BALL Microprocessors 2,400+

Reset All

Part	Manufacturer	Peripheral IC Type	Temperature Grade	Terminal Form	No. of Terminals	Package Code	Package Shape	Package Body Material	Integrated Cache	Surface Mount	Maximum Supply Voltage	On Chip Data RAM Width	Address Bus Width	Bit Size	Power Supplies (V)	Package Style (Meter)	Package Equivalence Code	Minimum Supply Voltage	Maximum Operating Temperature	No. of External Interrupts	Minimum Operating Temperature	Terminal Finish	Terminal Position	Maximum Seated Height	RAM Words	Width	Additional Features	Boundary Scan	External Data Bus Width	Maximum Clock Frequency	Maximum Time At Peak Reflow Temperature (s)	Peak Reflow Temperature (C)	Length	Technology	Maximum Supply Current	Nominal Supply Voltage	No. of DMA Channels	No. of Serial I/Os	Sub-Category	Terminal Pitch	Format	JESD-30 Code	Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL)	Qualification	Speed	Low Power Mode	JESD-609 Code
P4040NXE7MMC	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	1295	HBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.05 V		16	32	1	GRID ARRAY, HEAT SINK/SLUG	BGA1295,36X36,40	.95 V				TIN SILVER COPPER	BOTTOM	3.53 mm		37.5 mm		YES	64	133.3 MHz	30	245	37.5 mm	CMOS		1 V			Microprocessors	1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B1295	3	Not Qualified	1200 rpm	YES	e1
P4040NSN1NNB	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	1295	HBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.05 V		16			GRID ARRAY, HEAT SINK/SLUG		.95 V				TIN SILVER COPPER	BOTTOM	3.53 mm		37.5 mm		YES	64	133.3 MHz			37.5 mm	CMOS		1 V				1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B1295	3		1333 rpm	YES	e1
P5021PSN7TMB	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC	OTHER	BALL	1295	BGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.15 V		16			GRID ARRAY		1.05 V	105 Cel		0 Cel	TIN SILVER COPPER	BOTTOM	3.53 mm		37.5 mm		YES	64				37.5 mm	CMOS		1.1 V				1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B1295			1800 rpm	YES	e1
P5010NSN7QMB	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	1295	HBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.15 V		16			GRID ARRAY, HEAT SINK/SLUG		1.05 V				TIN SILVER COPPER	BOTTOM	3.53 mm		37.5 mm		YES	64	166 MHz	30	245	37.5 mm	CMOS		1.1 V				1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B1295	3		1600 rpm	YES	e1
P2020NSN2KHC	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	689	BGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.1 V		16		1.05	GRID ARRAY	BGA689,29X29,40	1 V		7		TIN SILVER	BOTTOM	2.46 mm		31 mm		YES	64		40	260	31 mm	CMOS		1.05 V	4		Microprocessors	1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B689	3	Not Qualified	1000 rpm	NO	e2
XPC8260CZUIFBC	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	480	LBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.9 V		32	32		GRID ARRAY, LOW PROFILE		1.7 V					BOTTOM	1.65 mm		37.5 mm		YES	64	66.66 MHz			37.5 mm	CMOS		1.8 V				1.27 mm	FLOATING POINT	S-PBGA-B480	3	Not Qualified	200 rpm	NO
T4161NSN7PQB	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	1932	HBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES			16			GRID ARRAY, HEAT SINK/SLUG						TIN SILVER COPPER	BOTTOM	3.33 mm		45 mm		YES	64	133.3 MHz	30	250	45 mm	CMOS						1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B1932	3		1500 rpm	YES	e1
BSC9131CLE1KHHB	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC	OTHER	BALL	520	FBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.05 V		16	32		GRID ARRAY, FINE PITCH		.97 V	105 Cel		0 Cel		BOTTOM	1.97 mm		21 mm		YES	32				21 mm	CMOS		1 V				.8 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B520			1000 rpm	YES
P5040PXN7VNC	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	1295	HBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.15 V		16			GRID ARRAY, HEAT SINK/SLUG		1.05 V				TIN SILVER COPPER	BOTTOM	3.53 mm		37.5 mm		YES	64	166 MHz			37.5 mm	CMOS		1.1 V				1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B1295			2000 rpm	YES	e1
BSC9132NSN7PNKB	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	780	FBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.05 V		32	32		GRID ARRAY, FINE PITCH		.97 V					BOTTOM	2.53 mm		23 mm		YES	64	100 MHz			23 mm	CMOS		1 V				.8 mm	FLOATING POINT	S-PBGA-B780			1400 rpm	YES
XPC823ZT50Z3	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR	COMMERCIAL	BALL	256	BGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES				32		GRID ARRAY			70 Cel		0 Cel		BOTTOM					YES						CMOS							FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B256			50 rpm	YES
XPC7445RX733NC	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	360	BGA	SQUARE	CERAMIC, METAL-SEALED COFIRED	YES	YES	1.35 V		36	32		GRID ARRAY		1.25 V					BOTTOM	3.2 mm		25 mm		YES	64	133 MHz			25 mm	CMOS		1.3 V				1.27 mm	FLOATING POINT	S-CBGA-B360		Not Qualified	733 rpm	YES
P5010NSE7MMB,557	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	1295	BGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.05 V		16			GRID ARRAY		.95 V					BOTTOM	3.53 mm		37.5 mm		YES	64	166 MHz			37.5 mm	CMOS		1 V				1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B1295			1200 rpm	YES
PPC7448HX867NC	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC	OTHER	BALL	360	BGA	SQUARE	CERAMIC, METAL-SEALED COFIRED	NO	YES	1.05 V		0	32		GRID ARRAY		.95 V	105 Cel		0 Cel		BOTTOM	2.8 mm		25 mm		NO	0	867 MHz			25 mm	CMOS		1 V				1.27 mm	FIXED POINT	S-CBGA-B360		Not Qualified	867 rpm	YES
P5010NSN1MMB	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	1295	HBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.05 V		16			GRID ARRAY, HEAT SINK/SLUG		.95 V				TIN SILVER COPPER	BOTTOM	3.53 mm		37.5 mm		YES	64	166 MHz	30	245	37.5 mm	CMOS		1 V				1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B1295	3		1200 rpm	YES	e1
P5021NSE7VNC	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC	OTHER	BALL	1295	BGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.15 V		16			GRID ARRAY		1.05 V	105 Cel		0 Cel	TIN SILVER COPPER	BOTTOM	3.53 mm		37.5 mm		YES	64		30	245	37.5 mm	CMOS		1.1 V				1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B1295	3		2000 rpm	YES	e1
P2010NSN2HFC	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	689	BGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.1 V		16			GRID ARRAY		1 V				TIN SILVER	BOTTOM	2.46 mm		31 mm		YES	64	100 MHz	40	260	31 mm	CMOS		1.05 V				1 mm	FLOATING POINT	S-PBGA-B689	3		800 rpm	YES	e2
P3041NXN7MMC	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	1295	BGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.05 V		0			GRID ARRAY		.95 V				TIN SILVER COPPER	BOTTOM	3.53 mm		37.5 mm		YES	0	133 MHz	30	245	37.5 mm	CMOS		1 V				1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B1295	3		1200 rpm	YES	e1
PPC7447RX867NB	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	360	BGA	SQUARE	CERAMIC		YES				32	1.1,1.8/2.5	GRID ARRAY	BGA360,19X19,50					TIN LEAD	BOTTOM								30	220		CMOS					Microprocessors	1.27 mm		S-XBGA-B360	1	Not Qualified	867 rpm		e0
XPC857DSLZP66B	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	357	BGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	3.465 V		32	32		GRID ARRAY		3.135 V					BOTTOM	2.05 mm		25 mm		YES	32				25 mm	CMOS		3.3 V				1.27 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B357			66 rpm	YES
XPC750PRX366LE	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC	OTHER	BALL	360	BGA	SQUARE	CERAMIC, METAL-SEALED COFIRED	YES	YES	2.1 V		32	32		GRID ARRAY		2 V	105 Cel		0 Cel		BOTTOM	3.2 mm		25 mm	ALSO REQUIRES 3.3V I/O SUPPLY	YES	64	366 MHz			25 mm	CMOS		2.05 V				1.27 mm	FLOATING POINT	S-CBGA-B360		Not Qualified	366 rpm	YES
P5040NXN1VNB	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	1295	HBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.15 V		16			GRID ARRAY, HEAT SINK/SLUG		1.05 V				TIN SILVER COPPER	BOTTOM	3.53 mm		37.5 mm		YES	64	166 MHz			37.5 mm	CMOS		1.1 V				1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B1295			2000 rpm	YES	e1
P4040NSN1PNB	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	1295	HBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.05 V		16			GRID ARRAY, HEAT SINK/SLUG		.95 V				TIN SILVER COPPER	BOTTOM	3.53 mm		37.5 mm		YES	64	133.3 MHz			37.5 mm	CMOS		1 V				1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B1295	3		1500 rpm	YES	e1
P5040NXN1TMC	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	1295	HBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.15 V		16			GRID ARRAY, HEAT SINK/SLUG		1.05 V				TIN SILVER COPPER	BOTTOM	3.53 mm		37.5 mm		YES	64	166 MHz			37.5 mm	CMOS		1.1 V				1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B1295			1800 rpm	YES	e1
PPC7445RX1000LC	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	360	BGA	SQUARE	CERAMIC, METAL-SEALED COFIRED	YES	YES	1.65 V		36	32		GRID ARRAY		1.55 V					BOTTOM	3.24 mm		25 mm		YES	64	133 MHz			25 mm	CMOS		1.6 V				1.27 mm	FLOATING POINT	S-CBGA-B360		Not Qualified	1000 rpm	YES
P2020PXE2NHC	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	689	BGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.1 V		16			GRID ARRAY	BGA689,29X29,40	1 V	125 Cel	7			BOTTOM	2.46 mm		31 mm		YES	64	100 MHz			31 mm	CMOS		1.05 V	4			1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B689			1333 rpm	NO
PPC8567ECVTANGGA	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	1023	BGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.155 V		0	32		GRID ARRAY		1.045 V				TIN SILVER	BOTTOM	2.75 mm		33 mm		YES	0	166 MHz			33 mm	CMOS		1.1 V				1 mm	FLOATING POINT	S-PBGA-B1023		Not Qualified	800 rpm	YES	e2
BSC9131NSN1KHKB,557	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC	OTHER	BALL	520	FBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.05 V		16	32		GRID ARRAY, FINE PITCH		.97 V	105 Cel		0 Cel		BOTTOM	1.97 mm		21 mm		YES	32				21 mm	CMOS		1 V				.8 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B520			1000 rpm	YES
XC7445ARX933LG	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	360	BGA	SQUARE	CERAMIC, METAL-SEALED COFIRED	YES	YES	1.35 V		36	32		GRID ARRAY		1.25 V					BOTTOM	3.2 mm		25 mm		YES	64	133 MHz			25 mm	CMOS		1.3 V				1.27 mm	FLOATING POINT	S-CBGA-B360		Not Qualified	933 rpm	YES
P5021PXN7TMC	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC	INDUSTRIAL	BALL	1295	BGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.15 V		16			GRID ARRAY		1.05 V	105 Cel		-40 Cel	TIN SILVER COPPER	BOTTOM	3.53 mm		37.5 mm		YES	64				37.5 mm	CMOS		1.1 V				1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B1295			1800 rpm	YES	e1
P5021NSE72QB	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	1295	BGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.23 V		0	64		GRID ARRAY	BGA1295,36X36,40	1.17 V	105 Cel	12	0 Cel		BOTTOM	3.53 mm		37.5 mm		YES	0				37.5 mm	CMOS		1.2 V	8	2		1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B1295			2200 rpm	YES
MVF50NN152CMK50R	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	364	LFBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.1 V	8	0	32		GRID ARRAY, LOW PROFILE, FINE PITCH	BGA364,20X20,32	.9 V	85 Cel	0	-40 Cel		BOTTOM	1.5 mm	1572864	17 mm		YES	0	24 MHz			17 mm	CMOS	850 mA	1 V	32	7		.8 mm	FLOATING POINT	S-PBGA-B364			500 rpm	YES
P5040PXN72QB	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	1295	HBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.23 V		16			GRID ARRAY, HEAT SINK/SLUG		1.17 V				TIN SILVER COPPER	BOTTOM	3.53 mm		37.5 mm		YES	64	166 MHz			37.5 mm	CMOS		1.2 V				1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B1295			2200 rpm	YES	e1
XPC755BPX350LD	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	360	BGA	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	YES	2.1 V					GRID ARRAY		1.9 V					BOTTOM					YES						CMOS		2 V					FIXED POINT	R-PBGA-B360			350 rpm	NO
P5040PXE7TMB	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	1295	HBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.15 V		16			GRID ARRAY, HEAT SINK/SLUG		1.05 V				TIN SILVER COPPER	BOTTOM	3.53 mm		37.5 mm		YES	64	166 MHz			37.5 mm	CMOS		1.1 V				1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B1295			1800 rpm	YES	e1
P4080NXN7MMC	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	1295	BGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.05 V		32			GRID ARRAY		.95 V				TIN SILVER COPPER	BOTTOM	3.53 mm		37.5 mm		YES	16	133.3 MHz	30	245	37.5 mm	CMOS		1 V				1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B1295	3		1200 rpm	YES	e1
P5010NSN7VNB	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	1295	HBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.15 V		16			GRID ARRAY, HEAT SINK/SLUG		1.05 V				Tin/Silver/Copper (Sn/Ag/Cu)	BOTTOM	3.53 mm		37.5 mm		YES	64	166 MHz	30	245	37.5 mm	CMOS		1.1 V				1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B1295	3		2000 rpm	YES	e1
P2020PSN2HFC	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	689	BGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.1 V		16			GRID ARRAY	BGA689,29X29,40	1 V	125 Cel	7			BOTTOM	2.46 mm		31 mm		YES	64	100 MHz			31 mm	CMOS		1.05 V	4			1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B689			800 rpm	NO
PPC7448HX1267NC	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC	OTHER	BALL	360	BGA	SQUARE	CERAMIC, METAL-SEALED COFIRED	NO	YES	1.15 V		0	32		GRID ARRAY		1.05 V	105 Cel		0 Cel		BOTTOM	2.8 mm		25 mm		NO	0	1267 MHz			25 mm	CMOS		1.1 V				1.27 mm	FIXED POINT	S-CBGA-B360		Not Qualified	1267 rpm	YES
P2020NSE2MFA	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	689	BGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.1 V		16			GRID ARRAY	BGA689,29X29,40	1 V		7		TIN SILVER	BOTTOM	2.46 mm		31 mm		YES	64	100 MHz			31 mm	CMOS		1.05 V	4			1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B689			1200 rpm	NO	e2
P2010NXN2HFC	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC	AUTOMOTIVE	BALL	689	BGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.1 V		32			GRID ARRAY		1 V	125 Cel		-40 Cel	TIN SILVER	BOTTOM	2.46 mm		31 mm		YES	16	100 MHz	40	260	31 mm	CMOS		1.05 V				1 mm	FLOATING POINT	S-PBGA-B689	3		800 rpm	YES	e2
BSC9132NLN7MNMB	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	780	FBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.05 V		32	32		GRID ARRAY, FINE PITCH		.97 V					BOTTOM	2.53 mm		23 mm		YES	64	100 MHz			23 mm	CMOS		1 V				.8 mm	FLOATING POINT	S-PBGA-B780			1200 rpm	YES
P2020NSE2HHC	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	689	BGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.1 V		16			GRID ARRAY	BGA689,29X29,40	1 V	125 Cel	7			BOTTOM	2.46 mm		31 mm		YES	64	100 MHz			31 mm	CMOS		1.05 V	4			1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B689			800 rpm	NO
PPC7447RX1267LB	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	360	BGA	SQUARE	CERAMIC, METAL-SEALED COFIRED	YES	YES	1.35 V		36	32		GRID ARRAY		1.25 V					BOTTOM	3.2 mm		29 mm		YES	64	167 MHz			29 mm	CMOS		1.3 V				1.27 mm	FLOATING POINT	S-CBGA-B360		Not Qualified	1267 rpm	YES
P5040PSN1TMC	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	1295	HBGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.15 V		16			GRID ARRAY, HEAT SINK/SLUG		1.05 V				TIN SILVER COPPER	BOTTOM	3.53 mm		37.5 mm		YES	64	166 MHz			37.5 mm	CMOS		1.1 V				1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B1295			1800 rpm	YES	e1
P2020PSN2MFB	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	689	BGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.1 V		16			GRID ARRAY	BGA689,29X29,40	1 V	125 Cel	7			BOTTOM	2.46 mm		31 mm		YES	64	100 MHz			31 mm	CMOS		1.05 V	4			1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B689			1200 rpm	NO
P5021PSE7TMC	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC	OTHER	BALL	1295	BGA	SQUARE	PLASTIC/EPOXY	YES	YES	1.15 V		16			GRID ARRAY		1.05 V	105 Cel		0 Cel	TIN SILVER COPPER	BOTTOM	3.53 mm		37.5 mm		YES	64				37.5 mm	CMOS		1.1 V				1 mm	FIXED POINT	S-PBGA-B1295			1800 rpm	YES	e1
XPC755BPX300LD	NXP Semiconductors	MICROPROCESSOR, RISC		BALL	360	BGA	RECTANGULAR	PLASTIC/EPOXY	NO	YES	2.1 V					GRID ARRAY		1.9 V					BOTTOM					YES						CMOS		2 V					FIXED POINT	R-PBGA-B360			300 rpm	NO

Microprocessors

A microprocessor is a small electronic component that serves as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer or other electronic device. It is a programmable device that is capable of executing instructions and performing calculations.

Microprocessors are typically made up of millions of transistors and other components, all of which work together to perform complex calculations and operations. They are designed to be highly efficient, with the ability to process vast amounts of data quickly and accurately.

Microprocessors are used in a wide range of electronic devices, including computers, smartphones, tablets, and game consoles. They are also used in industrial control systems, medical devices, and other specialized applications.

One of the key advantages of microprocessors is their flexibility. They can be programmed to perform a wide range of functions and can be easily reprogrammed or updated as needed. This makes them ideal for a wide range of applications, from simple calculators to complex data processing systems.