			FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel				DUAL		R-PDIP-T16					Not Qualified
SN74276N1	Texas Instruments	J-K FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	20	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	4		TTL						IN-LINE	DIP20,.3			FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel		NEGATIVE EDGE		DUAL		R-PDIP-T20					Not Qualified
SN74F379N-10	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	1		TTL	4		5			IN-LINE		9.5 ns			2.54 mm	70 Cel		POSITIVE EDGE		DUAL	140 MHz	R-PDIP-T16		5.5 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	COMPLEMENTARY	4.5 V		WITH HOLD MODE				19.305 mm	F/FAST
SN74ALS841NTP3	Texas Instruments	D LATCH	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	24	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	1		TTL	10					IN-LINE	DIP24,.3		24 Amp	FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel	3-STATE			DUAL		R-PDIP-T24
SN74ALS574FN3	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	20	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	8		TTL			5	5		CHIP CARRIER	LDCC20,.4SQ			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel	3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE		QUAD		S-PQCC-J20
SN74AS373NP3	Texas Instruments	D LATCH	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	20	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	1		TTL	8		5	5		IN-LINE	DIP20,.3		48 Amp	FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel	3-STATE			DUAL		R-PDIP-T20								100 mA
SN74AS74N1	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	2		TTL			5	5		IN-LINE	DIP14,.3			FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel		POSITIVE EDGE		DUAL		R-PDIP-T14					Not Qualified
SN74ALS29824DW3	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	24	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	9		TTL			5	5		SMALL OUTLINE	SOP24,.4			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel	3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE		DUAL		R-PDSO-G24
SN74AS174DG4	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1		TTL	6	TUBE	5			SMALL OUTLINE	SOP16,.25	10 ns		FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		POSITIVE EDGE	NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	100 MHz	R-PDSO-G16	2	5.5 V	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	TRUE	4.5 V			e4	30	260	9.9 mm	AS
SN74H101N1	Texas Instruments	J-K FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	1		TTL						IN-LINE	DIP14,.3			FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel		NEGATIVE EDGE		DUAL		R-PDIP-T14					Not Qualified
SN74LS73ANP1	Texas Instruments	J-K FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	2		TTL			5	5		IN-LINE	DIP14,.3			FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel		NEGATIVE EDGE		DUAL		R-PDIP-T14					Not Qualified
SN74273J	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	20	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED	NO	1	25000000 Hz	TTL	8		5		15 pF	IN-LINE	DIP20,.3	27 ns	16 Amp	FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel		POSITIVE EDGE		DUAL	30 MHz	R-GDIP-T20		5.25 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	TRUE	4.75 V	94 mA			NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	24.195 mm	TTL/H/L
SN74LS606JDP4	Texas Instruments	JBAR-KBAR FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	28	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC	NO	8		TTL						IN-LINE	DIP28,.6			FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel	3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE		DUAL		R-XDIP-T28											NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
SN74SSTV32852GKFR	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	BALL	114	LFBGA	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	200000000 Hz	TTL	24	TR	2.5	2.5		GRID ARRAY, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH	BGA114,6X19,32	3.1 ns	20 Amp	Other Logic ICs	.8 mm	70 Cel	3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE	TIN LEAD	BOTTOM	200 MHz	R-PBGA-B114	3	2.7 V	1.4 mm	5.5 mm	Not Qualified	TRUE	2.3 V			e0	20	220	16 mm	SSTV
SN74111J-00	Texas Instruments	J-K FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED	NO	2		TTL	2		5		15 pF	IN-LINE		30 ns			2.54 mm	70 Cel		NEGATIVE EDGE		DUAL	20 MHz	R-GDIP-T16		5.25 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	COMPLEMENTARY	4.75 V	20.5 mA	MASTER SLAVE OPERATION WITH LOCKOUT				19.56 mm	TTL/H/L
SN74LS377DWRE4	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	20	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	30000000 Hz	TTL	8	TR	5	5	15 pF	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP20,.4	27 ns	8 Amp	FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		POSITIVE EDGE	NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	30 MHz	R-PDSO-G20	1	5.25 V	2.65 mm	7.5 mm	Not Qualified	TRUE	4.75 V	28 mA	WITH HOLD MODE	e4	30	260	12.8 mm	LS
SN74ALS874FN	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2		TTL			5	5		CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel	3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE		QUAD		S-PQCC-J28					Not Qualified
SN74S74NSR	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	14	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2	75000000 Hz	TTL	1	TR	5	5	15 pF	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP14,.3	9 ns	20 Amp	FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		POSITIVE EDGE	NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	75 MHz	R-PDSO-G14	1	5.25 V	2 mm	5.3 mm	Not Qualified	COMPLEMENTARY	4.75 V	25 mA		e4	30	260	10.2 mm	S
SN74LS78N	Texas Instruments	JBAR-KBAR FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	2		TTL			5	5		IN-LINE	DIP14,.3			FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel		NEGATIVE EDGE		DUAL		R-PDIP-T14					Not Qualified						NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
SN74LS175N1	Texas Instruments	JBAR-KBAR FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	4		TTL			5	5		IN-LINE	DIP16,.3			FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel		POSITIVE EDGE		DUAL		R-PDIP-T16					Not Qualified						NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED
SN74LS279AN1	Texas Instruments	R-S LATCH	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	4		TTL	1		5	5		IN-LINE	DIP16,.3			FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel				DUAL		R-PDIP-T16					Not Qualified
SN74ALS112ANE4	Texas Instruments	J-K FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	16	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	2	30000000 Hz	TTL	2	TUBE	5	5	50 pF	IN-LINE	DIP16,.3	19 ns	8 Amp	FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel		NEGATIVE EDGE	NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	30 MHz	R-PDIP-T16		5.5 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	COMPLEMENTARY	4.5 V	4.5 mA		e4			19.305 mm	ALS
SN74ALS846NTP1	Texas Instruments	D LATCH	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	24	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	1		TTL	8					IN-LINE	DIP24,.3		24 Amp	FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel	3-STATE			DUAL		R-PDIP-T24					Not Qualified
SN74AS174D	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	16	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	100000000 Hz	TTL	6	TUBE	5		50 pF	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP16,.25	10 ns	20 Amp	FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		POSITIVE EDGE	NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	100 MHz	R-PDSO-G16	2	5.5 V	1.75 mm	3.91 mm	Not Qualified	TRUE	4.5 V	45 mA		e4	30	260	9.9 mm	AS
SN74LS107AN1	Texas Instruments	J-K FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	2		TTL			5	5		IN-LINE	DIP14,.3			FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel		MASTER-SLAVE		DUAL		R-PDIP-T14					Not Qualified
SN74ALS990N3	Texas Instruments	D LATCH	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	20	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	1		TTL	8		5	5		IN-LINE	DIP20,.3	26 ns		FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel	3-STATE	HIGH LEVEL		DUAL		R-PDIP-T20		5.5 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	TRUE	4.5 V				NOT SPECIFIED	NOT SPECIFIED	25.4 mm	ALS
SN74LS113AJ-00	Texas Instruments	J-K FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED	NO	2		TTL	2		5		15 pF	IN-LINE		20 ns			2.54 mm	70 Cel		NEGATIVE EDGE		DUAL	30 MHz	R-GDIP-T14		5.25 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	COMPLEMENTARY	4.75 V	6 mA					19.56 mm	LS
SN74ALS876FN	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	28	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2		TTL			5	5		CHIP CARRIER	LDCC28,.5SQ			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		POSITIVE EDGE		QUAD		S-PQCC-J28					Not Qualified
SN74L73J-00	Texas Instruments	J-K FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC, GLASS-SEALED	NO	2		TTL	2		5		50 pF	IN-LINE		150 ns			2.54 mm	70 Cel		NEGATIVE EDGE		DUAL	2.5 MHz	R-GDIP-T14		5.25 V	5.08 mm	7.62 mm	Not Qualified	COMPLEMENTARY	4.75 V	1.44 mA	MASTER SLAVE OPERATION				19.56 mm	TTL/H/L
SN74AS824DWP3	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	24	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	9		TTL						SMALL OUTLINE	SOP24,.4			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel	3-STATE	POSITIVE EDGE		DUAL		R-PDSO-G24
SN74H108N3	Texas Instruments	J-K FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	14	DIP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	2		TTL						IN-LINE	DIP14,.3			FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel		NEGATIVE EDGE		DUAL		R-PDIP-T14
SN74ALS842JT4	Texas Instruments	D LATCH	COMMERCIAL	THROUGH-HOLE	24	DIP	RECTANGULAR	CERAMIC	NO	1		TTL	10					IN-LINE	DIP24,.3		24 Amp	FF/Latches	2.54 mm	70 Cel	3-STATE			DUAL		R-XDIP-T24
SN74ALS174FN	Texas Instruments	D FLIP-FLOP	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	20	QCCJ	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	6		TTL			5	5		CHIP CARRIER	LDCC20,.4SQ			FF/Latches	1.27 mm	70 Cel		POSITIVE EDGE		QUAD		S-PQCC-J20					Not Qualified

Latches & Flip-Flops

Latches and flip-flops are two types of electronic circuits used in digital systems to store and manipulate digital data. They are both sequential logic circuits, meaning that they can store information and use that information to make decisions based on the previous state.

A latch is a type of digital circuit that can hold or "latch" a signal in its current state. It is a simple memory element that can store a single bit of information. A latch can be transparent or opaque, depending on its behavior when the clock signal is active. A transparent latch passes the input signal through to the output when the clock signal is active, while an opaque latch holds the input signal at the output when the clock signal is active.

Flip-flops are similar to latches but are more sophisticated and have additional control inputs. A flip-flop is a digital circuit that can store one bit of information and change its state based on the clock signal and input signals. Flip-flops can be edge-triggered or level-triggered, depending on how they respond to the clock signal. Edge-triggered flip-flops change their state at the rising or falling edge of the clock signal, while level-triggered flip-flops change their state continuously as long as the clock signal is active.

Flip-flops are classified into various types based on their behavior and the number of inputs. Some of the commonly used flip-flops include D flip-flops, JK flip-flops, T flip-flops, and SR flip-flops. D flip-flops have a single data input and a clock input and can store one bit of information. JK flip-flops have two inputs, J and K, and can store one bit of information. T flip-flops have a single input and can toggle between two states based on the clock signal. SR flip-flops have two inputs, S and R, and can store one bit of information.

Latches and flip-flops are used in various applications, including digital signal processing, memory systems, and control circuits. They are essential components of digital systems and can be found in many electronic devices, such as computers, mobile phones, and digital cameras.