Network Interfaces

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Part	Manufacturer	Telecom IC Type	Temperature Grade	Terminal Form	No. of Terminals	Package Code	Package Shape	Package Body Material	Surface Mount	No. of Functions	No. of Channels	Technology	Screening Level	No. of Transceivers	Maximum Supply Current	Nominal Supply Voltage	Power Supplies (V)	Package Style (Meter)	Package Equivalence Code	Sub-Category	Terminal Pitch	Maximum Operating Temperature	Minimum Operating Temperature	Terminal Finish	Terminal Position	Data Rate	JESD-30 Code	Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL)	Maximum Seated Height	Width	Qualification	JESD-609 Code	Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s)	Peak Reflow Temperature (C)	Length
TLIN1024RGYTQ1	Texas Instruments	ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER	AUTOMOTIVE	NO LEAD	24	HVQCCN	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	4		AEC-Q100			24 V		CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE			.5 mm	125 Cel	-40 Cel	MATTE TIN	QUAD	.02 Mbps	R-PQCC-N24	2	1 mm	3.5 mm		e3	30	260	5.5 mm
TLIN2021DRBRQ1	Texas Instruments	INTERFACE CIRCUIT	AUTOMOTIVE	NO LEAD	8	HSON	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	1		AEC-Q100	1	7.5 mA	24 V		SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG				125 Cel	-40 Cel	NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	.02 Mbps	S-PDSO-N8	2				e4	30	260
PTCAN1144DQ1	Texas Instruments	INTERFACE CIRCUIT	INDUSTRIAL	GULL WING	14	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	1		AEC-Q100					SMALL OUTLINE			1.27 mm	105 Cel	-40 Cel		DUAL	5 Mbps	R-PDSO-G14		1.75 mm	3.9 mm					8.65 mm
DP83910AV/UKY8	Texas Instruments	ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER																						MATTE TIN				2A				e3	30	245
TLIN2029DRBTQ1	Texas Instruments	ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER	AUTOMOTIVE	NO LEAD	8	HVSON	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	1		AEC-Q100			12 V		SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE			.65 mm	125 Cel	-40 Cel	NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	.02 Mbps	S-PDSO-N8	2	1 mm	3 mm		e4	30	260	3 mm
TLIN1022DMTTQ1	Texas Instruments	INTERFACE CIRCUIT	AUTOMOTIVE	NO LEAD	14	HVSON	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	2		AEC-Q100			24 V		SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE			.65 mm	125 Cel	-40 Cel	NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	.02 Mbps	R-PDSO-N14	2	.9 mm	3 mm		e4	30	260	4.5 mm
TCAN1042HGDRBRQ1	Texas Instruments	ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER	MILITARY	NO LEAD	8	HVSON	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	1		AEC-Q100	1	110 mA	5 V		SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE			.65 mm	125 Cel	-55 Cel	Matte Tin (Sn)	DUAL	5 Mbps	S-PDSO-N8	1	1 mm	3 mm		e3	30	260	3 mm
TLIN2022DMTTQ1	Texas Instruments	INTERFACE CIRCUIT	AUTOMOTIVE	NO LEAD	14	HVSON	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	2		AEC-Q100			24 V		SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE			.65 mm	125 Cel	-40 Cel	NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	.02 Mbps	R-PDSO-N14	2	.9 mm	3 mm		e4	30	260	4.5 mm
TCAN1042GDRQ1	Texas Instruments	ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER	MILITARY	GULL WING	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	1		AEC-Q100	1	110 mA	5 V		SMALL OUTLINE			1.27 mm	125 Cel	-55 Cel	Nickel/Palladium/Gold (Ni/Pd/Au)	DUAL	5 Mbps	R-PDSO-G8	1	1.75 mm	3.895 mm		e4	30	260	4.905 mm
DP83847ALQA56A/NOPB	Texas Instruments	ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER	COMMERCIAL	NO LEAD	65	VQCCN	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1		CMOS		1		3.3 V	3.3	CHIP CARRIER, VERY THIN PROFILE	LCC56,.35SQ,20	Network Interfaces	.5 mm	70 Cel	0 Cel	MATTE TIN	QUAD	100000 Mbps	S-PQCC-N56	3	.8 mm	9 mm	Not Qualified	e3	30	260	9 mm
DP83867IRPAP	Texas Instruments	ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER	INDUSTRIAL	GULL WING	64	HQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1		CMOS				1.1 V		FLATPACK, HEAT SINK/SLUG				85 Cel	-40 Cel		QUAD		S-PQFP-G64
SN65HVD255D	Texas Instruments	INTERFACE CIRCUIT	AUTOMOTIVE	GULL WING	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	1			1	.18 mA	5 V	5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	Network Interfaces	1.27 mm	125 Cel	-40 Cel	NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	1 Mbps	R-PDSO-G8	1	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	e4	30	260	4.9 mm
TCAN11625DMTRQ1	Texas Instruments	CAN FD TRANSCEIVER		NO LEAD	14	HVSON	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	1		AEC-Q100	1	70 mA	12 V		SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE	SOLCC14,.12,25		.65 mm	150 Cel	-40 Cel	NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	8 Mbps	R-PDSO-N14	2	1 mm	3 mm		e4		260	4.5 mm
TLIN1029DRBTQ1	Texas Instruments	ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER	AUTOMOTIVE	NO LEAD	8	HVSON	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	1		AEC-Q100	1	5 mA	12 V		SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE			.65 mm	125 Cel	-40 Cel	NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	.02 Mbps	S-PDSO-N8	2	1 mm	3 mm		e4	30	260	3 mm
PTCAN1044EVDQ1	Texas Instruments	CAN FD TRANSCEIVER	AUTOMOTIVE	GULL WING	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	1		AEC-Q100	1	130 mA	5 V		SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25		1.27 mm	150 Cel	-40 Cel		DUAL	8 Mbps	R-PDSO-G8		1.75 mm	3.895 mm					4.905 mm
PTCAN1044ADDFRQ1	Texas Instruments	CAN FD TRANSCEIVER	AUTOMOTIVE	GULL WING	8	TSSOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	1		AEC-Q100	1		5 V		SMALL OUTLINE, THIN PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH	TSSOP8,.11		.65 mm	150 Cel	-40 Cel		DUAL	8 Mbps	R-PDSO-G8		1.1 mm	1.6 mm					2.9 mm
DP83848K	Texas Instruments	ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER	INDUSTRIAL	NO LEAD	40	HVQCCN	SQUARE	UNSPECIFIED	YES	1		CMOS				3.3 V		CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE			.5 mm	85 Cel	-40 Cel		QUAD		S-XQCC-N40		.8 mm	6 mm					6 mm
TCAN1048VDRQ1	Texas Instruments	INTERFACE CIRCUIT	AUTOMOTIVE	GULL WING	14	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2			AEC-Q100			5 V		SMALL OUTLINE				125 Cel	-40 Cel		DUAL		R-PDSO-G14
TCAN1046DMTRQ1	Texas Instruments	CAN FD TRANSCEIVER	AUTOMOTIVE	NO LEAD	14	HVSON	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2	2		AEC-Q100	2	130 mA	5 V		SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE	SOLCC14,.12,25		.65 mm	125 Cel	-40 Cel	MATTE TIN	DUAL	8 Mbps	R-PDSO-N14	2	.9 mm	3 mm		e3	30	260	4.5 mm
PTCAN1057DRBRQ1	Texas Instruments	CAN FD TRANSCEIVER	AUTOMOTIVE	NO LEAD	8	HVSON	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	1		AEC-Q100	1								125 Cel	-40 Cel	NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	8 Mbps	S-PDSO-N8	2				e4	30	260
DP83847ALQA56A	Texas Instruments	ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER	COMMERCIAL	NO LEAD	65	VQCCN	SQUARE	UNSPECIFIED	YES	1		CMOS		1		3.3 V	3.3	CHIP CARRIER, VERY THIN PROFILE	LCC56,.35SQ,20	Network Interfaces	.5 mm	70 Cel	0 Cel	TIN LEAD	QUAD	100 Mbps	S-XQCC-N65	2	.8 mm	9 mm	Not Qualified	e0	20	235	9 mm
PDP83TC812SRHATQ1	Texas Instruments	ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER	AUTOMOTIVE	NO LEAD	36	HVQCCN	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1			AEC-Q100	1		3.3 V		CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE	LCC36,.25SQ,20		.5 mm	125 Cel	-40 Cel		QUAD	100000 Mbps	S-PQCC-N36		1 mm	6 mm					6 mm
DP83848J	Texas Instruments	ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER	COMMERCIAL	NO LEAD	40	HVQCCN	SQUARE	UNSPECIFIED	YES	1		CMOS				3.3 V		CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE			.5 mm	70 Cel	0 Cel		QUAD		S-XQCC-N40		.8 mm	6 mm	Not Qualified				6 mm
PTCAN1048AVDMTRQ1	Texas Instruments	CAN FD TRANSCEIVER	AUTOMOTIVE	NO LEAD	14	HVSON	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2	2		AEC-Q100	2		5 V		SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE	SOLCC14,.12,25		.65 mm	150 Cel	-40 Cel		DUAL	8 Mbps	R-PDSO-N14		1 mm	3 mm					4.5 mm
TLIN2021DRQ1	Texas Instruments	INTERFACE CIRCUIT	AUTOMOTIVE	GULL WING	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	1		AEC-Q100	1	7.5 mA	24 V		SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.23		1.27 mm	125 Cel	-40 Cel	NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	.02 Mbps	R-PDSO-G8	1	1.75 mm	4.905 mm		e4	30	260	3.895 mm
PTCAN1162DMTRQ1	Texas Instruments	CAN FD TRANSCEIVER	AUTOMOTIVE	NO LEAD	14	HVSON	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	1		AEC-Q100	1				SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE	SOLCC14,.12,25		.65 mm	150 Cel	-40 Cel		DUAL	8 Mbps	R-PDSO-N14		1 mm	3 mm					4.5 mm
DP83TC812RRHATQ1	Texas Instruments	ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER		NO LEAD	36	HVQCCN	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1			AEC-Q100	1	95 mA	3.3 V		CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE	LCC36,.24SQ,20		.5 mm	125 Cel	-40 Cel	NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	QUAD	100000 Mbps	S-PQCC-N36	3	1 mm	6 mm		e4		260	6 mm
SN65HVD265D	Texas Instruments	INTERFACE CIRCUIT	AUTOMOTIVE	GULL WING	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	1			1	180 mA	5 V		SMALL OUTLINE			1.27 mm	125 Cel	-40 Cel	NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	2 Mbps	R-PDSO-G8	1	1.75 mm	3.9 mm		e4	30	260	4.9 mm
TLK1221RHATG4	Texas Instruments	ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER	INDUSTRIAL	NO LEAD	40	HVQCCN	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1		CMOS		1	.113 mA	2.5 V	2.5	CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE	LCC40,.24SQ,20	Network Interfaces	.5 mm	85 Cel	-40 Cel	NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	QUAD	1300 Mbps	S-PQCC-N40	3	1 mm	6 mm	Not Qualified	e4	30	260	6 mm
DP83848H	Texas Instruments	ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER	AUTOMOTIVE	NO LEAD	40	HVQCCN	SQUARE	UNSPECIFIED	YES	1		CMOS				3.3 V		CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE			.5 mm	125 Cel	-40 Cel		QUAD		S-XQCC-N40		.8 mm	6 mm					6 mm
DP83848IW	Texas Instruments	ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER	INDUSTRIAL	GULL WING	48	LFQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1		CMOS				3.3 V		FLATPACK, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH			.5 mm	85 Cel	-40 Cel		QUAD		S-PQFP-G48		1.6 mm	7 mm	Not Qualified				7 mm
DP83848LFQSQ	Texas Instruments	ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER	INDUSTRIAL	NO LEAD	40	HVQCCN	SQUARE	UNSPECIFIED	YES	1		CMOS	AEC-Q100			3.3 V		CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE			.5 mm	105 Cel	-40 Cel	NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	QUAD	100000 Mbps	S-XQCC-N40	3	1 mm	6 mm		e4	30	260	6 mm
TLIN2021ADRBRQ1	Texas Instruments	LIN TRANSCEIVER	AUTOMOTIVE	NO LEAD	8	HVSON	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	1		AEC-Q100	1	7.5 mA	8 V		SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE	SOLCC8,.12,25		.65 mm	125 Cel	-40 Cel	NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	.02 Mbps	S-PDSO-N8	2	1 mm	3 mm		e4	30	260	3 mm
SN65HVD252DR	Texas Instruments	TOKEN RING TRANSCEIVER	INDUSTRIAL	GULL WING	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	1			1	.08 mA	5 V	5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	Network Interfaces	1.27 mm	85 Cel	-40 Cel	NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	1 Mbps	R-PDSO-G8	1	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	e4	30	260	4.9 mm
DP83630SQE	Texas Instruments	ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER	INDUSTRIAL	NO LEAD	48	HVQCCN	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1						3.3 V		CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE			.5 mm	85 Cel	-40 Cel		QUAD		S-PQCC-N48		.8 mm	7 mm					7 mm
DP83848T	Texas Instruments	ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER	INDUSTRIAL	NO LEAD	40	HVQCCN	SQUARE	UNSPECIFIED	YES	1		CMOS				3.3 V		CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE			.5 mm	85 Cel	-40 Cel		QUAD		S-XQCC-N40		.8 mm	6 mm					6 mm
TLK1211RCPG4	Texas Instruments	ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER	INDUSTRIAL	GULL WING	64	HVFQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1		CMOS		1	.113 mA	2.5 V	2.5	FLATPACK, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE, FINE PITCH	TQFP64,.47SQ	Network Interfaces	.5 mm	85 Cel	-40 Cel	NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	QUAD	1250 Mbps	S-PQFP-G64	3	1 mm	10 mm	Not Qualified	e4	30	260	10 mm
PTCAN1044DDFRQ1	Texas Instruments	CAN FD TRANSCEIVER	AUTOMOTIVE	GULL WING	8	TSSOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	1		AEC-Q100	1	130 mA	5 V		SMALL OUTLINE, THIN PROFILE, SHRINK PITCH	TSSOP8,.11		.65 mm	125 Cel	-40 Cel		DUAL	2 Mbps	R-PDSO-G8		1.1 mm	1.6 mm					2.9 mm
DP83630SQX	Texas Instruments	ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER	INDUSTRIAL	NO LEAD	48	HVQCCN	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1						3.3 V		CHIP CARRIER, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE			.5 mm	85 Cel	-40 Cel		QUAD		S-PQCC-N48		.8 mm	7 mm					7 mm
DP83223V	Texas Instruments	ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER	COMMERCIAL	J BEND	28		SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1				1	135 mA	5 V						70 Cel	0 Cel		QUAD		S-PQCC-J28
TLIN10283DRQ1	Texas Instruments	LIN TRANSCEIVER	AUTOMOTIVE	GULL WING	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	1		AEC-Q100	1	300 mA	14 V		SMALL OUTLINE				125 Cel	-40 Cel	NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	.02 Mbps	R-PDSO-G8	1				e4	30	260
PTCAN1057DRQ1	Texas Instruments	CAN FD TRANSCEIVER	AUTOMOTIVE	GULL WING	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	1		AEC-Q100	1		1.8 V		SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.23		1.27 mm	125 Cel	-40 Cel		DUAL	8 Mbps	R-PDSO-G8		1.75 mm	4.905 mm					3.895 mm
PTCAN1046ADMTRQ1	Texas Instruments	CAN FD TRANSCEIVER	AUTOMOTIVE	NO LEAD	14	HVSON	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	2	2		AEC-Q100	2		5 V		SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE	SOLCC14,.12,25		.65 mm	150 Cel	-40 Cel		DUAL	8 Mbps	R-PDSO-N14		1 mm	3 mm					4.5 mm
PTCAN1057ADRBRQ1	Texas Instruments	CAN FD TRANSCEIVER	AUTOMOTIVE	NO LEAD	8	HVSON	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	1		AEC-Q100	1		5 V		SMALL OUTLINE, HEAT SINK/SLUG, VERY THIN PROFILE				150 Cel	-40 Cel		DUAL	8 Mbps	R-PDSO-N8
SN65LBC031QDG4	Texas Instruments	INTERFACE CIRCUIT	AUTOMOTIVE	GULL WING	8	SOP	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1	1			1	.08 mA	5 V	5	SMALL OUTLINE	SOP8,.25	Network Interfaces	1.27 mm	125 Cel	-40 Cel	NICKEL PALLADIUM GOLD	DUAL	1 Mbps	R-PDSO-G8	1	1.75 mm	3.9 mm	Not Qualified	e4	30	260	4.9 mm
DP83848I	Texas Instruments	ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER	INDUSTRIAL	GULL WING	48	LFQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1		CMOS				3.3 V		FLATPACK, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH			.5 mm	85 Cel	-40 Cel		QUAD		S-PQFP-G48		1.6 mm	7 mm					7 mm
DP83846AVHG/NOPB	Texas Instruments	ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	80	LFQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1		CMOS		1		3.3 V	3.3	FLATPACK, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH	QFP80,.55SQ,20	Network Interfaces	.5 mm	70 Cel	0 Cel	MATTE TIN	QUAD	100 Mbps	S-PQFP-G80	3	1.6 mm	12 mm	Not Qualified	e3	30	260	12 mm
DP83861VQM	Texas Instruments	ETHERNET TRANSCEIVER	COMMERCIAL	GULL WING	208	FQFP	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	1		CMOS				1.8 V		FLATPACK, FINE PITCH			.5 mm	70 Cel	0 Cel		QUAD		S-PQFP-G208		3.7 mm	28 mm					28 mm

Network Interfaces

A network interface is an electronic component that connects a device to a network, enabling it to communicate with other devices and access shared resources. Network interfaces are essential for modern communication systems, providing a means of transmitting and receiving data over a variety of communication channels and protocols.

Some common types of network interfaces include Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular network interfaces. Ethernet is a wired network interface that uses twisted-pair cables to transmit data over local area networks (LANs). Wi-Fi is a wireless network interface that uses radio waves to transmit data over wireless local area networks (WLANs). Bluetooth is a short-range wireless network interface that is used for connecting peripheral devices such as keyboards and headphones to computers and mobile devices. Cellular network interfaces are used for mobile communications over cellular networks, providing internet connectivity and voice communication.

Network interfaces use various protocols and standards to ensure reliable and efficient data transmission. These protocols include TCP/IP, which is used for internet communication, and IEEE 802.11, which is used for wireless LANs. Network interfaces also use techniques such as packet framing, error correction, and flow control to ensure that data is transmitted accurately and efficiently.

In addition to providing a means of data transmission, network interfaces also enable devices to access shared resources such as printers and file servers. They also enable devices to communicate with each other, allowing for collaboration and information sharing.